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ONG>*8

9?5

Oc`ibmlrdn`a7 L` N`xcr`lxnk`ljGksr`lj* Ukj. > @k. 8* ?66?*vv. 9?5-935. ) MIO SV Jnmnxch*<859-311<HKN <6.<<62+<8593116?<688?526

Oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcixml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke

Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y syn`al`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy

Vrlyl`xl Dsmlr Hc~ Hcvlrxmc`x ke Ml`lacmc`x Yxshncy* S`nucrynx~ ke xbc Qcyx N`hncy*

 Ornhacxkq`* Olrolhky* Qcyx N`hncy

Dc~qkrhy  Oc`ibmlrdn`a* L`lj~xnilj bncrlrib~ vrkicyy* Vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x 

Loyxrlix  Ceecixnuc ml`lacmc`x ke vrkgcixy ny ocikmn`a n`irclyn`aj~ nmvkrxl`x ekr l`~ x~vc ke 

kral`nwlxnk xk rcmln` ikmvcxnxnuc n` xkhl~!y h~`lmni osyn cyy c`unrk`mc`x hsc xk vrcyysrc ke   ajkoljnwlxnk`. Xbc syc ke oc ibmlrdn`a ny qnhc`n a ly l xcib`n|sc ekr ysvvkrxn`a vrkgcix ml`lacmc x. Oc`ibmlrdn`a il` oc hcyirnoch ly xbc yclrib ekr xbc ocyx vrlixnicy* jclhn`a xk xbc

 ysvcrnkr vcrekrml`ic ke l` kral`nwlxnk`. Bkqcucr* ceecixnuc`cyy ke oc`ibmlrdn`a hcvc`hy k` xbcsyc ke xkkjy ekr ikjjcixn`a l`h l`lj~wn`a n`ekrmlxnk l`h hcrnun`a ysoyc|sc`x nmvrkucmc`x 

  vrkgcixy. Xbny yxsh~ hcmk`yxrlxcy bkq l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy "LBV* l msjxnvjc lxxrnosxchcinynk`-mldn`a xcib`n|sc* il` oc sych ekr oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy. Xbcc`xnrc mcxbkhkjka~ bly occ` lvvjnch xk oc`ibmlrd vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnic ke Ilrnoocl`

 vsojni ycixkr kral`nwlxnk`y qnxb kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc N`hnl` vcxrkjcsm ycixkr* kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbcn`erlyxrsixsrc ycixkr ke Xblnjl`h l`h xbc SD. Xbny yxsh~ hcmk`yxrlxcy xbc ceecixnuc`cyy ke l

 vrkvkych oc`ibmlrdn`a mkhcj syn`a LBV* hcxcrmn`cy vrkojcmy l`h nyyscy ke Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc x n` xbc vsojni ycixkr l`h ysaacyxy nmvrkucmc`x mclysrcy ekr ceecixnuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x.

N`xrkhsixnk`Ml`~ n`hsyxrncy lrc n` l vcrnkh ke rlvnh ibl`ac orksabx loksx o~xcib`kjkanilj orcldxbrksab. Nmvrkucmc`xy n` ikmms`nilxnk`y l`h`cxqkrdn a xcib`kjkancy bluc ljjkqch ml`~ ikmvl`ncy xk cvl`h xbcnrkvcrlxnk`y ajkoljj~. Lhul`icy n` ikmvsxcr xcib`kjkancy lrc ibl`an`a xbcml`lacmc`x vbnjkykvbncy ke kral`nwlxnk`y. Xbc cvjkynuc arkqxb ke xbcN`xcr`cx l`h xbc Qkrjh Qnhc Qco ny irclxn`a unrxslj xbc kral`nwlxnk` l`hibl`an`a xbc qbkjc ik`icvxy ke ml`lacmc`x. Isyxkmcry n`irclyn`aj~ cvcixvrkhsixy l`h ycrunicy ke bnabcr |sljnx~ lx l jkqcr vrnic l`h qnxb |snidcrhcjnucr~.

Ilrnoocl` n`hsyxr~ ny ljyk vlyyn`a xbrksab l ucr~ h~`lmni osyn`cyyc`unrk`mc`x hsc xk xbc vrcyc`ic ke msjxn`lxnk`ljy* vlrxninvlxnk` ke vrnulxcvjl~cry* ikmmk` cik`km~ l`h vrcyysrc ke ajkoljnwlxnk`y. Kqn`a xk yshhc`ibl`acy n` xbc cik`kmni yic`lrnk n` xbc iks`xr~* kral`nwlxnk`y lrc cvcixch xkelic ikmvcxnxnk` erkm msjxn`lxnk`lj ikmvl`ncy* vrnulxc vjl~cry* l`h vsojnivlrxninvlxnk` n` c|snx~. Xbny ibl`ach yic`lrnk hcml`hy ikmvcxnxnuc chac l`h|snid rcyvk`yc xk xbc h~`lmni c`unrk`mc`x.

Xbc rcyclrib rcanyxcr ekr xbny gksr`lj ny lulnjlojc lx

bxxv7++qqq.cmcrljhn`ynabx.ikm+rcyclribrcanyxcry

Xbc isrrc`x nyysc l`h esjj xcx lribnuc ke xbny gksr`lj ny lulnjlojc lx

bxxv7++qqq.cmcrljhn`ynabx.ikm+<859-311<.bxm

Xbc Ekrh Eks`hlxnk` xbrksab xbc S`nucrynx~ ke xbc Qcyx N`hncy* Olrolhky es`hch xbny rcyclrib.

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

9?

Kvcrlxnk`y lrc xbc dc~ es`ixnk`y ke l`~ n`hsyxrnlj kral`nwlxnk`y. Bkqcucr*xk rcmln` ikmvcxnxnuc* kral`nwlxnk`y lrc h~`lmniljj~ l`lj~wn`a xbcc`unrk`mc x xk vjl` ekr n`irclyn`a `smocry ke `cq l`h lsamc`xlxnk` vrkgcixy.

Xbc vlrlmcxcry ekr l`~ vrkgcix lrc k`-xnmc ikmvjcxnk * qnxbn` xbcyvcineni oshacx* l`h qnxb rc|snynxc vcrekrml`ic "xcib`nilj rc|snrcmc`xy.S`ekrxs`lxcj~* isrrc`x vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbcn`hsyxr~ ycixkr hk `kx ljql~y c`ysrc ysiicyy. Xbc mln` vrkojcmy qnxb vrkgcixvjl``n`a l`h nmvjcmc`xlxnk` bluc occ` ikyx l`h xnmc kucrrs`y l`h |sljnx~`k`-libncucmc`x.

Xbc mln ik`xrnosxn`a elixkry lrc7

. cvl`ynk` ke xbc yikvc l`h ysoyc|sc`x |sl`xnx~ n`irclycy ke n`vsxrcyksricy4

. c`an ccrn`a l`h hcyna` ibl`acy4

.

s`hcrcyxnmlxnk` l`h n`ikrrcix cyxnmlxnk`4 l`h. s`ekrcycc` n`ejlxnk`.

Kxbcr vrkmn`c`x ilsycy ke vrkojcmy lrc7

. vrkgcix ynwc l`h ikmvjcnx~4

. s`ekrcycc` xcib`nilj hneenisjxncy4

. yibchsjc ibl`acy4

. xnabx yibchsjcy l`h cicyynuc ik`isrrc`ic ke vrkgcix vblycy4

. vkkr ik`xrlix lhmn nyxrlxnk` l`h vkjnincy4

.

vkkr vrkgcix hcen nxnk`4. jlokr vrkojcmy l`h vkkr n`hsyxrnlj rcjlxnk`y4

. ibl`acy n` akucr`mc x vkjnincy l`h rcasjlxnk`y4

. `k`-n`ukjucmc`x ke xbc vrkgcix yxlee n` xbc vjl``n a yxlac4 l`h

. vrkgcix yxlee `kx qkrdn`a esjj-xnmc k` xbc ylmc vrkgcix.

Xbc vrkojcm msjxnvjncy qnxb xbc ynwc ke xbc vrkgcix* ly s`icrxln`xncy n` vrkgcixksxikmc n`irclyc qnxb xbc ynwc ke l vrkgcix.

Ilrnoocl` akucr mc`xy isrrc`xj~ vjl` l`h nmvjcmc`x hcucjkvmc xvrkarlmy xk l uljsc n` cicyy ke SY(? onjjnk` vcr ~clr. Ml`~ ke xbcyc vrkarlmy

lrc es`hch cnxbcr xbrksab jkilj okrrkqn`a kr o~ n`xcr`lxnk`lj hcucjkvmc`xlac`incy l`h ekisy k` qnhc lrcly ke `lxnk`lj hcucjkvmc x n`ijshn`a7

. larnisjxsrlj hcucjkvmc x4

. n`erlyxrsixsrc hcucjkvmc x4

. chsilxnk` hcucjkvmc x4

. bcljxb ycixkr hcucjkvmc`x4

. xksrnym hcucjkvmc`x4

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ONG>*8

9?2

. vsojni ycixkr rcekrm4

. n`yxnxsxnk`lj yxrc`axbc`n`a4 l`h

. ykinlj ycixkr hcucjkvmc x cxi.

N`irclyn`a ik`icr` ny cvrcyych o~ okxb xbc bkyx akucr`mc xy l`h xbcn`xcr`lxnk`lj hcucjkvmc`x lac`incy k`7

. xbc |sljnx~ ke yxrlxcani vjl``n`a* qbnib ny sych ly xbc olyny ekr xbchcucjkvmc`x vrkarlmy l`h vrkgcixy4

. xbc |sljnx~ ke vrkgcix vrkvkyljy l`h lhc|sli~ ke lvvrlnylj rcvkrx4

. jcucjy ke xrl`yvlrc`i~ sych n` ycjcixnk` ke ik`xrlixkry* ysvvjncry l`hik`ysjxl`xy l`h xbcnr |sljnx~4

. vrkgcix vcrekrml`ic n` xcrmy ke xnmc "yibchsjc* ikyx "oshacx l`h|sljnx~ "vcrekrml`ic4

. vrkgcix mk nxkrn`a l`h ik xrkjjn a n`ijshn`a xbc rcvkrxn`a mcibl`nym4

. n`irclyn`a `smocr ke yikvc ibl`ac n`inhc`xy hsrn`a ulrnksy vblycy ke vrkgcixy4

. xbc cxc`x xk qbnib vrkgcix hcjnucrlojcy lrc ikmvlxnojc qnxb xbclibncucmc x ke yxrlxcani kogcixnucy ly hcen`ch n` xbc lyykinlxch yxrlxcanivjl`y4

. xbc mcxbkhy l`h y~yxcm sych n` culjslxnk` ke vrkgcix vcrekrml`ic4 l`h

. xbc cxc`x xk qbnib vrkarlm hcjnucrlojcy il` oc ml`lach* k` lysyxln`lojc olyny* n` yccdn a xk libncuc hcen`ch cik`kmni kogcixnucy.

N` xbny ik xcx* akucr mc`xy bluc cvrcyych xbc `cch xk yxrc`axbc` xbcvjl``n`a l`h hcucjkvmc`x erlmcqkrd n` xbc vsojni ycixkr* ly xbc olyny ekrnmvrkun`a xbc hcjnucr~ ilvlinx~ l`h cik`kmni vcrekrml`ic ke hcucjkvmc`xvrkgcixy. Liikrhn`aj~* nx ny ysaacyxch xblx k`c ybksjh lhkvx l`h syc7

. lhul`ich xkkjy l`h xcib`n|scy ekr vrkgcix ml`lacmc x4

. n`ekrmlxnk` xcib`kjka~ xkkjy4

. l` n`xcarlxch lvvrklib n` ml`lan a vrkgcixy4

. ejlx bncrlrib~ n` kral`nwlxnk` yxrsixsrc4

. s`nekrm akucr`mc`x-qnhc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vkjnincy* vrkichsrcy l`h

yxl`hlrhy4. yxrlxcani ljjnl`ic qnxb ik`ysjxl`xy* ysvvjncry l`h ik`xrlixkry qbcrcucr

vkyynojc4

. nmvrkuch yibchsjn a l`h oshacxn`a xcib`n|scy4

. l` nmvrkuch ikmms`nilxnk` y~yxcm ekr vrkgcix mk`nxkrn a l`hik`xrkjjn`a4 l`h

. ml`lan`a mcxbkhy ekr nmvrkun`a xbc yxrlxcani enx ocxqcc` xbc yxrlxcanivjl``n`a vrkicyy l`h xbc vrkarlm-vjl``n`a l`h hcucjkvmc`x vrkicyy.

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

9?

Xbc k`j~ ql~ kral`nwlxnk`y il` oc hrnuc` xk libncuc cicjjc`ic ny o~ dccvn`al` c~c k` ikmvcxnxkry l`h qkrjh ocyx vrlixnic n` ljj lyvcixy ke xbc osyn`cyy"Oc`hcjj cx lj .* <>>2. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny l h~`lmni vrkicyy ke ikmvlrn`a ulrnksylyvcixy ke osyn`cyy n` l hcen`nxnuc yiljc xk mclysrc xbc rcjlxnuc vkynxnk` ke l`kral`nwlxnk` qnxb rcyvcix xk kxbcry. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny ilrrnch ksx qnxb xbckogcixnuc ke nmvrkun`a xbc vcrekrml`ic ke kral`nwlxnk`y. Ik`xn`sksynmvrkucmc`x ny k`c ke xbc kogcixnucy ke l`~ kral`nwlxnk . Bkqcucr* ne nmvrkucmc`x xlracxy lrc ycx qnxbksx xbc d`kqjchac ke qblx kxbcry lrc hkn`al`h libncun`a* xbc xlracx ml~ `kx oc xln a c`ksab xk yxl~ n` osyn cyy.

Vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x!y arkqn`a vkvsjlrnx~ bly yxnmsjlxch n`xcrcyx n` bkqikmvl`ncy ikmvlrc n` xbcnr lvvjnilxnk` ke vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrkicyycy* xkkjyl`h xcib`n|scy. Xbksab ml`~ kxbcr n`hsyxrncy "c.a. lsxkmkxnuc* ycmn-ik`hsixkr* c`an`ccrn`a-ik`yxrsixnk` bluc oc`ibmlrdch xbcnr kvcrlxnk`y ekr~clry* xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrkecyynk` bly jlaach n` xbny rcalrh "Nooy l`h

Dqkd* <>>2.Xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a ccrinyc ny cvcixch xk vrkhsic ylxnyelixkr~ l`yqcry xkulrnksy nyyscy elich o~ xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x ke l yvcineni kral`nwlxnk` l`hjndcj~ xk rcuclj ulrnksy ocyx vrlixnicy qbnib il` oc lhkvxch n`xk l y~yxcm qnxbilrcesj mkhnenilxnk` xk mlxib xbc kogcixnucy l`h vkjnincy ke xbc kral`nwlxnk`.

KogcixnucyXbc ekjjkqn`a kogcixnucy lrc ycx ekr xbny yxsh~7

. xk l`lj~wc xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc x ynxslxnk` n` xbc Ilrnoocl` l`hnhc`xne~ mlgkr qcld`cyycy ke ml`lan a vrkgcixy n` xbc Ilrnoocl`4

.

xk hcucjkv l xkkj ekr oc`ibmlrdn a4. xk lvvj~ xblx xkkj xk ikjjcix* l`lj~wc l`h ikmvlrc xbc vcrekrml`ic ke 

vlrxninvlxn`a kral`nwlxnk`y4 l`h

. xk ysaacyx nmvrkucmc`x mclysrcy ekr Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix kral`nwlxnk .

YikvcXbny yxsh~ oc`ibmlrdy xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke vsojni ycixkrkral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc Ilrnoocl` qnxb kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc N`hnl` vcxrkjcsmycixkr l`h n` xbc n`erlyxrsixsrc ycixkr ke Xblnjl`h l`h xbc SD.

 Mcxbkhkjka~Xbc ekjjkqn`a mcxbkhkjka~ bly occ` lhkvxch n` krhcr xk liikmvjnyb xbc yxlxchkogcixnucy ke xbc rcyclrib7

. rcuncqn`a jnxcrlxsrcy4

. yxsh~n a xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke l ecq Ilrnoocl`kral`nwlxnk`y xbkrksabj~4

. rcuncqn`a ulrnksy vrkgcix rcvkrxy4

. mldn a encjh xrnvy xk ulrnksy vrkgcix ynxcy4

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ONG>*8

996

. n`xcruncqn a vrkgcix ccisxnucy n`ijshn`a vrkgcix ml`lacry n` lqkrdybkv c`unrk`mc`x4 l`h

. vrcvlrn`a l |scyxnk``lnrc ysruc~.

L`lj~wn`a xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x ynxslxnk` n` xbc Ilrnoocl` l`hnhc`xne~n`a mlgkr qcld`cyycy ke ml`lan`a vrkgcixy n` xbcIlrnoocl`Yxrc`axby* qcld`cyycy* kvvkrxs`nxncy l`h xbrclxy "YQKX l`lj~yny qlyilrrnch ksx qnxb xbc n`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcix ccisxnucy n` Ilrnoocl` vsojniycixkr kral`nwlxnk`y n` l qkrdybkv c`unrk`mc`x. Xlojc N ybkqy xbc YQKXmlxrn ke xbc Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y. Xbc mlgkr qcld`cyycy n` vrkgcixml`lacmc`x n` xbc vsojni ycixkr Ilrnoocl` lrc jnyxch ocjkq n` hcxlnj* qbnibqcrc nhc`xnench xbrksab l |scyxnk``lnrc ysruc~ ysoyc|sc`xj~. Hc~ l`hOjlidqkkh "?66< ybkq xbc vrkojcmy ke ml`lan`a vrkgcixy n` xbc larnisjxsrc

ycixkr ke xbc Ilrnoocl`.Xbc nyyscy l`h vrkojcmy n` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x n` Ilrnoocl` n`hsyxr~ qcrc

nhc`xnench n` rcjlxnk` xk clib vblyc ke xbc vrkgcixy. Enasrc < hcmk`yxrlxcy xbc

Xlojc N.Xbc YQKX mlxrn ke Ilrnoocl` vrkgcixkral`nwlxnk`y

N`xcr`lj elixkryCxcr`lj elixkry Yxrc`axby "Y Qcld`cyyncy "Q

\sljnench ml`vkqcrElyxcr n`ekrmlxnk` ejkqlmk`a vrkgcix yxldcbkjhcryN`xcr`lj+cxcr`lj vrkgcix xclm

mcmocry lrc orksabx ijkycrekr ocxxcr hcinynk` mldn`aVrkunhc oc`cenxy xk xbckral`nwlxnk` ekr jk`a vcrnkhyNmvjcmc`xlxnk` iljjy ekrn`ukjucmc`x ke es`ixnk`lj lyqcjj ly y~yxcm vckvjc

Xbc syc ke NX ny jnmnxchqnxbn` xbc vrkgcixkral`nwlxnk`Xrln`n`a ke ml`vkqcr ekr

nmvjcmc`xlxnk` ly qcjj ly ekrkvcrlxnk`yMl`~ ibl`acy n` vrcyc`xy~yxcm

Kvvkrxs`nxncy "K YK ¼ Yxrlxcancy QK ¼ YxrlxcancyAjkoljnwlxnk` n` osyn`cyyes`ixnk`Ucrxnilj n`xcarlxnk` qnxb ljjyxldcbkjhcryEn`l`inlj yxlonjnx~

Vrkicyy n`xcarlxnk`Isyxkmcr ekisyUcrxnilj n`xcarlxnk`Ajkoljnwlxnk`Hcucjkvmc`x ke hcinynk`

ysvvkrx y~yxcmVrkicyy rcc`an`ccrn`a n` NXerlmcqkrd

Ekrmlxnk` ke ejlx bncrlrib~n` kral`nwlxnk` yxrsixsrcXrln`n`a ml`vkqcr ekrnmvjcmc`xlxnk` l`hkvcrlxnk`y

Mn`h-ycxxn`a xbc vckvjcIbl`ac ml`lacmc`x n` NXerlmcqkrd

Xbrclxy "X YX ¼ Yxrlxcancy QX ¼ Yxrlxcancy_cxsr` k` n`ucyxmc`x xldcyxnmcIkyx ke nmvjcmc`xlxnk` nyucr~ bnabNmvjcmc`xlxnk` xldcy xnmcYsiicyy ny `kx ljql~y lyysrch

Msib hcyd rcyclrib ocekrcnmvjcmc`xlxnk`Nmvjcmc`xlxnk` xbrksab vnjkxvrkgcix

Ml`lacmc`x ikmmnxmc`xCmvjk~cc mkxnulxnk`

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

99

vblycy ke vrkgcixy n` xbc n`hsyxr~ ycixkr ke xbc Ilrnoocl`. Xbc ekjjkqn`a jnyxhcmk`yxrlxcy xbc ulrnksy nhc xnench nyyscy7

"< Vrkgcix eclynonjnx~ vblyc7

. nhc xnenilxnk` ke vrkgcixy qnxbksx vrkvcr yxldcbkjhcr l`lj~yny4

. nmvrkvcr rc|snrcmc`x l`lj~yny4

.

jk`a lvvrkulj vrkicyycy4. osrclsirlxni lvvrklib4

. erlamc`xch lvvrklib xk eclynonjnx~ l`lj~yny4

. cicyynuc hcvc`hc`ic k` ik`ysjxl`xy4 l`h

. nmvlix lyycyymc`x ekr xbc yldc ke yxlxsxkr~ lvvrkulj `kx xk nmvrkucvrkgcix!y ceecixnuc`cyy.

"? Vrkgcix vjl``n`a 7

. jlid ke hkismc`xlxnk`4

. `k rnyd vjl``n`a4

. ucr~ jnxxjc ikmms`nilxnk` vjl``n`a4

. jlid ke NX krnc`xlxnk` n` vjl``n a4

. jlid ke xrln`ch ml`vkqcr4

. nmvrkvcr rcyvk`ynonjnx~ mlxrn4

. `k |sljnx~ vjl``n a ekr ceecixnuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x4

. mkyxj~ vjl``n`a ny hk`c ml`sljj~4 l`h

. n`ceecixnuc yibchsjn a l`h oshacxn`a.

Enasrc Vrkgcix vblycy ke

Ilrnoocl` vsojni ycixkral`nwlxnk` n` x

n`erlyxrsixsrc ycix

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ONG>*8

99?

"9 Hcyna` l`h hcxlnjch c`an`ccrn a 7

. s`ijclr xcib`kjka~ ycjcixnk` vrkicyy4

. s`ijclr nmvjcmc`xlxnk` mcxbkhkjka~ ycjcixnk` vrkicyy4

. cicyynuc hcvc`hc`ic k` ik`ysjxl`xy4

. `k`-lulnjlonjnx~ ke xcib`nilj vcryk``cj4

. jcyy lvvjnilxnk` ke n`ekrmlxnk` xcib`kjka~ "NX4

. `kx msib n`xcrlixnk` qnxb rcyvk`ynojc hcvlrxmc`x ekr rcuncq ke hcyna` l`h hrlqn`ay4 l`h

. jcyy ikmvcxc x ml`vkqcr.

"8 Mlxcrnljy vrkisrcmc`x 7

. vkkr bl`hjn`a ke mlxcrnljy4

.

koykjcyic`ic4. ibl`ac n` hcjnucr~ yibchsjc4

. elyx xcib`kjka~ ibl`ac4

. rcicnun`a elsjx~ mlxcrnljy4

. vnjn`a sv ke n`uc xkr~4

. `k vkjni~ ekr ysrvjsy hnyvkylj4

. jlid ke ijlrnx~ n` mlxcrnljy yvcinenilxnk 4

. jlid ke ijlrnx~ n` ik`xrlix x~vc ycjcixnk`4

.

yxrn ac x ycjcixnk` vrkichsrc4 l`h. ikmvjnilxch xcrmy ke vl~mc x.

"3 Qkrdy ik`xrlix vrcvlrlxnk 7

. jlid ke ijlrnx~ n` qkrdy yvcinenilxnk`4

. jlid ke ijlrnx~ n` ik`xrlix x~vc ycjcixnk`4

. yxrn ac x ycjcixnk` vrkichsrc4 l`h

. ml`~ ik xrlix hnyvsxcy l`h lronxrlxnk`.

"5 Vrkgcix nmvjcmc`xlxnk`7

.

yikvc ibl`ac4. hcyna` ibl`ac4

. nmvjcmc`xlxnk` mcxbkhkjka~ ibl`ac4

. es`h vrkojcm4

. lixy ke Akh4

. jlokr vrkhsixnunx~4 l`h

. hcinynk` hcjl~.

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

99

"1 Xcrmn`lxnk 7

. ml`lan`a ikmmnyynk`n`a lixnunxncy4

. vkkr ik xrlix ijkyc-ksx4 l`h

. vkkr hkismc`xlxnk`.

Hcucjkvn`a l oc`ibmlrdn`a xkkj* oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcixml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy l`h mclysrn`a xbc vcrekrml`ic ke xbcvlrxninvlxn`a kral`nwlxnk`yOc`ibmlrdn`a bly ocikmc k`c ke xbc mkyx vkvsjlr osyn`cyy ml`lacmc x xkkjyke xbc <>>6y. Nx bly occ` vrkmkxch ly l xcib`n|sc xblx orn`ay ibl`ac l`hnmvrkucmc`x xk l` kral`nwlxnk`!y osyn`cyy vrkicyycy xbrksab l vrkicyy ke jclr`n`a erkm kxbcr kral`nwlxnk`y! ysiicyycy l`h lvvjnilxnk` ke xbcyc vrlixnicyn` k`c!y kq` enrm. Esrxbcrmkrc* ocilsyc nx ynxy ikmekrxloj~ qnxb kxbcr

ml`lacmc`x xcib`n|scy ysib ly xkxlj |sljnx~ ml`lacmc`x "X\M l`hosyn`cyy vrkicyy rcc`an`ccrn`a "OV_* nx ny ycc` ly l` cyyc`xnlj cjcmc`x ke xbcvrlixnxnk`cr!y xkkjdnx ekr osyn`cyy ysiicyy. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny ylnh xk vrkmkxcibl`ac l`h hcjnucr nmvrkucmc`xy n` |sljnx~* vrkhsixnunx~ l`h ceeninc`i~.

Yn`ic ajkolj ikmvcxnxnk` ny rnyn`a qnxb mkrc l`h mkrc `lxnk`lj cik`kmncyocikmn`a jnocrljnwch l`h ajkoljnwch* nx ny nmvcrlxnuc xblx l xcib`n|sc jndcoc`ibmlrdn a* xblx ny rcika nwch ly l ilxlj~yx ekr nmvrkucmc`x l`hn``kulxnk`* ybksjh en`h l vjlic qnxb ml`selixsrcry xk rclib l jcucj ke qkrjh-ijlyy yxlxsy7

Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny sych xk nmvrkuc vcrekrml`ic o~ s`hcryxl`hn`a xbc mcxbkhy l`h vrlixnicyrc|snrch xk libncuc qkrjh-ijlyy vcrekrml`ic jcucjy "Ilmv* <>>3.

N` elix* nx blvvc`ch qnxb xbc Rcrk Ikrvkrlxnk`* SYL* qbnib n`uc`xchoc`ibmlrdn a ykmcxnmc n` xbc jlxxcr vlrx ke <>16y. Qbc` xbc RcrkIkrvkrlxnk`* l vnk`ccr n` Rcrkn`a* yxlrxch jkyn`a mlrdcx yblrc xk Glvl`cycikmvcxnxkry* nx hcucjkvch xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a xkkj* o~ qbnib nx iksjh |snidj~jclr` ml`~ ceecixnuc qkrd vrlixnicy erkm hneecrc`x yksricy n` krhcr xk libncuc ljcucj ke qkrjh-ijlyy vcrekrml`ic l`h rcaln` mlrdcx jclhcrybnv. Oc`ibmlrdn`a*xbcrcekrc* bly l jcanxnmlxc rkjc* c`lojn`a l` kral`nwlxnk` xk libncuc qkrjh-ijlyyvcrekrml`ic ilvlonjnx~.

@smcrksy hcen`nxnk`y ke xbc ik`icvx oc`ibmlrdn`a il` oc eks`h n` xbcjnxcrlxsrc. N` bny lrxnijc* Mnxxcjyxlchx "<>>? vrcyc`xy xbc ekjjkqn`a hcen`nxnk`y7

. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny xbc ik`xn`sksy vrkicyy ke mclysrn`a ksr vrkhsixy*ycrunicy l`h vrlixnicy laln`yx ksr xksabcyx ikmvcxnxkry kr xbkycikmvl`ncy rc`kq`ch ly xbc jclhcry "Rcrk Ikrvkrlxnk .

. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny xbc ik`xn`sksy vrkicyy ke mclysrn`a ~ksr isrrc`xosyn`cyy kvcrlxnk`y l`h ikmvlrn`a xbcm qnxb ocyx-n`-ijlyy kvcrlxnk`y.Lvvjnilxnk` ke xbc d`kqjchac aln ch erkm l oc`ibmlrdn`a yxsh~vrkunhcy l eks`hlxnk` ekr osnjhn a kvcrlxnk`lj vjl`y xk mccx l`hysrvlyy n`hsyxr~-ocyx vrlixnicy "LX%X Oc`ibmlrdn`a Arksv.

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ONG>*8

998

. Oc`ibmlrdn`a ny l vrkicyy n` qbnib ikmvl`ncy xlracx dc~ nmvrkucmc`xlrcly qnxbn` xbcnr enrmy* nhc`xne~ l`h yxsh~ ocyx vrlixnicy o~ kxbcry n`xbcyc lrcly* l`h nmvjcmc`x `cq vrkicyycy l`h y~yxcmy xk c`bl`icxbcnr kq` vrkhsixnunx~ l`h |sljnx~ "N xcr`lxnk`lj Oc`ibmlrdn`aIjclrn`a-bksyc.

Yvc`hkjn`n "<>>? bly eks`h 8> hcen`nxnk`y. Ml`~ jkkd lx oc`ibmlrdn`a ly l`kral`nych mcxbkh ke |skxn`a hlxl xk mldc ikmvlrnyk`y ekr jkilxn`a l alv.Kxbcry ycc nx ly l xkkj xblx vrkmkxcy jclr`n`a l`h yxnmsjlxcy kral`nwlxnk`ibl`acy "Okal` l`h C`ajnyb* <>>8.

Yvc`hkjn`n "<>>? iblrlixcrnwcy oc`ibmlrdn`a ly l ik`xn`sksy vrkicyy* lvrkicyy ke n`ucyxnalxnk` vrkunhn`a uljslojc n`ekrmlxnk`* l vrkicyy ke jclr`n`aerkm kxbcry* l vrlamlxni yclrib ekr nhcly* l xnmc-ik`ysmn`a l`h jlokr-n`xc`ynuc vrkicyy rc|snrn`a hnyinvjn`c* l`h unlojc xkkj vrkunhn`a sycesjn`ekrmlxnk` ekr nmvrkun`a unrxsljj~ l`~ osyn`cyy lixnunx~. Liikrhn`a xk Esrc~

"<>21* oc`ibmlrdn`a ny l` l`lj~xnilj vrkicyy ekr rnakrksyj~ mclysrn`a likmvl`~!y kvcrlxnk`y laln`yx xbc ocyx-n`-ijlyy ikmvl`ncy n`ynhc okxb nxyn`hsyxr~ l`h nxy mlrdcxy. Xbc akljy ekr xbc oc`ibmlrdn a vrkicyy lrc7

. xk nhc`xne~ dc~ vcrekrml`ic mclysrcy ekr clib es`ixnk` ke l ikmvl`~!ykvcrlxnk`y4

. xk mclysrc xbc n`xcr`lj vcrekrml`ic jcucjy ke xbc ikmvl`~ ly qcjj ly xbcvcrekrml`ic jcucjy ke xbc ikmvcxnxkry4

. xk ikmvlrc vcrekrml`ic jcucjy n` krhcr xk nhc`xne~ lrcly ke ikmvcxnxnuclhul`xlac l`h hnylhul xlacy4 l`h

.

xk nmvjcmc`x vrkarlmy ekr ijkyn`a xbc alv ocxqcc` xbc n`xcr`ljkvcrlxnk`y l`h xbc kxbcr ikmvl ncy.

Qlxyk` "<>>9 yxlxcy xblx xbc cukjsxnk`lr~ vrkicyy ke oc`ibmlrdn`a blyrcycmojch xbc ijlyyni fflrx-xrl`ynxnk`n`a-xk-yinc`ic!! mkhcj ekr hcucjkvmc`x ke l`cq ml`lacmc`x hnyinvjn`c* l`h oc`ibmlrdn`a bly `kq rclibch xbc eksrxbjcucj n` xbc vrkicyy. Xbc enryx ac`crlxnk` ke oc`ibmlrdn`a ny hcyirnoch lyvrkhsix-krnc`xch rcucryc c`an`ccrn`a kr ikmvcxnxnuc vrkhsix l`lj~yny qnxb xbccmvblyny k` ikmvlrn`a vrkhsix iblrlixcrnyxniy* es`ixnk`ljnx~* l`hvcrekrml`ic qnxb ynmnjlr vrkhsixy kr ycrunicy erkm ikmvcxnxkry. Xbc ycik`hac`crlxnk`* ikmvcxnxnuc oc`ibmlrdn`a* cvl`hch xbc yikvc ke oc`ibmlrdn`a

xk n`ijshc ikmvlrnyk`y ke vrkicyycy qnxb xbkyc ke ikmvcxnxkry. Xbc xbnrhac`crlxnk` ke oc`ibmlrdn`a qly rclibch* ly mkrc |sljnx~ jclhcry rcika`nwchxblx jclr`n a ny clyncr erkm ikmvl ncy ksxynhc xbcnr n`hsyxr~ xbl` erkmikmvcxnxnuc yxshncy. Xbc eksrxb ac`crlxnk` ke oc`ibmlrdn`a ny jlocjch yxrlxcanioc`ibmlrdn`a* qbnib il` oc hcen`ch ly l y~yxcmlxni vrkicyy ekr culjslxn`aljxcr`lxnucy* nmvjcmc`xn a yxrlxcancy* l`h nmvrkun`a vcrekrml`ic o~s`hcryxl`hn a l`h lhlvxn`a ysiicyyesj yxrlxcancy erkm cxcr`lj ikmvl`ncyxblx vlrxninvlxc n` l` k`akn`a osyn`cyy ljjnl`ic. Xbc enexb l`h esxsrc ac`crlxnk`ke oc`ibmlrdn`a n`ukjucy l ajkolj lvvjnilxnk`* qbcrc n`xcr`lxnk`lj xrlhc*

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

99

isjxsrlj l`h osyn`cyy vrkicyy hnyxn`ixnk`y lmk`a ikmvl`ncy lrc jn`dch l`hxbcnr nmvlixy k` nmvrkun`a osyn`cyy vrkicyycy lrc s`hcryxkkh.

Yvc`hkjn n "<>>? nhc`xnency xbc ekjjkqn`a rclyk`y ekr syn a oc`ibmlrdn`a7

.

alxbcrn`a rcjcul`x n`ekrmlxnk` xk oc sych n` yxrlxcani vjl``n a4. ekrcilyxn`a xrc`hy n` rcjcul`x osyn cyy lrcly* jndc xbc osyn cyy

hnrcixnk`y ke xbc dc~ vjl~cry n` xbc mlrdcx4

. ac`crlxn`a `cq nhcly l`h es`ixnk`lj jclr`n a o~ cvkyn`a n`hnunhsljy xk`cq vrkhsixy* qkrd vrkicyycy* l`h ql~y ke ml`lan a ikmvl`~rcyksricy* n.c. o~ xbn dn`a ffksx ke xbc ok!!4

. ikjjcixn`a l`h syn`a n`ekrmlxnk` loksx xbc vrkhsixy kr vrkicyycy ke ikmvcxnxkry kr cicjjc`x ikmvl`ncy ekr ycxxn`a yxl`hlrhy ekr kr mldn`aikmvlrnyk`y qnxb ynmnjlr vrkhsixy kr ycrunicy4 l`h

. ycxxn`a vcrekrml`ic akljy n` rcjlxnk` xk yxlxc-ke-xbc lrx vrlixnicy.

Xbc lvvrklibcy xk oc`ibmlrdn`a il` oc hnunhch n`xk eksr mln` ilxcakrncy"Oc`hcjj cx lj  .* <>>2. Enryx* n xcr`lj oc`ibmlrdn a rcecry xk mldn aikmvlrnyk`y qnxb kxbcr vlrxy ke xbc ylmc kral`nwlxnk * ysib ly kxbcrhcvlrxmc`xy kr kxbcr ynxcy. Lrrl`acmc`xy ekr n`xcr`lj oc`ibmlrdn`a lrcsysljj~ yxrlnabxekrqlrh* xbc rcjcul`x n`ekrmlxnk` il` oc alxbcrch rcjlxnucj~clynj~* l`h xbc rcysjxy lrc n`yxl`xj~ rcjcul`x l`h lulnjlojc. Bkqcucr* n`xcr`ljoc`ibmlrdn`a ny s`jndcj~ xk jclh xk nmvrkucmc`xy xblx mccx qkrjh ocyxvrlixnic. Xbc ycik`h mln` ilxcakr~ ny jlocjch ikmvcxnxkr oc`ibmlrdn`a. Ly nxny ljmkyx nmvkyynojc xk acx esjj d`kqjchac ke bkq l hnrcix ikmvcxnxkr kvcrlxcy*ikmvcxnxkr oc`ibmlrdn a ny mkrc hneenisjx xk vcrekrm xbl` n xcr`ljoc`ibmlrdn`a. Xbc xbnrh ilxcakr~* es`ixnk`lj oc`ibmlrdn`a* n`ukjucyikmvlrn`a xbc ikmvl`~ qnxb x~vniljj~ `k`-ikmvcxnxnuc kral`nwlxnk`y* qbnibilrr~ ksx xbc es`ixnk`lj lixnunxncy ke n`xcrcyx* ysib ly qlrcbksyn`a krvrkisrcmc`x. Xbny lvvrklib xk oc`ibmlrdn`a bly ml`~ lhul`xlacy* lyes`ixnk`lj jclhcry lrc clynj~ nhc`xnench n` ml`~ lrcly* ik`enhc`xnljnx~ ny `kxsysljj~ l` nyysc* `cq vrlixnicy il` oc hnyikucrch* l`h xqk-ql~ vlrx`crybnvyil` oc cyxlojnybch. Xbc nmvjcmc`xlxnk` ke xbc hnyikucrch ocyx vrlixnicy n`k`c!y kq` ikmvl`~* bkqcucr* il` oc l vkxc`xnlj vrkojcm. Xbc eksrxb lvvrklibny ac`crni oc`ibmlrdn`a* qbnib n`ukjucy ikmvlrn`a osyn`cyy vrkicyycy xblxisx lirkyy ulrnksy es`ixnk`y l`h n` hneecrc`x n`hsyxrncy. Ac`crni oc`ibmlrdn`a

ny jndcj~ xk vrkhsic xbc mkyx n``kulxnuc nhcly l`h orcldxbrksaby ekrs`vrcichc`xch nmvrkucmc`x* qbnib* n` xsr`* lrc xbc mkyx ibljjc`an`a xknmvjcmc`x n` k`c!y kq` ikmvl`~.

Olych k` bny rcyclrib n`xk bkq ikmvl`ncy lvvj~ oc`ibmlrdn`a* Yvc`hkjn`n"<>>? ysaacyxy l enuc-yxlac ac`crni vrkicyy ekr oc`ibmlrdn`a. Xbc enryx yxlacn`ukjucy nhc`xne~n`a xbc isyxkmcry ekr xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a n`ekrmlxnk` l`h xbcnrrc|snrcmc`xy* hcen n`a xbc yvcineni ysogcixy xk oc oc`ibmlrdch* l`h nhc xne~n`al`h ycisrn`a xbc rc|snrch rcyksricy. Xbc ycik`h yxlac ke xbc oc`ibmlrdn`avrkicyy ny ycjcixn`a* krnc`xn`a l`h ml`lan`a l oc`ibmlrdn`a xclm. Lx xbc

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ONG>*8

995

xbnrh yxlac* xbc n`ekrmlxnk` yksricy ekr ikjjcixn`a oc`ibmlrdn`a n`ekrmlxnk`lrc nhc xnench. Vkyynojc yksricy n`ijshc cmvjk~ccy ke oc`ibmlrdn akral`nwlxnk`y* ik`ysjxl`xy* l`lj~yxy* n`hsyxr~ rcvkrxy* l`h osyn`cyy l`h xrlhcjnxcrlxsrc. Xbc lixslj alxbcrn`a ke xbc n`ekrmlxnk` ekrmy xbc eksrxb mlgkr yxlacke xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkicyy. Xbc n`ekrmlxnk` ny ikjjcixch liikrhn`a xk l`cyxlojnybch vrkichsrc l`h ysmmlrnwch ekr l`lj~yny. Xbc n`ekrmlxnk` nyl`lj~wch liikrhn`a xk xbc krnan`lj rc|snrcmc`xy l`h rcikmmc`hlxnk`y ekrlixnk` lrc vrkhsich. Xbc jlyx yxlac ke xbc vrkicyy n`ukjucy xldn`a lixnk` o~nmvjcmc`xn`a xbc rcikmmc`hlxnk`y l`h o~ nhc`xne~n`a l`~ lvvrkvrnlxclixnunxncy* n`ijshn`a xbc ik xn`snx~ ke xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkicyy.

Qlxyk` "<>>9 hnunhcy xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkicyy n`xk eksr mln yxcvy7

"< vjl``n`a xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcix4

"? ikjjcixn a xbc `cicyylr~ hlxl4

"9 l`lj~wn`a xbc hlxl ekr vcrekrml`ic alvy l`h c`lojcry4 l`h"8 nmvrkun`a o~ lhlvxn a vrkicyy c`lojcry.

L` LBV-olych lvvrklib xk oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcix ml`lacmc`xvrlixnicyXbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy "LBV hcucjkvch o~ Yllx~ "<>26 vrkunhcy lejcnojc l`h clynj~ s`hcryxkkh ql~ ke l`lj~wn`a ikmvjnilxch vrkojcmy. Nx ny lmsjxnvjc irnxcrnl hcinynk`-mldn`a xcib`n|sc xblx ljjkqy ysogcixnuc ly qcjj lykogcixnuc elixkry xk oc ik`ynhcrch n` xbc hcinynk`-mldn`a vrkicyy. Xbc LBVljjkqy xbc lixnuc vlrxninvlxnk` ke hcinynk`-mldcry n` rclibn`a larccmc`x* l`hanucy ml`lacry l rlxnk`lj olyny k` qbnib xk mldc hcinynk`y. LBV ny olych k`xbc ekjjkqn`a xbrcc vrn`invjcy7 hcikmvkynxnk`* ikmvlrlxnuc gshamc`x* l`hy~ xbcyny ke vrnkrnxncy.

Xbc LBV ny l xbckr~ ke mclysrcmc`x ekr hcljn`a qnxb |sl`xnenlojc l`hn`xl`anojc irnxcrnl xblx bly occ` lvvjnch xk `smcrksy lrcly* ysib ly hcinynk`xbckr~ l`h ik ejnix rcykjsxnk` "Ulraly* <>>6. LBV ny l vrkojcm-ykjun`aerlmcqkrd l`h l y~yxcmlxni vrkichsrc ekr rcvrcyc`xn`a xbc cjcmc`xy ke l`~vrkojcm "Yllx~* <>29.

Ekrmsjlxn`a xbc hcinynk` vrkojcm n` xbc ekrm ke l bncrlribnilj yxrsixsrc nyxbc enryx yxcv ke LBV. N` l x~vnilj bncrlrib~* xbc xkv jcucj rcejcixy xbc kucrljjkogcixnuc "ekisy ke xbc hcinynk` vrkojcm. Xbc cjcmc`xy leecixn`a xbc hcinynk`

lrc rcvrcyc`xch n` n`xcrmchnlxc jcucjy. Xbc jkqcyx jcucj ikmvrnycy xbc hcinynk`kvxnk`y. K`ic l bncrlrib~ ny ik`yxrsixch* xbc hcinynk -mldcr ocan y lvrnkrnxnwlxnk` vrkichsrc xk hcxcrmn`c xbc rcjlxnuc nmvkrxl`ic ke xbc cjcmc`xy n`clib jcucj ke xbc bncrlrib~. Xbc cjcmc`xy n` clib jcucj lrc ikmvlrch ly vlnryqnxb rcyvcix xk xbcnr nmvkrxl`ic n` mldn`a xbc hcinynk` s`hcr ik`ynhcrlxnk`. Lucrolj yiljc ny sych n` LBV xblx c`lojcy xbc hcinynk`-mldcr xk n`ikrvkrlxcysogcixnunx~* cvcrnc`ic l`h d`kqjchac n` l` n`xsnxnuc l`h `lxsrlj ql~. Lexcrikmvlrnyk` mlxrnicy lrc irclxch* rcjlxnuc qcnabxy lrc hcrnuch ekr xbc ulrnksycjcmc`xy. Xbc rcjlxnuc qcnabxy ke xbc cjcmc`xy ke clib jcucj qnxb rcyvcix xk l`

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

99

cjcmc`x n` xbc lhglic`x svvcr jcucj lrc ikmvsxch ly xbc ikmvk`c`xy ke xbc`krmljnwch cnac`ucixkr lyykinlxch qnxb xbc jlracyx cnac`uljsc ke xbcnrikmvlrnyk` mlxrn. Ikmvkynxc qcnabxy lrc xbc` hcxcrmn`ch o~ laarcalxn`a xbcqcnabxy xbrksab xbc bncrlrib~. Xbny ny hk`c o~ ekjjkqn`a l vlxb erkm xbc xkv ke xbc bncrlrib~ xk clib ljxcr`lxnuc lx xbc jkqcyx jcucj* l`h msjxnvj~n`a xbcqcnabxy ljk`a clib ycamc`x ke xbc vlxb. Xbc ksxikmc ke xbny laarcalxnk` ny l`krmljnwch ucixkr ke xbc kucrljj qcnabxy ke xbc kvxnk`y. Xbc mlxbcmlxnilj olynyekr hcxcrmn`n a xbc qcnabxy qly cyxlojnybch o~ Yllx~ "<>26.

Oc`ibmlrdn a ny sysljj~ l xclm ceekrx* l`h xbc LBV ny k`c lulnjlojc mcxbkhekr ekrmn`a l y~yxcmlxni erlmcqkrd ekr arksv n`xcrlixnk` l`h arksv hcinynk`mldn`a "Yllx~* <>2?. H~cr l`h Ekrml` "<>>? hcyirnoc xbc lhul`xlacy ke LBVn` l arksv ycxxn`a ly ekjjkqy7

. okxb xl`anojcy l`h n`xl`anojcy* n`hnunhslj uljscy l`h yblrch uljscy il`oc n`ijshch n` l` LBV-olych arksv hcinynk` vrkicyy4

. xbc hnyisyynk` n` l arksv il` oc ekisych k` kogcixnucy rlxbcr xbl`ljxcr`lxnucy4

. xbc hnyisyynk` il` oc yxrsixsrch* yk xblx cucr~ elixkr rcjcul`x xk xbchnyisyynk` ny ik`ynhcrch n` xsr 4 l`h

. n` l yxrsixsrch l`lj~yny* xbc hnyisyynk` ik xn`scy s`xnj ljj rcjcul`xn ekrmlxnk` erkm clib n`hnunhslj mcmocr n` l arksv bly occ`ik`ynhcrch l`h l ik`yc`ysy ibknic ke xbc hcinynk` ljxcr`lxnuc nylibncuch.

L hcxlnjch hnyisyynk` k` ik`hsixn a LBV-olych arksv hcinynk`-mldn`a

ycyynk`y* n`ijshn`a ysaacyxnk`y ekr lyycmojn`a xbc arksv* ik`yxrsixn`a xbcbncrlrib~* acxxn a xbc arksv xk larcc* n`c|sljnxncy ke vkqcr* ik`icljch krhnyxkrxch vrcecrc`icy* l`h nmvjcmc`xn`a xbc rcysjxy* il` oc eks`h n` Yllx~"<>2? l`h Akjhc` cx lj . "<>2>. Ekr vrkojcmy qnxb syn`a LBV n` arksv hcinynk`mldn`a* ycc Nyjcn cx lj . "<>><.

_cyclribcry syc LBV n` ulrnksy n`hsyxrnlj lvvjnilxnk`y. Vlrxkun cx lj . "<>>6sych nx ekr kvcrlxnk`y ml`lacmc`x hcinynk` mldn`a. Hc~ cx lj . "<>>8 sych nx n`ml`lan a xbc rnyd ke vrkgcixy. Mnl` l`h Ibrnyxn`c "<>>> sych LBV ekrculjslxnk` l`h ycjcixnk` ke l vrnulxc ycixkr vrkgcix. Mcrchnxb l`h Ml`xcj "?666hcyirnoch LBV ly l` ceecixnuc xkkj ekr vrkgcix ycjcixnk`. Hc~ l`h Asvxl "<>>>sych LBV ekr irkyy-iks`xr~ vcxrkjcsm vnvcjn c rksxc ycjcixnk`.

LBV bly vrcunksyj~ occ` sych ekr oc`ibmlrdn`a o~ C~rnib "<>><. Bnylvvjnilxnk` qly ekr oc`ibmlrdn`a ikmvsxcr-n`xcarlxch ml`selixsrn`a "INMynxcy* l`h LBV qly olyniljj~ sych ekr hcxcrmn`n`a xbc ysiicyy elixkry* xbcikrrcyvk`hn`a rc|snrcmc`xy l`h xbcnr nmvkrxl`ic ekr l ocyx-ke-orcch INM ynxc.Dkrvcjl l`h Xskmn`c` "<>>5 sych LBV ekr oc`ibmlrdn`a jkanyxni kvcrlxnk`y*syn`a xbc ycuc`-yxcvy lvvrklib.

N` xbny yxsh~* l` LBV-olych lvvrklib xk oc`ibmlrdn a vrkgcixml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy bly occ` hcmk`yxrlxch. Xbc lvvrklib sych n` xbnyyxsh~ n`ukjucy yxcvy n` xbc ekjjkqn`a ysoycixnk`y7

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ONG>*8

992

Yxcv <. Hcen`c xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkryXbc enryx yxcv ny xk nhc`xne~ xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry ekr ml`lan`a vrkgcixy.Irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry lrc xbc iblrlixcrnyxniy* ik`hnxnk`y* kr ulrnlojcy xblx*qbc` vrkvcrj~ ysyxln`ch* mln xln`ch* kr ml`lach* il` bluc l yna nenil`xnmvlix k` xbc ysiicyy ke l ikmvl`~ n` l vlrxnisjlr n`hsyxr~ "Jcnhcidcr l`hOrs`k* <>28. Xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy ke ulrnksy kral`nwlxnk`y qcrc n`xcruncqchl`h xbc~ bluc nhc`xnench xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry ekr vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x ke xbcnr kral`nwlxnk`y.

Xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy nhc`xnench xbc ekjjkqn`a irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry7

.  Lvvrkvrnlxc eclynonjnx~ yxsh~ ke xbc vrkgcixy. Xbny `kx k`j~ nhc`xnency xbcocyx ljxcr`lxnuc eclynojc vrkgcix ekr xbc kral`nwlxnk`* osx ljyk ljjkqy k`cxk n`ukjuc ljj yxldcbkjhcry xk xldc vlrx n` l`lj~yny xbrksab xbcnrrc|snrcmc`x l`lj~yny l`h vrkunhcy l ykjnh eks`hlxnk` ke vrkgcixy l`hvrkgcix ml`lacmc`x. Xbny ljyk vrkunhcy l olyny ekr elyx lvvrkulj erkmikmvcxc x lsxbkrnxncy* es`hn`a lac`incy l`h yxlxsxkr~ lsxbkrnxncy.

.   Lhc|slxc vrkgcix vjl . Hcxlnjch vrkgcix vjl` n` rcjlxnk` xk yibchsjc*oshacx* |sljnx~* kral`nwlxnk * ikmms`nilxnk * vrkisrcmc`x l`h rnydc`ysrcy ceecixnuc nmvjcmc xlxnk` xbrksab yxl`hlrh vlrlmcxcry l`hekrmy l olyny ekr xclm ceekrx ekr ml`lan a vrkgcixy.

.   Lvvrkvrnlxc hcyna` l`h hcxlnjch c`an ccrn`a . Xbny c`ysrcy mn`nmsmibl`ac n` xcib`niljnxncy ke xbc vrkgcix l`h ceecixnuc ml`lacmc`x ke xcib`nilj ibl`ac xbrksabksx xbc vrkgcix vblycy.

.   Lulnjlonjnx~ ke qkrd erk`x . Xbny ny l` nmvkrxl`x elixkr ekr l ysiicyyesj

vrkgcix. Qkrd erk`x ybljj oc mlhc lulnjlojc ocekrc xbc nmvjcmc`xlxnk`vblyc ke xbc vrkgcix xbrksab lhc|slxc ysruc~* ikmvc`ylxnk` xk vrkgcix-leecixch vckvjc* yknj xcyxn`a l`h yxlxsxkr~ lvvrkuljy erkm rcyvcixnuclsxbkrnxncy ekr ik`yxrsixnk .

.  Ceecixnuc mlxcrnlj vrkisrcmc`x . Mlxcrnljy ik`yxnxsxc xbc mlgkr vkrxnk` ke xbc vrkgcix ikyx ke xbc n`erlyxrsixsrc vrkgcix. S`jcyy xbny ny ml`lachceecixnucj~* xbc vrkgcix ny oks`h xk n`isr xnmc l`h ikyx kucrrs`.Vrkisrcmc`x vjl``n`a* ysvvjncr ycjcixnk`* n`uc`xkr~ ik`xrkj l`h l`ceecixnuc ysrvjsy hnyvkylj mcxbkh ekrm l` ceecixnuc vrkisrcmc`xml`lacmc x lvvrklib ekr xbc n`erlyxrsixsrc vrkgcix.

. Akkh ik`xrlix ml`lacmc`x . Ljj vrkgcix xclm mcmocry "kq`cr vrkgcixml`lacmc`x arksv* ik`ysjxl`xy* ik`xrlixkry* l`h ysvvjncry lrcikmmnxxch xk vrkgcix libncucmc`x xbrksab ykmc jcalj ik`xrlix. Xbcceecixnuc ml`lacmc x ke xbcyc ik xrlixy `kx k`j~ vrkunhcy ymkkxbes`ixnk`n`a ke xbc vrkgcix n` ulrnksy vblycy osx ljyk osnjhy xclm yvnrnxlmk`a xbc vrkgcix vlrxninvl`xy.

.   Lvvrkvrnlxc mk nxkrn`a l`h ik xrkj . Xbny mclysrcy xbc vrkgcixvcrekrml`ic n` jn`c qnxb xbc vjl``n`a yxl`hlrh. Ml`lan`a xbc vrkgcix

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

99

xbrksab l olyc-jn`c vrkgcix vjl` l`h clr`ch uljsc l`lj~yny vrkunhcy xbcolyny ekr ceecixnuc hcinynk` lirkyy ulrnksy vblycy ke xbc vrkgcix.

.  Ceecixnuc xcrmn`lxnk . Xbc ceecixnuc`cyy ke xbc vrkgcix hcvc`hy k` bkq

ceecixnucj~ xbc vrkgcix ny bl`hch kucr ekr kvcrlxnk`y. Ik`xrlix ijkyc-ksx*vrcvlrlxnk` ke xbc ikmvjcxnk` rcvkrx* ly-osnjx hrlqn`ay* kvcrlxn`aml`slj ljk`a qnxb bl`hjn`a ikmmnyynk`n`a lixnunxncy ceeninc`xj~ hcrnucyxbc vrkgcix!y elxc xk ykmc cxc`x n` xbc jk`a rs`.

Ljj xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry lrc yso-hnunhch n`xk l ecq yso-irnxnilj ysiicyyelixkry qnxb xbc lixnuc n`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcix ccisxnucy n` l qkrdybkvc`unrk`mc`x. Enasrc ? ybkqy xbc bncrlrib~ ke xbc c`xnrc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkryl`h yso-elixkry ekr ceecixnuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x.

Yxcv ?. Nhc`xne~ xbc kral`nwlxnk`y xk oc n`ijshch n` xbc l`lj~ynyXbny yxsh~ hcmk`yxrlxcy l ac`crni oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkicyy l`h ik`ynhcry xbcvrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke vsojni ycixkr kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc Ilrnoocl`*kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc N`hnl` vcxrkjcsm ycixkr* bnab-rnyc osnjhn`a l`h bnabql~ik`yxrsixnk` kral`nwlxnk`y n` Xblnjl`h l`h kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc n`erlyxrsixsrcycixkr ke xbc SD.

N` rcic`x ~clry* vrkgcixy n` xbc N`hnl` vcxrkjcsm ycixkr bluc occ` vcrekrmn`aucr~ qcjj n` xcrmy ke libncun`a xnmc* ikyx l`h |sljnx~ kogcixnucy "Hc~* <>>>. Lecq kral`nwlxnk`y lrc syn`a |sl`xnxlxnuc rnyd ml`lacmc`x xkkjy l`h acxxn`aik`ynhcrlojc oc`cenxy "Hc~* ?66<l. L` kral`nwlxnk` bly cmvjk~ch l elyx xrlidlvvrklib syn`a l ik`isrrc`x c`an`ccrn`a ik`icvx l`h bly libncuch ysiicyy n`libncun`a vrkgcix xlracxy "Hc~* ?666. Ml`~ kral`nwlxnk`y lrc syn`a l`

n`xcarlxch vrkgcix lvvrlnylj mkhcj "Hc~* ?66<o l`h l rcc`an`ccrn`a lvvrklib"Hc~* ?66<i. Kas`jl`l cx lj . "<>>5 rcvkrxch ysiicyyesj libncucmc`x ke ulrnksyik`yxrsixnk` vrkgcixy n` Xblnjl`h. Xbc ylmc yxsh~ ljyk hcmk`yxrlxcy ulrnksyvkynxnuc lyvcixy ke xbc SD ik`yxrsixnk` n`hsyxr~. _cic`xj~* xbc SD ik`yxrsixnk`n`hsyxr~ bly hcucjkvch l yxrlxcani yksrin a lvvrklib xk cyxlojnyb xbcvlrx`crybnv lrrl`acmc`x lirkyy xbc ik`yxrsixnk` ysvvj~ ibln` "Blmwl cx lj .*<>>>. Xbny bly vrkunhch xbcm qnxb kucrljj nmvrkucmc x n` vrkgcix vcrekrml`ic.

Yxcv 9. L`lj~wc vcrekrml`icSyn`a LBV* xbc nmvkrxl`ic ke clib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr ny hcxcrmn`ch o~vlnr-qnyc ikmvlrnyk` qnxb xbc lixnuc n`ukjucmc`x ke xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy.

Cxc`ynuc orln`yxkrmn`a lmk`a xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy hcxcrmn`cy xbc rlxn`ayekr clib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr. Xbcnr sxnjnxncy l`h xbc vcrekrml`ic ke xbckral`nwlxnk` lrc xbc` hcrnuch xbrksab arksv ik`yc`ysy.

N` krhcr xk culjslxc xbc nmvkrxl`ic ke xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry l`h xkl`lj~wc xbc vcrekrml`ic ke xbc kral`nwlxnk`y xk oc oc`ibmlrdch* xbc ysiicyyelixkry lrc yxrsixsrch n`xk l ekrm ke bncrlrib~ ljk`a qnxb rlxn`ay* ly ybkq` n`Enasrcy 9 l`h 8.

Xbc aklj ekr xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a l`lj~yny ny jkilxch k` xbc bnabcyx jcucj ke xbcbncrlrib~* xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry k` xbc ycik`h jcucj* xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy

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ONG>*8

986

Enasrc ?.Bncrlrib~ ke irnxniljysiicyy elixkry l`hyso-elixkry ekroc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcixml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

98

Enasrc LBV bncrlrib~ e

vrkgcix ml`lacmcvcrekrml`

mclysrcmc

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ONG>*8

98?

Enasrc 8.LBV bncrlrib~ ekrvrkgcix ml`lacmc`xvcrekrml`icmclysrcmc`x

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

98

yso-elixkry k` xbc xbnrh jcucj l`h rlxn`ay ekr clib irnxnilj yso-elixkr k` xbc jlyxjcucj.

Xbc `cx yxcv n` syn`a LBV ny xk hcrnuc vrnkrnxncy ekr clib cjcmc`x n` xbcbncrlrib~. Xbc vrnkrnxncy lrc hcrnuch o~ ikmvlrn`a clib ycx ke cjcmc`xy n` lvlnr-qnyc elybnk` qnxb rcyvcix xk clib ke xbc cjcmc`xy n` xbc bnabcr yxrlxsm"Qn`h l`h Yllx~* <>26. L ucrolj kr l ikrrcyvk`hn`a `n`c-vkn`x `smcrniljyiljc "Xlojc NN ny sych ekr xbc ikmvlrnyk`y* qbnib il` oc olych k` kogcixnuc*|sl`xnxlxnuc hlxl kr ysogcixnuc |sljnxlxnuc gshacmc xy. N` lhhnxnk *ikmvlrnyk`y il` ljyk oc mlhc arlvbniljj~. N` l arksv ycxxn`a* xbcrc lrc ycucrljql~y ke n`ijshn`a xbc uncqy l`h gshacmc`xy ke clib vcryk` n` xbc vrnkrnx~-ycxxn`a vrkicyy. N` l ikmmk` kogcixnucy ik`xcx* qbcrc ljj mcmocry ke xbcarksv bluc xbc ylmc kogcixnucy* eksr ql~y il` oc sych ekr ycxxn a xbcvrnkrnxncy7

"< ik`yc`ysy

"? ukxc kr ikmvrkmnyc4

"9 ackmcxrni mcl` ke xbc n`hnunhsljy! gshamc`xy4 l`h

"8 ycvlrlxc mkhcjy kr vjl~cry "H~cr l`h Ekrml * <>>?.

Xbc vrnkrnxncy ekr xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry l`h yso-elixkry lrc hcrnuch qnxbxbc lixnuc n`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcix ccisxnucy. Xlojc NNN ybkqy xbc nmvkrxl`ic ke xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry* ly hcxcrmn`ch o~ xbc ccisxnucy xbrksab vlnr-qnycikmvlrnyk . Xbc qcnabxlac ke xbc elixkry l`h yso-elixkry ny ybkq` n` Enasrc 3.

Xbc ycik`h yxcv n` xbc vrnkrnx~-ycxxn`a vrkichsrc ny xk hcxcrmn`c vrnkrnxncyekr xbc rlxn`ay qnxb rcyvcix xk clib irnxnilj ysiicyy yso-elixkr. Xbc rlxn`ay lrc

vlnr-qnyc ikmvlrch o~ xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy n` xbc arksv hcinynk`-mldn`avrkicyy n` xbc LBV erlmcqkrd xk hcrnuc xbc xrsc sxnjnxncy ke hneecrc`xvcrekrml`ic jcucj.

Xbc vcrekrml`ic jcucj ke xbc kral`nwlxnk`y xk oc oc`ibmlrdch ny l`lj~wcho~ rcjlxn`a l rlxn`a l`h xbc ikrrcyvk`hn`a vrnkrnx~ xk clib kral`nwlxnk` qnxbrcalrh xk clib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr l`h yso-elixkr. Culjslxnk`y lrc olych k`vrkgcix ccisxnucy! gshamc`x. Xbc rcysjxy ke xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a l`lj~ycy ke Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy n` xbc vsojni ycixkr lrc ybkq` n`Xlojc NU.

Xlojc Yiljc ke rcjlxn

nmvkrxl`ic evlnr-qnyc ikmvlrny

N`xc`ynx~ Hcen`nxnk` Cvjl`lxnk`

< C|slj nmvkrxl`ic Xqk lixnunxncy ik`xrnosxc c|sljj~ xk xbc kogcix9 Mkhcrlxc nmvkrxl`ic Yjnabxj~ elukry k`c kucr l`kxbcr3 Cyyc`xnlj kr yxrk`a nmvkrxl`ic Yxrk`aj~ elukry k`c kucr l`kxbcr1 Hcmk`yxrlxch nmvkrxl`ic Hkmn`l ic ke xbc hcmk`yxrlxch nmvkrxl ic n`

vrlixnic> Cxrcmc nmvkrxl`ic Cunhc`ic elukrn`a k`c kucr l`kxbcr ke bnabcyx

vkyynojc krhcr ke leenrmlxnk`?* 8* 5* 2 N`xcrmchnlxc uljscy Qbc` ikmvrkmnyc ny `cchch

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ONG>*8

988

Xlojc NNN.Vlnr-qnyc ikmvlrnyk`n` elixkr jcucj

    E   c   l   y    n    o    n    j    n    x   ~

    V    j   l   `   `    n   `   a

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    I   k

   `    x   r   l   i    x

    M   k   `    n    x   k   r    n   `   a    X   c   r   m    n   `   l    x    n   k   `

    N   m   v   k   r    x   l   `   i   c

    E   c   l   y    n    o    n    j    n    x   ~

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

98

Enasrc Xbc qcnabxlac

irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkl`h yso-elixkry n` LB

bncrlri

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ONG>*8

985

Xlojc NU.Vrkgcix ml`lacmc`xvcrekrml`ic ke Ilrnoocl`kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbcvsojni ycixkr

    Y   s    o  -    e   l   i    x   k   r   y

    X   k    x   l    j    x    n   m   c

    H   c   a   r   c   c   k    e

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   v   r   k   v   k   y   l    j   l   `    h

   l   v   v   r   k   u   l    j

    X    n   m   c    x   l    d   c   `    o   ~

   y    x   l    x   s    x   k   r   ~    o   k    h   ~

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    S   `   y   l    x    n   y    e   l   i    x   k   r   ~

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    h   r   l   q    n   `   a   y

    _   c   u    n   y    n   k   `    n   `

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    N   m   v    j   c   m   c   `    x   l    x    n   k   `

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    J   c   y   y    x    b   l   `    3    6    #

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    2    6  -    3    6    #

    H   c    j    n   u   c   r   ~   v   r   k    o    j   c   m

    Y    b   k   r    x   l   a   c   k    e

   m   l    x   c   r    n   l    j   y

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   m   c    x    b   k    h

    M   l    x   c   r    n   l    j   y   v   r   k   i   s   r   c   m   c   `    x    <    6  -    ?

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    I   k   `    x   r   l   i    x   i    j   k   y   c  -   k   s    x

    V   r   c   v   l   r    n   `   a   l   y  -    o   s    n    j    x

    h   r   l   q    n   `   a   y

    V   r   c   v   l   r    n   `   a

   i   k   m   v    j   c    x    n   k   `   r   c   v   k   r    x

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   v   r   k    o    j   c   m

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8/9/2019 Benchmarking Project Management Practics in the Carabian Public Sector Organizations

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

98

Ynmnjlrj~* xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc x vrlixnicy ke xbc N`hnl` vcxrkjcsm ycixkr*kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc ik`yxrsixnk` ke bnab-rnyc osnjhn`ay l`h bnabql~y n` Xblnjl`hl`h xbc n`erlyxrsixsrc ycixkr ke xbc SD lrc yxshnch l`h xbcnr vcrekrml`icy lrcxlosjlxch. Xbc Lvvc`hn ybkqy l`lj~yny ke xbc qkrd n` xbc LBV-erlmcqkrd.

N`xcrvrcxlxnk` ke rcysjxyXbc Ilrnoocl` ccisxnucy n` xbc vsojni ycixkr cmvblynwc lvvrkvrnlxc eclynonjnx~l`lj~yny* vjl` n`a ekr nmvjcmc`xlxnk * mk nxkrn`a l`h ik`xrkjjn`a* l`hmlxcrnljy vrkisrcmc`x ekr ceecixnuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x. Xbc~ vrkunhc mkrcqcnabxlac xk xbc n`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcix yxldcbkjhcry n` l vrkgcix eclynonjnx~yxsh~* yibchsjn`a l`h oshacxn`a l` nmvjcmc`xlxnk` vjl`* ik`xrkjjn`a yikvcl`h nmvjcmc`xlxnk` mcxbkhkjka~ ibl`ac ljk`a qnxb ikmvjcxnk` ke xbc ysruc~ocekrc ik`yxrsixnk`* mln`xln`n`a hcjnucr~ yibchsjc ke ljj ysvvjncy* ycjcixnk` ke |sljnx~ ik`xrlixkry l`h ysvvjncry* mk nxkrn`a l`h ik xrkjjn a ke vrkgcixy

xbrksab l olyc-jn`c vjl` l`h clr`ch uljsc ml`lacmc x l`h lvvrkvrnlxcxcrmn`lxnk` syn a ik xrlix ijkyc-ksx* ikmvjcxnk` rcvkrx l`h vrkgcix lshnx.Oc`ibmlrdn a yxsh~ "ikmvlrn a xbc vcrekrml`ic ke xbc vrkgcix

ml`lacmc x vrlixnic ke Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc vsojni ycixkr qnxb kxbcrhcucjkvch l`h hcucjkvn a iks`xrncy rcucljy xbc ekjjkqn`a7

. Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x jlidy n`ukjucmc x ke vrkgcixyxldcbkjhcry n` l eclynonjnx~ l`lj~yny l`h ik`ysmcy ik`ynhcrlojc xnmc n`l eclynonjnx~ yxsh~ ikmvlrch qnxb kxbcr kral`nwlxnk`y yxshnch.

. Ljxbksab Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy lhc|slxcj~ vjl`yibchsjc* oshacx l`h kral`nwlxnk * jnxxjc ilrc bly occ` anuc` xk

ikmms`nilxnk`* |sljnx~* rnyd l`h l vrkisrcmc`x vjl`. K` xbc ik`xrlr~*Xblnjl`h l`h SD vrkgcix ml`lacmc x lhc|slxcj~ cmvblynwcy l`n`xcarlxch vrkgcix vjl` syn a ljj xbc lokuc ikmvk`c xy.

. N`inhc`xy ke yikvc ibl`ac lrc ikmmk` ekr Ilrnoocl` l`h N`hnl` vrkgcixml`lacmc`x hsc xk jlid ke vjl``n a.

. Ycjcixnk` ke |sljnx~ ik`xrlixkry l`h ysvvjncry ny xbc mlgkr ik`icr` n`vrkisrcmc`x l`h ik xrlix ml`lacmc`x n` xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc xvrlixnicy ke xbc Ilrnoocl`. Ljxbksab xbc yxshnch kra`nwlxnk`y ke kxbcriks`xrncy ljyk yseecr erkm xbc ylmc vrkojcm* xbc~ bluc rchsich xbcvrkojcm o~ syn`a l yxrlxcani yksrin`a mcxbkh.

. Ljxbksab ulrnksy ykexqlrc ny sych o~ xbc Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y ekrvrkgcix mk`nxkrn`a l`h ik`xrkj* xbc~ jlid syc ke l olyc-jn`c vjl` l`hclr ch uljsc ml`lacmc`x. Xbny ilsycy yjkq hcinynk` mldn`a l`hhcjl~ch vrkgcixy.

. Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x ny jlidn`a qnxb rcyvcix xk xbc ik`xrlixijkyc-ksx mcxbkh* lvvrkvrnlxc vrkgcix hkismc`xlxnk` "ikmvjcxnk` rcvkrxy*ly-osnjx hrlqn`ay cxi. l`h vkyx-vrkgcix culjslxnk`. Xbcyc bcjv ymkkxb xbcxrl`ynxnk` ke elinjnxncy erkm xbc vrkgcix xk xbc kvcrlxnk`y vblyc.

8/9/2019 Benchmarking Project Management Practics in the Carabian Public Sector Organizations

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/benchmarking-project-management-practics-in-the-carabian-public-sector-organizations 23/31

ONG>*8

982

Yxcv 8. Hcen`c c`lojcryC`lojcry lrc xbc vrkicyycy* vrlixnicy l`h mcxbkhy xblx elinjnxlxc xbcnmvjcmc`xlxnk` ke l ocyx vrlixnic l`h bcjv xk mccx irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry* krxbc iblrlixcrnyxniy xblx bcjv xk cvjln` xbc rclyk`y ekr xbc libncucmc`x ke oc`ibmlrd vcrekrml`ic "Qlxyk`* <>>9. Xbc c`lojcry lrc xbc` hcxcrmn`chxbrksab l orln`yxkrmn`a ycyynk` lmk`a xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy qnxb rcyvcix xkclib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr.

Xbc lnm ny xk nhc`xne~ xbc vrkicyycy* mcxbkhy* vrlixnicy* kr iblrlixcrnyxniyxblx bluc bcjvch l` kral`nwlxnk` xk libncuc l` ksxyxl`hn`a vcrekrml`ic jcucjk` l icrxln` ysiicyy elixkr. LBV ny lvvjnch xk ysvvkrx xbny yxcv o~ syn`a xbcbncrlrib~ yxrsixsrch ekr xbc vrcunksy vblyc ly l olyny. Bkqcucr* xbc yso-elixkrl`h rlxn`a jcucjy lrc rcmkuch erkm xbc bncrlrib~ l`h rcvjlich o~ l jcucjik`ynyxn`a ke xbc c`lojcry. Xbc c`lojcry lrc nhc`xnench ekr clib irnxnilj ysiicyyelixkr ycvlrlxcj~ syn`a xbc ocyx vrlixnicy ke xbc kral`nwlxnk`y s`hcr yxsh~ n`

ulrnksy iks`xrncy. LBV ny sych xk l`lj~wc l`h vrnkrnxnwc xbc c`lojcry ke cliboc`ibmlrdch kral`nwlxnk` qnxb rcyvcix xk xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry. O~hcrnun`a vrnkrnxncy* s`hcryxl`hn`a ny aln`ch loksx xbc nmvkrxl`ic ke clibnhc`xnench c`lojcr n` irclxn`a ysvcrnkr vrkgcix ml`lacmc x vrlixnicy.

O~ l`lj~wn`a xbc ocyx kral`nwlxnk`y* xbc vrkgcix ccisxnucy ke xbc Ilrnoocl`kral`nwlxnk`y lrc lojc xk hcen`c yn c`lojcry xblx lvvj~ ekr clib ke xbc irnxniljysiicyy elixkry. Xbc nhc`xnench c`lojcry lrc7

"< ml`lacmc x y~yxcmy4

"? l vrkicyy-olych lvvrklib xk n`xcarlxn`a ljj es`ixnk`y ke vrkgcixml`lacmc`x4

"9 ceecixnuc n`ekrmlxnk` y~yxcm4"8 xbc ceecixnuc`cyy l`h ejcnonjnx~ ke xbc vrkgcix kral`nwlxnk`4

"3 syc ke jlxcyx xcib`kjka~ n` hcyna` l`h hcxlnjch c`an`ccrn a l`h vrkgcixik`xrkj4 l`h

"5 jk`a-xcrm rcjlxnk`ybnv lmk`a ljj vrkgcix yxldcbkjhcry.

Xbc LBV-bncrlrib~ ekr xbc l`lj~yny ny vrcyc`xch n` Enasrc 5.Xbc vrnkrnxncy ke xbc irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry lrc xbc ylmc ly xbkyc hcrnuch ekr

xbc mkhcj n` Enasrc 3. Xbc `cx yxcv n` xbc l`lj~yny ke xbc c`lojcry ny xkculjslxc xbcnr nmvkrxl`ic qnxb rcyvcix xk clib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr o~ syn`a

vlnr-qnyc ikmvlrnyk` liikrhn`a xk xbc vrn`invjc ke LBV. Xbc kucrljjnmvkrxl`ic ke xbc c`lojcry* l`h xbcnr nmvkrxl`ic qnxb rcalrh xk clib ysiicyyelixkr* lrc ybkq` n` Xlojc U.

Ml`lacmc`x y~yxcmy* n`ekrmlxnk` y~yxcmy l`h vrkicyy n`xcarlxnk` lrcijclrj~ xbc mkyx nmvkrxl x c`lojcry ekr ysvcrnkr vcrekrml`ic.

Yxcv 3. Hcrnuc mcl`y ekr nmvrkucmc`x @kq clib irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkr ny yxshnch qnxb rcyvcix xk vrnkrnxnwn`a c`lojcry.Xbc yxrc`axby l`h qcld`cyycy ke Ilrnoocl` vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x lrc nhc`xnench

8/9/2019 Benchmarking Project Management Practics in the Carabian Public Sector Organizations

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/benchmarking-project-management-practics-in-the-carabian-public-sector-organizations 24/31

L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

98

Enasrc LBV bncrlrib~ qn

c`lojcry ekr nmvrkuvcrekrml`

8/9/2019 Benchmarking Project Management Practics in the Carabian Public Sector Organizations

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/benchmarking-project-management-practics-in-the-carabian-public-sector-organizations 25/31

ONG>*8

936

Xlojc U.Xbc kucrljj nmvkrxl`icke xbc c`lojcry

    C   `   l    o    j   c   r   y

    M   l   `   l   a   c   m   c   `    x

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    V   r   k   i   c   y   y

    n   `    x   c   a   r   l    x    n   k   `

    N   `    e   k   r   m   l    x    n   k   `

   y   ~   y    x   c   m

    K   r   a   l   `    n   w   l    x    n   k   `

    X   c   i    b   `   k    j   k   a   ~

    V

   l   r    x   `   c   r   y    b    n   v

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    >

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

93

xbrksab l orln`yxkrmn`a ycyynk` ekr clib c`lojcr n` rcjlxnk` xk clib irnxniljysiicyy elixkr. Ekr clmvjc* xbc c`lojcry* ml`lacmc x y~yxcmy* vrkicyyn`xcarlxnk` l`h n`ekrmlxnk` y~yxcm lrc vrnkrnxnwch ekr xbc irnxnilj ysiicyyelixkr* lvvrkvrnlxc eclynonjnx~ yxshncy. Xbc nhc`xnench yxrc`axby l`h qcld`cyycylrc ly ekjjkqy7

"< Yxrc`axby7

. cnyxn`a vrkgcix vkjni~4

. hcinynk -mldn`a yxrsixsrc4 l`h

. n`yxnxsxnk`lj ilvlonjnx~.

"? Qcld`cyycy7

. vrkgcix vrkvkylj ycjhkm mlxibcy kral`nwlxnk !y kucrljj yxrlxcancy4

. nmvrkvcr rc|snrcmc`x l`lj~yny4

. erlamc`xch lvvrklib xk eclynonjnx~ l`lj~yny4 l`h

. jlid ke yxldcbkjhcr n`ukjucmc`x.

Xbc nmvrkucmc`x mclysrcy ysaacyxch o~ xbc ccisxnucy n` xbc orln`yxkrmn`aycyynk` lrc ly ekjjkqy7

. ljna`n a xbc vrkgcix akljy qnxb xbc yxrlxcani n xc`xnk`y ke xbckral`nwlxnk`4

. lvvrkvrnlxc rc|snrcmc`x l`lj~yny qnxb xbc n`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcixyxldcbkjhcry4

.

c|slj cmvblyny k` ljj lyvcixy ke l`lj~yny "mlrdcx l`h hcml`h l`lj~yny*xcib`nilj l`lj~yny* en`l`inlj l`lj~yny* cik`kmni l`lj~yny* l`h nmvlixlyycyymc`x4

. syc ke jkanilj erlmcqkrd4

. l`lj~wn`a rnyd4 l`h

. vrkicyy n`xcarlxnk` n` n`ekrmlxnk` xcib`kjka~ erlmcqkrd.

Ynmnjlr l`lj~yny bly occ` hk`c ekr ljj irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry l`h xbc ysaacyxchnmvrkucmc`x mclysrcy lrc xlosjlxch n` Xlojc UN.

Ysmmlr~ l`h ik`ijsynk`Xbny yxsh~ hcmk`yxrlxcy l` lvvjnilxnk` ke xbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy ekroc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbcvsojni ycixkr qnxb kxbcr kral`nwlxnk`y n` hcucjkvch l`h hcucjkvn`a iks`xrncy.Xbny yxsh~ ysaacyxy l` kucrljj nmvrkucmc`x n` xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`xvrlixnicy ke Ilrnoocl` kral`nwlxnk`y.

N` xbny yxsh~* LBV bly occ` lvvjnch syn`a l xbrcc-yxcvy lvvrklib qnxb xbcn`ukjucmc`x ke vrkgcix ccisxnucy. Enryx* xbc ccisxnucy nhc`xne~ irnxniljysiicyy elixkry* yso-elixkry l`h rlxn`ay ekr clib yso-elixkr l`h vrcvlrc l

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ONG>*8

93?

bncrlribnilj yxrsixsrc. Xbc` xbc~ cyxlojnyb xbc nmvkrxl`ic ke clib irnxniljysiicyy elixkr l`h yso-elixkr ljk`a qnxb hcxcrmn`lxnk` ke xbc sxnjnx~ ke clibrlxn`a n` xbc LBV erlmcqkrd. Ysoyc|sc`xj~* xbrksab orln`yxkrmn`a xbc~hcxcrmn`c xbc ik`hnxnk` ke clib kral`nwlxnk` syn`a xbc rlxn`a hcxcrmn`ch n`xbc clrjncr yxcv. Xbc~ y~`xbcynwc xbc rcysjx xk cyxlojnyb xbc kucrljj rl`dn`a ke xbc kral`nwlxnk`y s`hcr yxsh~. Ycik`h* xbc elixkry c`lojn`a xbc ikmvl`ncy xklibncuc ysvcrnkr vrkgcix vcrekrml`ic lrc hcxcrmn`ch l`h vrnkrnxnwch qnxb

rcyvcix xk clib ysiicyy elixkr. Xbnrh* xbc yxrc`axby* qcld`cyycy l`hvrkojcmy ke xbc kral`nwlxnk` ik`hsixn`a xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vrkicyy lrcl`lj~wch l`h vrnkrnxnwch qnxb rcyvcix xk clib c`lojcr. Xbc`* xbc vkxc`xnljhcucjkvmc`xlj lixnk`y ekr libncun`a ysvcrnkr vrkgcix vcrekrml`ic lrchcen`ch.

LBV vrkunhcy xbc ekjjkqn`a oc`cenxy n` ik`hsixn a oc`ibmlrdn`a7

. LBV bcjvy n` ik`hsixn`a |sl`xnxlxnuc oc`ibmlrdn`a4

. LBV bcjvy n` n`ikrvkrlxn a okxb xl`anojc l`h n`xl`anojc elixkry4

Xlojc UN._cikmmc`hch ocyxvrlixnicy "vblyc-qnycekr Ilrnoocl`

kral`nwlxnk`y n` xbcvsojni ycixkr

Vrkgcix vblycy _cikmmc`hlxnk`y

Eclynonjnx~ yxsh~ Ljna n`a xbc vrkgcix akljy qnxb xbc yxrlxcani n xc`xnk`yke xbc kral`nwlxnk`

Lvvrkvrnlxc rc|snrcmc`x l`lj~yny qnxb xbc n`ukjucmc`xke vrkgcix yxldcbkjhcryC|slj cmvblyny k` ljj lyvcixy ke l`lj~yny "mlrdcx l`hhcml`h l`lj~yny* xcib`nilj l`lj~yny* en`l`inlj l`lj~yny*cik`kmni l`lj~yny* l`h nmvlix lyycyymc`xSyc ke jkanilj erlmcqkrd_nyd l`lj~yny ke n`ucyxmc`xVrkicyy n`xcarlxnk` n` n`ekrmlxnk` xcib`kjka~ erlmcqkrd

Nmvjcmc`xlxnk` vjl``n a Vrkicyy n`xcarlxnk` n` xbc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x okh~ ke d`kqjchac erlmcqkrdNmvjcmc`xlxnk` vjl` ybljj oc ysvvjcmc`xch o~ xbcvrcvlrlxnk` ke rnyd vjl`* |sljnx~ vjl`* kral`nwlxnk` vjl`*vrkisrcmc`x vjl`* l`h ikmms`nilxnk` vjl`

Hcyna` l`h hcxlnjch c`an ccrn`a Yxrc axbc`n`a7Xcib`kjka~ ycjcixnk`Nmvjcmc`xlxnk` mcxbkhkjka~ ycjcixnk`Ik`ysjxl`x ycjcixnk` vrkicyy

Ekr ik`xrkjjn`a yikvc ibl`acLulnjlonjnx~ ke qkrd erk`x Nmvrkuch vrkicyycy ekr ljj yxlxsxkr~ lvvrkuljCeecixnuc mlxcrnljy vrkisrcmc`x Vrkicyy rcc`an ccrn`a n` xbc n`ekrmlxnk` xcib`kjka~

erlmcqkrdYxrlxcani yksrin`a "vlrx`crn`a

Ik`xrlix ml`lacmc`x Ik`xrlix x~vc ycjcixnk`Ik`xrlixkr ycjcixnk`Jk`a-xcrm rcjlxnk`ybnv qnxb ik`xrlixkr

Mk nxkrn`a l`h ik`xrkj Syc ke c xcrvrnyc rcyksric vjl``n a

Xcrmn`lxnk` Ceecixnuc hkismc`xlxnk`Vkyx-culjslxnk * syn`a jkanilj erlmcqkrd

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

93

. LBV bcjvy n` ikmms`nilxn`a qnxb xbc oc`ibmlrdn`a vlrx`cry* qbnjcn`xcruncqn`a n` l y~yxcmlxni ql~4

. LBV ny l` ceecixnuc xkkj ekr ik`hsixn a arksv ycyynk`y n` l` l`lj~xni l`h

y~yxcmlxni ml``cr4. LBV vrkunhcy l olyny ekr mldn`a ysoyc|sc`x hcinynk`y ekr hcucjkvmc`x

vrkgcixy4 l`h

. xbc yc`ynxnunx~ l`lj~yny sxnjnx~ ke LBV vrkunhcy l` kvvkrxs`nx~ xk xbchcinynk` mldcry xk s`hcryxl`h xbc olyny ke xbcnr hcinynk .

Xbny yxsh~ ysaacyxy l `smocr ke vrkgcixy ekr nmvrkun`a Ilrnoocl` vrkgcixml`lacmc x vrlixnicy n` xbc vsojni ycixkr.

Kucrljj xbc yxsh~ ysaacyxy xbc ekjjkqn`a ekr ceecixnuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc`xvrlixnicy n` xbc Ilrnoocl` vsojni ycixkr7

.

vrkicyy n`xcarlxnk`4. |sljnx~ icrxnenilxnk` "NYK <66654 l`h

. n`xc`ynuc vrkgcix ml`lacmc x xrln`n a lx ulrnksy jcucjy.

_cecrc`icy

Oc`hcjj* X.* Oksjxcr* J. l`h Dcjj~* G. "<>>2* Oc`ibmlrdn`a ekr Ikmvcxnxnuc Lhul`xlac* Vnxml`*Jk`hk`.

Okal`* I.C. l`h C`ajnyb* M.G. "<>>8* Oc`ibmlrdn`a ekr Ocyx Vrlixnicy* MiArlq-Bnjj N`i. @cq^krd* @^.

Ilmv* _.I. "<>>3* Osyn`cyy Vrkicyy Oc`ibmlrdn`a7 En`hn`a l`h Nmvjcmc`xn`a Ocyx Vrlixnicy *LY\I \sljnx~ Vrcyy* Mnjqlsdcc* QN.

Hc~* V.D. "<>>>* ffVrkicyy rc-c`an`ccrn`a ekr ceecixnuc nmvjcmc`xlxnk` ke vrkgcixy!!* N`xcr`lxnk`lj  Gksr`lj ke Vrkgcix Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. <1 @k. 9*vv. <81-3>.

Hc~* V.D. "?666* ffMl`lan`a vrkgcixy n` xbc elyx xrlid7 l ilyc ke vsojni ycixkr kral`nwlxk` n`N`hnl!!* N`xcr`lxnk` Gksr`lj ke Vsojni Ycixkr Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. <9 @k. 5-1* vv. 322-56>.

Hc~* V.D. "?66<l* ffHcinynk` ysvvkrx y~yxcm ekr rnyd ml`lacmc`x7 l ilyc yxsh~!!* Ml`lacmc`x  Hcinynk`* Ukj. 9> @k. 2* vv. 598-8>.

Hc~* V.D. "?66<o* ffN`xcarlxch lvvrklib xk vrkgcix eclynonjnx~ l`lj~yny7 l ilyc yxsh~!!* Nmvlix  Lyycyymc`x l`h Vrkgcix Lvvrlnylj * Ukj. <> @k. 9* Ycvxcmocr* vv. ?93-83.

Hc~* V.D. "?66<i* ffOsyn`cyy vrkicyy rc-c`an`ccrn`a k` mlxcrnljy ml`lacmc`x!!* Osyn`cyy Vrkicyy Ml`lacmc`x Gksr`lj * Ukj. 1 @k. 3* vv. 9>8-862.

Hc~* V.D. l`h Ojlidqkkh* I. "?66<* ffVrkgcix ml`lacmc`x vrlixnicy ke vsojni ycixkrkral`nwlxnk`y n` xbc larnisjxsrc ycixkr ke xbc Ilrnoocl`!!* Ilrnoocl` Gksr`lj ke VsojniYcixkr Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. ? @k. ?* vv. 92-15.

Hc~* V.D. l`h Asvxl* Y.Y. "<>>>* ffHcinynk` ysvvkrx y~yxcm ekr vnvcjn`c rksxc ycjcixnk`!!* Ikyx  C`an`ccrn`a * Ukj. 8< @k. <6* Kixkocr* vv. ?>-93.

Hc~* V.D.* Xlosil`k`* M.X. l`h Kas`jl`l* Y.K. "<>>8* ffVjl``n`a ekr vrkgcix ik`xrkj xbrksabrnyd l`lj~yny7 l ilyc ke vcxrkjcsm vnvcjn`c-jl~n`a vrkgcix!!* N`xcr`lxnk`lj Gksr`lj ke Vrkgcix 

 Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. <? @k. <* vv. ?9-99.

H~cr* _.E. l`h Ekrml`* C.B. "<>>?* ffArksv hcinynk` ysvvkrx qnxb xbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~vrkicyy!!* Hcinynk` Ysvvkrx Y~yx. * @k. 2* vv. >>-<?8.

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ONG>*8

938

C~rnib* B.A. "<>><* ffOc`ibmlrdn a xk ocikmc xbc ocyx ke orcch!!* Ml`selix. Y~yx.* Lvrnj.

Esrc~* X._. "<>21* ffOc`ibmlrdn`a7 xbc dc~ xk hcucjkvn`a ikmvcxnxnuc lhul`xlac n` mlxsrcmlrdcxy!!*  Vjl``n`a _cu.* Ycvxcmocr+Kixkocr* vv. 96-?.

Akjhc`* O.J.* Qlyjn* C.L. l`h Blrdcr* V.X. "<>2>* Xbc L`lj~xni Bncrlrib~ Vrkicyy7 Lvvjnilxnk`y

l`h Yxshncy* Yvrn`acr Ucrjla* @cq ^krd* @ .Blmwl* L.* Hgcolr`n* _. l`h Bnoocrh* V. "<>>>* ffXbc nmvjnilxnk` ke vlrx`crybnv ysiicyy qnxbn`

xbc SD ik`yxrsixnk` n`hsyxr~ ysvvj~ ibln`!!* n` Kas`jl`l* Y.K. "Ch.* Vrkenxlojc Vlrx`crn`a n` Ik`yxrsixnk` Vrkisrcmc`x * C%E@ Yvk`* Jk`hk`* vv. 9>-85.

Nooy* I.Q. l`h Dqkd* ^.B. "<>>2* ffOc`ibmlrdn`a vrkgcix ml`lacmc`x kral`nwlxnk`y!!* VM  @cxqkrd* Ecorslr~.

Nyjcn* A.* Jkidcxx* A.* Ik* O. l`h Yxrlxekrh* M. "<>><* ffL hcinynk` ysvvkrx y~yxcm syn`a  gshamc`xlj mkhcjn`a7 l ilyc ke _%H n` xbc vblrmlicsxnilj n`hsyxr~!!* NCCC Xrl`y. C`an ccrn`a Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. 92* Lsasyx* vv. ?6?->.

Dkrvcjl* .G l`h Xskmn`c`* M. "<>>5* ffOc`ibmlrdn`a jkanyxni vcrekrml`ic qnxb l` lvvjnilxnk` ke xbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy!!* NCCC Xrl`y. C`an`ccrn`a Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. 89 @k. 9*Lsasyx* vv. 9?9-99.

Jcnhcidcr* G.D. l`h Ors`k* L.U. "<>28* ffNhc`xne~n`a l`h syn`a irnxnilj ysiicyy elixkry!!* Jk`a  _l`ac Vjl``n`a * Ukj. <1 @k. <* vv. ?9-9?.

Mcrchnxb* G._. l`h Ml`xcj* Y.G. "?666* Vrkgcix Ml`lacmc`x7 L Ml`lacrnlj Lvvrklib* 8xb ch.* Gkb`Qnjc~ % Yk`y* @cq ^krd* @ .

Mnl`* Y.L. l`h Ibrnyxn c* @.H. "<>>>* ffHcinynk` mldn`a kucr xbc vrkgcix jnec i~ijc7 l` l`lj~xniljbncrlrib~ lvvrklib!!* Vrkgcix Ml`lacmc`x Gksr`lj * Ukj. 96 @k. <* vv. 86-3?.

Mnxxcjyxlchx* _.C. "<>>?* ffOc`ibmlrdn`a7 bkq xk jclr` erkm ocyx-n`-ijlyy vrlixnicy!!* @lxnk`lj  Vrkhsixnunx~ _cuncq* Ukj. << @k. 9* vv. 96<-<3.

Kas`jl`l* Y.K.* Vrkmds xk`a* D. l`h Gclrdgnrm* U. "<>>5* ffIk`yxrsixnk` hcjl~y n` l elyx-arkqn`acik`km~7 ikmvlrn`a Xblnjl`h qnxb kxbcr cik`kmncy!!* N`xcr`lxnk`lj Gksr`lj ke Vrkgcix 

 Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. <8 @k. <* vv. 91-83.

Vlrxkun* E.^* Osrxk`* G. l`h Ol`crgcc* L. "<>>6* ffLvvjnilxnk` l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy n`kvcrlxnk`y ml`lacmc`x!!* N`xcr`lxnk`lj Gksr`lj ke Kvcrlxnk`y % Vrkhsixnk` Ml`lacmc`x *Ukj. <6 @k. 9* vv. 3-<>.

Yllx~* X.J. "<>26* Xbc L`lj~xni Bncrlrib~ Vrkicyy* MiArlq-Bnjj* @cq ^krd* @ .

Yllx~* X.J. "<>2?* Hcinynk` Mldn`a ekr Jclhcry* Jnecxnmc Jclr n`a* @cq ^krd* @ .

Yllx~* X.J. "<>29* ffVrnkrnx~ ycxxn a n` ikmvjc vrkojcmy!!* NCCC Xrl`y. C`an`ccrn a  Ml`lacmc`x * Ukj. 96* Lsasyx* vv. <86-33.

Yvc`hkjn`n* M.G. "<>>?* Xbc Oc`ibmlrdn`a Okkd* Lmlikm* @cq ^krd* @ .

Ulraly* J.A. "<>>6* ffL` kucruncq ke xbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy l`h nxy lvvjnilxnk`y!!* Csrkvc G. Kvcrlxnk` _cyclrib * Ukj. 82 @k. <* vv. ?-2.

Qlxyk * A.B. "<>>9* Yxrlxcani Oc`ibmlrdn a * Qnjc~* @cq ^krd* @ .

Qn`h* ^. l`h Yllx~* X.J. "<>26* ffMlrdcxn`a lvvjnilxnk`y ke xbc l`lj~xni bncrlrib~ vrkicyy!!* Ml`lac. Yin.* Ukj. ?5 @k. 1* vv. 58<-32.

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L`lj~xbncrlrib

vrkicy

93

Lvvc`hn

Xlojc LVrnkrnxnwlxnk` ke irnxni

ysiicyy elixkyso-elixkry l`h rlxn`n` l` LBV erlmcqk

Yso-elixkry

Ilrnoocl`kral`nwlxnk` n`

vsojni ycixkr

N`hnl`kral`nwlxnk` n`

vcxrkjcsmycixkr

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