ix

Maps xxii

Sources from the Past xxiv

Preface xxvi

A Brief Note on Usage xxxiv

About the Authors xxxviii

Acknowledgments xxxix

contents

CHAPTER 1

Before History 4

EYEWITNESS: Lucy and the Archaeologists 5

THE EVOLUTION OF HOMO SAPIENS 6The Hominids 6

Homo Sapiens 7

PALEOLITHIC SOCIETY 10Economy and Society of Hunting and Gathering Peoples 10

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Richard E. Leakey on the Nature of Homo sapiens sapiens 11

Paleolithic Culture 12

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Intelligence, Language, and the

Emergence of Cultural Traditions 14

THE NEOLITHIC ERA AND THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE 15The Origins of Agriculture 15

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Migrations and the Early Spread

of Agriculture 17

Early Agricultural Society 17

Neolithic Culture 20

The Origins of Urban Life 20

In Perspective 22

Chronology 22

For Further Reading 23

CHAPTER 2

Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations 24

EYEWITNESS: Gilgamesh: The Man and the Myth 25

THE QUEST FOR ORDER 26Mesopotamia: “The Land between the Rivers” 26

The Course of Empire 28

The Later Mesopotamian Empires 30

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The Invention of Politics 31

THE FORMATION OF A COMPLEX SOCIETY AND SOPHISTICATED CULTURAL TRADITIONS 32

Economic Specialization and Trade 33

The Emergence of a Stratifi ed Patriarchal Society 33

The Development of Written Cultural Traditions 35

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Hammurabi’s Laws on Family Relationships 36

THE BROADER INFLUENCE OF MESOPOTAMIAN SOCIETY 37Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews 37

The Phoenicians 39

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Israelites’ Relations with Neighboring Peoples 41

THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 42Indo-European Origins 42

Indo-European Expansion and Its Effects 43

part1The Early Complex Societies,

3500 to 500 B.C.E. 2

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RELIGION IN THE VEDIC AGE 80Aryan Religion 80

The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values 81

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Mundaka Upanishad on the Nature of Brahman 82

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Cross-Cultural Encounters

and Religious Change 83

In Perspective 84

Chronology 84

For Further Reading 85

CHAPTER 5

Early Society in East Asia 86

EYEWITNESS: King Yu and the Taming of the Yellow River 87

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN EARLY CHINA 88Early Agricultural Society and the Xia Dynasty 88

The Shang Dynasty 89

The Zhou Dynasty 92

SOCIETY AND FAMILY IN ANCIENT CHINA 94The Social Order 94

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Peasants’ Protest 96

Family and Patriarchy 97

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Family Solidarity in Ancient China 98

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Comparing Traditions of

Patriarchal Society 98

EARLY CHINESE WRITING AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 99Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing 99

Thought and Literature in Ancient China 100

ANCIENT CHINA AND THE LARGER WORLD 101Chinese Cultivators and Nomadic Peoples

of Central Asia 101

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Chinese Cultivators and

Their Nomadic Neighbors 102

The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society 102

In Perspective 104

Chronology 104

For Further Reading 105

CHAPTER 6

Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania 106

EYEWITNESS: Chan Bahlum Spills Blood to Honor the Gods 107

EARLY SOCIETIES OF MESOAMERICA 108The Olmecs 109

Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya 111

Maya Society and Religion 112

Heirs of the Olmecs: Teotihuacan 114

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Agriculture and

the Maya Way of Life 114

EARLY SOCIETIES OF SOUTH AMERICA 116Early Andean Society and the Chavín Cult 116

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Technological Diffusion

and Its Effects 45

In Perspective 45

Chronology 46

For Further Reading 47

CHAPTER 3

Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations 48

EYEWITNESS: Herodotus and the Making of a Mummy 49

EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN AFRICA 50Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture

in Africa 50

Egypt and Nubia: “Gifts of the Nile” 51

The Unifi cation of Egypt 52

Turmoil and Empire 54

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Environment, Climate,

and Agriculture 55

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Harkhuf’s Expeditions to Nubia 56

THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES AND SOPHISTICATED CULTURAL TRADITIONS 57

The Emergence of Cities and Stratifi ed Societies 57

Economic Specialization and Trade 59

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Interactions between Egypt

and Nubia 62

Early Writing in the Nile Valley 62

The Development of Organized Religious Traditions 63

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Great Hymn to Aten 64

BANTU MIGRATIONS AND EARLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 65

The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion 66

Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 67

In Perspective 68

Chronology 68

For Further Reading 69

CHAPTER 4

Early Societies in South Asia 70

EYEWITNESS: Indra, War God of the Aryans 71

HARAPPAN SOCIETY 72Foundations of Harappan Society 72

Harappan Society and Culture 74

THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS AND EARLY ARYAN INDIA 76The Aryans and India 76

Origins of the Caste System 77

The Development of Patriarchal Society 78

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Comparing Societies and

Understanding Their Differences 78

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Rig Veda on the Origin of the Castes 79

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In Perspective 123

Chronology 124

For Further Reading 125

STATE OF THE WORLD: A World with Crops and Herds, Cities and States, Writing and Religion 126

Early Andean States: Mochica 118

EARLY SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA 119Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea 119

The Peopling of the Pacifi c Islands 120

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Voyage of Ru 122

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Human Migration

to the Pacifi c Islands 123

CHAPTER 7

The Empires of Persia 130

EYEWITNESS: King Croesus and the Tricky Business of Predicting the Future 131

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRES 132The Achaemenid Empire 132

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Sinews of the

Persian Empire 135

Decline and Fall of the Achaemenid Empire 135

The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires 137

IMPERIAL SOCIETY AND ECONOMY 138Social Development in Classical Persia 139

Economic Foundations of Classical Persia 141

RELIGIONS OF SALVATION IN CLASSICAL PERSIAN SOCIETY 142Zarathustra and His Faith 142

Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society 143

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Zarathustra on Good and Evil 144

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Religions on the Move 145

In Perspective 145

Chronology 146

For Further Reading 147

CHAPTER 8

The Unifi cation of China 148

EYEWITNESS: Sima Qian: Speaking Truth to Power in Han China 149

IN SEARCH OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ORDER 150Confucius and His School 150

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Confucius on Good Government 152

Daoism 153

Legalism 154

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao 155

THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA 156The Qin Dynasty 156

The Early Han Dynasty 159

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Confucians and Legalists 160

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Relations between Chinese

and Xiongnu 162

FROM ECONOMIC PROSPERITY TO SOCIAL DISORDER 162Productivity and Prosperity during the Former Han 162

Economic and Social Diffi culties 163

The Later Han Dynasty 165

In Perspective 166

Chronology 167

For Further Reading 167

CHAPTER 9

State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India 168

EYEWITNESS: Megasthenes: A Greek Perspective on Classical India 169

THE FORTUNES OF EMPIRE IN CLASSICAL INDIA 170The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Unifi cation

of India 170

The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival

of Empire 172

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL DISTINCTIONS 174Towns and Trade 174

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Routes to Encounters

in Classical India 175

Family Life and the Caste System 175

RELIGIONS OF SALVATION IN CLASSICAL INDIA 177Jainism and the Challenge to the Established

Cultural Order 178

Early Buddhism 179

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Religion and Society

in Classical India 180

part2The Formation of Classical Societies,

500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. 128

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Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire 218

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Empires and Their Roads 219

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Tacitus on Corruption in the Early Roman Empire 220

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN 220Trade and Urbanization 221

Family and Society in Roman Times 223

THE COSMOPOLITAN MEDITERRANEAN 225Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation 225

Judaism and Early Christianity 226

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Foreign Gods in the

Roman Empire 227

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Jesus’ Moral and Ethical Teachings 228

In Perspective 229

Chronology 229

For Further Reading 230

CHAPTER 12

Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads 232

EYEWITNESS: Zhang Qian: An Early Traveler on the Silk Roads 233

LONG-DISTANCE TRADE AND THE SILK ROADS NETWORK 234Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era 234

The Silk Roads 236

CULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL EXCHANGES ALONG THE SILK ROADS 239

The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism 239

The Spread of Christianity 240

The Spread of Manichaeism 242

The Spread of Epidemic Disease 243

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Silk Roads and

Disease Roads 243

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: St. Cyprian on Epidemic Disease in the Roman Empire 244

CHINA AFTER THE HAN DYNASTY 244Internal Decay of the Han State 244

Cultural Change in Post-Han China 246

THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 246Internal Decay in the Roman Empire 247

Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western

Roman Empire 248

Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire 250

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The Evolution of

Christianity 251

In Perspective 252

Chronology 252

For Further Reading 253

STATE OF THE WORLD: A World with Capitals and Empires, Roads and Sea Lanes, Philosophies and Churches 254

Mahayana Buddhism 181

The Emergence of Popular Hinduism 182

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ashoka as a Teacher of Humility and Equality according to the Ashokavadana 183

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Caste Duties according to the Bhagavad Gita 185

In Perspective 185

Chronology 186

For Further Reading 186

CHAPTER 10

Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase 188

EYEWITNESS: Homer: A Poet and the Sea 189

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK SOCIETY 190Minoan and Mycenaean Societies 190

The World of the Polis 191

GREECE AND THE LARGER WORLD 194Greek Colonization 194

Confl ict with Persia 195

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Political Implications of

Greek Trade 196

The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire 196

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Arrian on the Character of Alexander of Macedon 199

The Hellenistic Empires 199

THE FRUITS OF TRADE: GREEK ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 201Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin 201

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Maintaining Identity

in Dispersal 202

Family and Society 203

THE CULTURAL LIFE OF CLASSICAL GREECE 204Rational Thought and Philosophy 204

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Socrates’ View of Death 205

Popular Religion 206

Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion 207

In Perspective 208

Chronology 208

For Further Reading 209

CHAPTER 11

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase 210

EYEWITNESS: Paul of Tarsus and the Long Arm of Roman Law 211

FROM KINGDOM TO REPUBLIC 212The Etruscans and Rome 212

The Roman Republic and Its Constitution 213

The Expansion of the Republic 214

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE 215Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems 215

The Foundation of Empire 217

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CHAPTER 13

The Expansive Realm of Islam 258

EYEWITNESS: Season of the Mecca Pilgrimage 259

A PROPHET AND HIS WORLD 260Muhammad and His Message 260

Muhammad’s Migration to Medina 261

The Establishment of Islam in Arabia 262

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Quran on Allah and His Expectations of Humankind 263

THE EXPANSION OF ISLAM 264THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The Prophet and the Principles

of Islam 264

The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty 265

The Abbasid Dynasty 266

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC WORLD 268New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation,

and Urban Growth 268

The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone 270

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Religion and Agriculture 271

The Changing Status of Women 272

ISLAMIC VALUES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES 273The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition 273

Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India,

and Greece 275

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Al-Muqaddasi on Iraq in the Late Tenth Century 276

In Perspective 278

Chronology 278

For Further Reading 279

CHAPTER 14

The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia 280

EYEWITNESS: Xuanzang: A Young Monk Hits the Road 281

THE RESTORATION OF CENTRALIZED IMPERIAL RULE IN CHINA 282The Sui Dynasty 282

The Tang Dynasty 283

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Poet Du Fu on Tang Dynasty Wars 286

The Song Dynasty 286

THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TANG AND SONG CHINA 288

Agricultural Development 288

Technological and Industrial Development 290

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Technology and Society 292

The Emergence of a Market Economy 292

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Arab Merchant Suleiman on Business Practices in Tang China 294

CULTURAL CHANGE IN TANG AND SONG CHINA 294The Establishment of Buddhism 294

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: The Infl uence of a

Determined Individual 297

Neo-Confucianism 297

CHINESE INFLUENCE IN EAST ASIA 298Korea and Vietnam 298

Early Japan 299

Medieval Japan 301

In Perspective 302

Chronology 302

For Further Reading 303

CHAPTER 15

India and the Indian Ocean Basin 304

EYEWITNESS: Buzurg Sets His Sights on the Seven Seas 305

ISLAMIC AND HINDU KINGDOMS 306The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule 306

The Introduction of Islam to Northern India 307

The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India 309

PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN 310Agriculture in the Monsoon World 310

Trade and the Economic Development of Southern India 311

Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin 312

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Geography, Environment,

and Trade 314

Caste and Society 315

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Cosmas Indicopleustes on Trade in Southern India 316

THE MEETING OF HINDU AND ISLAMIC TRADITIONS 316The Development of Hinduism 316

Islam and Its Appeal 318

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The Development of Hinduism

and Islam 318

part3The Postclassical Era,

500 to 1000 C.E. 256

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The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe 337

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Northern Connections 339

Social Development in the Two Worlds of Christendom 339

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Wealth and Commerce of Constantinople 341

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Life on an Early Medieval Manor 342

THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES IN BYZANTIUM AND WESTERN EUROPE 342

Popes and Patriarchs 343

Monks and Missionaries 343

Two Churches 345

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Competing Christianities 346

In Perspective 346

Chronology 347

For Further Reading 347

STATE OF THE WORLD: Revived Networks and New Cultural Zones 348

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Bhagavata Purana on Devotion to Vishnu 319

THE INFLUENCE OF INDIAN SOCIETY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 320The States of Southeast Asia 320

The Arrival of Islam 322

In Perspective 324

Chronology 324

For Further Reading 325

CHAPTER 16

The Two Worlds of Christendom 326

EYEWITNESS: Emperor Charlemagne and His Elephant 327

THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER 328The Early Byzantine Empire 329

Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival 332

The Rise of the Franks 332

The Age of the Vikings 334

ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE 337

CHAPTER 17

Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration 352

EYEWITNESS: The Goldsmith of the Mongolian Steppe 353

TURKISH MIGRATIONS AND IMPERIAL EXPANSION 354Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism 354

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: William of Rubruck on Gender Relations among the Mongols 356

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Social Organization

on the Steppes 357

Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India 357

THE MONGOL EMPIRES 358Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire 358

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Marco Polo on Mongol Military Tactics 361

The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan 361

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Cultural Preferences

of the Mongols 364

The Mongols and Eurasian Integration 364

Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China 365

AFTER THE MONGOLS 366Tamerlane the Whirlwind 366

The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire 367

In Perspective 368

Chronology 369

For Further Reading 369

CHAPTER 18

States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa 370

EYEWITNESS: The Lion Prince of Mali 371

EFFECTS OF EARLY AFRICAN MIGRATIONS 372Agriculture and Population Growth 372

African Political Organization 373

ISLAMIC KINGDOMS AND EMPIRES 374Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa 374

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Sundiata and the Reconstruction of Niani 378

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Religion and Commerce 379

The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States

in East Africa 379

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ibn Battuta on Muslim Society at Mogadishu 381

AFRICAN SOCIETY AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 382

part4The Acceleration of Cross-Cultural Interaction,

1000 to 1500 C.E. 350

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Mexica Religion 421

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The Mexica and Mesoamerican

Bloodletting Rituals 421

Peoples and Societies of the North 422

STATES AND EMPIRES IN SOUTH AMERICA 423The Coming of the Incas 424

Inca Society and Religion 426

THE SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA 427The Nomadic Foragers of Australia 427

The Development of Pacifi c Island Societies 429

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Maritime Encounters and

Their Effects 430

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Mo`ikeha’s Migration from Tahiti to Hawai`i 431

In Perspective 432

Chronology 433

For Further Reading 433

CHAPTER 21

Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction 434

EYEWITNESS: On the Road with Ibn Battuta 435

LONG-DISTANCE TRADE AND TRAVEL 436Patterns of Long-Distance Trade 436

Political and Diplomatic Travel 439

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ibn Battuta on Customs in the Mali Empire 441

Missionary Campaigns 441

Long-Distance Travel and Cross-Cultural Exchanges 442

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: John of Montecorvino on His Mission in China 443

CRISIS AND RECOVERY 445Bubonic Plague 445

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Long-Distance Travel and

Cross-Cultural Exchanges 446

Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty 447

Recovery in Europe: State Building 448

Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance 450

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Comparative Cultural

Revivals 451

EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION 453The Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin 453

European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans 455

In Perspective 457

Chronology 458

For Further Reading 459

STATE OF THE WORLD: A World on the Point of Global Integration 460

Social Classes 382

African Religion 385

The Arrival of Christianity and Islam 386

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Tensions between Old and

New Values 387

In Perspective 388

Chronology 388

For Further Reading 389

CHAPTER 19

The Increasing Infl uence of Europe 390

EYEWITNESS: From Venice to China and Back 391

REGIONAL STATES OF MEDIEVAL EUROPE 392The Late Byzantine Empire 392

The Holy Roman Empire 394

Regional Monarchies in France and England 396

Regional States in Italy and Iberia 397

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 398Growth of the Agricultural Economy 398

The Revival of Towns and Trade 399

Social Change 400

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Francesco Balducci Pegolotti on Trade between Europe and China 401

EUROPEAN CHRISTIANITY DURING THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 404Schools, Universities, and Scholastic Theology 404

Popular Religion 405

Reform Movements and Popular Heresies 407

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Prosperity and Its Problems 407

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Thomas of Celano on St. Francis of Assisi 408

THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE 409Atlantic and Baltic Colonization 410

The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain 410

The Crusades 411

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: The Historical Signifi cance of

the Crusades 412

In Perspective 412

Chronology 413

For Further Reading 413

CHAPTER 20

Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania 414

EYEWITNESS: First Impressions of the Aztec Capital 415

STATES AND EMPIRES IN MESOAMERICA AND NORTH AMERICA 416

The Toltecs and the Mexica 416

Mexica Society 419

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Mexica Expectations of Boys and Girls 420

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CHAPTER 22

Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections 464

EYEWITNESS: Vasco da Gama’s Spicy Voyage 465

THE EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD’S OCEANS 466Motives for Exploration 466

The Technology of Exploration 468

Voyages of Exploration: from the Mediterranean

to the Atlantic 469

Voyages of Exploration: from the Atlantic to the Pacifi c 472

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Christopher Columbus’s First Impressions of American Peoples 474

TRADE AND CONFLICT IN EARLY MODERN ASIA 475Trading-Post Empires 476

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Afonso d’Alboquerque Seizes Hormuz 478

European Conquests in Southeast Asia 479

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Trading-Post Empires 480

Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia 481

Commercial Rivalries and the Seven Years’ War 483

ECOLOGICAL EXCHANGES 486The Columbian Exchange 486

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Local Foodways 488

The Origins of Global Trade 488

In Perspective 489

Chronology 490

For Further Reading 490

CHAPTER 23

The Transformation of Europe 492

EYEWITNESS: Martin Luther Challenges the Church 493

THE FRAGMENTATION OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM 494The Protestant Reformation 494

The Catholic Reformation 495

Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars 496

THE CONSOLIDATION OF SOVEREIGN STATES 498The Attempted Revival of Empire 498

The New Monarchs 500

Constitutional States 501

Absolute Monarchies 503

The European States System 506

EARLY CAPITALIST SOCIETY 508Population Growth and Urbanization 508

Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization 508

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Capitalism and

Overseas Expansion 511

Social Change in Early Modern Europe 511

SCIENCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT 512The Reconception of the Universe 512

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Adam Smith on the Capitalist Market 513

The Scientifi c Revolution 514

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Science and

the Enlightenment 515

Women and Science 515

The Enlightenment 516

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: John Locke Claims People Are the Products of Their Environment 518

In Perspective 519

Chronology 520

For Further Reading 521

CHAPTER 24

New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania 522

EYEWITNESS: The Mysterious Identity of Doña Marina 523

COLLIDING WORLDS 524The Spanish Caribbean 525

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: First Impressions of Spanish Forces 526

The Conquest of Mexico and Peru 527

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Conquest 527

Iberian Empires in the Americas 528

Settler Colonies in North America 531

COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE AMERICAS 533The Formation of Multicultural Societies 533

Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire 534

Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil 536

Fur Traders and Settlers in North America 537

Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas 539

part5The Origins of Global Interdependence,

1500 to 1800 462

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Population Growth and Economic Development 579

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Qianlong on Chinese Trade with England 581

Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People 582

THE CONFUCIAN TRADITION AND NEW CULTURAL INFLUENCES 583Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction 583

The Return of Christianity to China 584

THE UNIFICATION OF JAPAN 585The Tokugawa Shogunate 585

Economic and Social Change 587

Neo-Confucianism and Floating Worlds 588

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Crucifi xions in Japan 590

Christianity and Dutch Learning 590

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Fabian Fucan Rejects Christianity 591

In Perspective 592

Chronology 592

For Further Reading 593

CHAPTER 27

The Islamic Empires 594

EYEWITNESS: Shah Jahan’s Monument to Love and Allah 595

FORMATION OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRES 596The Ottoman Empire 596

The Safavid Empire 598

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ghislain de Busbecq’s Concerns about the Ottoman Empire 599

The Mughal Empire 600

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: A Conqueror and His Conquests: Babur on India 602

IMPERIAL ISLAMIC SOCIETY 603The Dynastic State 603

Agriculture and Trade 604

Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires 605

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Religious Diversity 607

Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors 607

THE EMPIRES IN TRANSITION 608The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership 609

Economic and Military Decline 610

Cultural Conservatism 611

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Islamic Mapmaking 612

In Perspective 612

Chronology 613

For Further Reading 613

STATE OF THE WORLD: Changing Views of the World, Changing Worldviews 616

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Women and Religion 540

EUROPEANS IN THE PACIFIC 541Australia and the Larger World 541

The Pacifi c Islands and the Larger World 541

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Captain James Cook on the Hawaiians 544

In Perspective 544

Chronology 545

For Further Reading 546

CHAPTER 25

Africa and the Atlantic World 548

EYEWITNESS: A Slave’s Long, Strange Trip Back to Africa 549

AFRICAN POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MODERN TIMES 550The States of West Africa and East Africa 550

The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa 553

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: King Afonso I Protests Slave Trading in the Kingdom of Kongo 554

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Queen Nzinga 555

Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa 556

Social Change in Early Modern Africa 557

THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 558Foundations of the Slave Trade 558

Human Cargoes 559

The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa 561

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Olaudah Equiano on the Middle Passage 562

THE AFRICAN DIASPORA 563Plantation Societies 564

The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions 566

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Creole Culture 567

The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery 567

In Perspective 568

Chronology 568

For Further Reading 569

CHAPTER 26

Tradition and Change in East Asia 570

EYEWITNESS: Matteo Ricci and Chiming Clocks in China 571

THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL STABILITY 572The Ming Dynasty 572

The Qing Dynasty 574

The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats 576

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES 578The Patriarchal Family 578

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Chinese Women 578

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xviii Contents

CHAPTER 28

Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World 620

EYEWITNESS: Olympe de Gouges Declares the Rights of Women 621

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND POLITICAL UPHEAVAL 622Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas 623

The American Revolution 624

The French Revolution 627

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 628

The Reign of Napoleon 629

THE INFLUENCE OF REVOLUTION 631The Haitian Revolution 631

Wars of Independence in Latin America 634

The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism

and Liberalism 637

Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery 637

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Revolution and Slavery 638

Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals:

Women’s Rights 638

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen 640

THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATIONAL STATES IN EUROPE 640Nations and Nationalism 641

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Nationalism on the March 642

The Emergence of National Communities 642

The Unifi cations of Italy and Germany 644

In Perspective 646

Chronology 647

For Further Reading 648

CHAPTER 29

The Making of Industrial Society 650

EYEWITNESS: Betty Harris, a Woman Chained in the Coal Pits 651

PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 652Foundations of Industrialization 652

The Factory System 655

The Early Spread of Industrialization 656

Industrial Capitalism 659

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 660Industrial Demographics 660

Urbanization and Migration 663

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Thomas Malthus on Population 664

Industry and Society 665

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Family and Factory 667

The Socialist Challenge 667

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Marx and Engels on Bourgeoisie and Proletarians 670

Global Effects of Industrialization 671

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Class Struggle 671

In Perspective 673

Chronology 674

For Further Reading 675

CHAPTER 30

The Americas in the Age of Independence 676

EYEWITNESS: Fatt Hing Chin Searches for Gold from China to California 677

THE BUILDING OF AMERICAN STATES 678The United States: Westward Expansion and Civil War 678

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Vanishing Ways of Life 679

The Canadian Dominion: Independence without War 683

Latin America: Fragmentation

and Political Experimentation 685

AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 688

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Ponciano Arriaga Calls for Land Reform 689

Migration to the Americas 690

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Mass Migration 690

Economic Expansion in the United States 691

Canadian Prosperity 693

Latin American Investments 693

AMERICAN CULTURAL AND SOCIAL DIVERSITY 695Societies in the United States 695

Canadian Cultural Contrasts 697

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Meaning of Freedom for an Ex-Slave 698

Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America 699

part6An Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire,

1750 to 1914 618

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Contents xix

CHAPTER 32

The Building of Global Empires 730

EYEWITNESS: Cecil John Rhodes Discovers Imperial Diamonds Are Forever 731

FOUNDATIONS OF EMPIRE 732Motives of Imperialism 732

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: New Imperialism? 734

Tools of Empire 734

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Rudyard Kipling on the White Man’s Burden 735

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM 736The British Empire in India 736

Imperialism in Central Asia and Southeast Asia 738

The Scramble for Africa 740

European Imperialism in the Pacifi c 743

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Forays into the Pacifi c 743

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: The Royal Niger Company Mass-Produces Imperial Control in Africa 744

THE EMERGENCE OF NEW IMPERIAL POWERS 746U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacifi c 746

Imperial Japan 747

LEGACIES OF IMPERIALISM 749Empire and Economy 749

Labor Migrations 750

Empire and Society 751

Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements 753

In Perspective 754

Chronology 755

For Further Reading 756

STATE OF THE WORLD: The World Turned Upside Down 758

In Perspective 700

Chronology 701

For Further Reading 702

CHAPTER 31

Societies at Crossroads 704

EYEWITNESS: “Heavenly King” Hong Xiuquan, Empress Dowager Cixi, and Qing Reform 705

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE 707The Nature of Decline 707

Reform and Reorganization 709

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Reforming Traditions 709

The Young Turk Era 710

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Proclamation of the Young Turks 711

THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE UNDER PRESSURE 713Military Defeat and Social Reform 713

Industrialization 714

Repression and Revolution 715

THE CHINESE EMPIRE UNDER SIEGE 717The Opium War and the Unequal Treaties 717

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Letter of Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria 719

The Taiping Rebellion 719

Reform Frustrated 722

THE TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN 724From Tokugawa to Meiji 724

Meiji Reforms 725

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Opening Doors 726

In Perspective 727

Chronology 728

For Further Reading 729

CHAPTER 33

The Great War: The World in Upheaval 762

EYEWITNESS: A Bloodied Archduke and a Bloody War 763

THE DRIFT TOWARD WAR 764Nationalist Aspirations 765

National Rivalries 765

Understandings and Alliances 767

GLOBAL WAR 767The Guns of August 768

Mutual Butchery 769

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Heroic War? 771

Total War: The Home Front 772

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Dulce et Decorum Est 774

Confl ict in East Asia and the Pacifi c 774

Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia 776

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: From Civil War to Total War 776

part7Contemporary Global Realignments,

1914 to the Present 760

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xx Contents

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Chinese Revolutions 816

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: “Self-Rule Is My Birthright” 817

Imperial and Imperialist Japan 819

AFRICA UNDER COLONIAL DOMINATION 820Africa and the Great War 820

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Colonial Legacies

of the Great War 821

The Colonial Economy 822

African Nationalism 823

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Africa for Africans 824

LATIN AMERICAN STRUGGLES WITH NEOCOLONIALISM 825The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression 825

The Evolution of Economic Imperialism 827

Confl icts with a “Good Neighbor” 828

In Perspective 831

Chronology 831

For Further Reading 832

CHAPTER 36

New Confl agrations: World War II and the Cold War 834

EYEWITNESS: Victor Tolley fi nds Tea and Sympathy in Nagasaki 835

ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR II 836Japan’s War in China 837

Italian and German Aggression 838

TOTAL WAR: THE WORLD UNDER FIRE 840Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe 840

The German Invasion of the Soviet Union 841

Battles in Asia and the Pacifi c 842

Defeat of the Axis Powers 844

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: A Hiroshima Maiden’s Tale 847

LIFE DURING WARTIME 848Occupation, Collaboration, and Resistance 848

The Holocaust 850

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: “We Will Never Speak about It in Public” 851

Women and the War 852

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: The “Home” Front 853

THE COLD WAR 853Origins of the Cold War 854

The Globalization of the Cold War 856

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Cold War in Cuba 860

Dissent, Intervention, and Rapprochement 860

In Perspective 861

Chronology 861

For Further Reading 862

THE END OF THE WAR 777Revolution in Russia 778

U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers 779

After the War 781

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Memorandum of the General Syrian Congress 785

Challenges to European Preeminence 785

In Perspective 787

Chronology 788

For Further Reading 789

CHAPTER 34

An Age of Anxiety 790

EYEWITNESS: The Birth of a Monster 791

PROBING CULTURAL FRONTIERS 793Postwar Pessimism 793

Revolutions in Physics and Psychology 794

Experimentation in Art and Architecture 795

GLOBAL DEPRESSION 797The Great Depression 797

Despair and Government Action 799

Economic Experimentation 800

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Nothing to Fear 801

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Poverty, People,

and the State 802

CHALLENGES TO THE LIBERAL ORDER 802Communism in Russia 802

The Fascist Alternative 804

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Goals and Achievements of the First Five-Year Plan 805

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Challenges to

the Liberal Order 806

Italian Fascism 806

German National Socialism 808

In Perspective 810

Chronology 810

For Further Reading 811

CHAPTER 35

Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 812

EYEWITNESS: Shanfei Becomes a New and Revolutionary Young Woman in China 813

ASIAN PATHS TO AUTONOMY 814India’s Quest for Home Rule 814

China’s Search for Order 816

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Contents xxi

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY 896Economic Globalization 896

Economic Growth in Asia 897

Trading Blocs 899

CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGES AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS 900

Consumption and Cultural Interaction 901

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Coca-Cola and MTV 901

The Age of Access 902

GLOBAL PROBLEMS 903Population Pressures and Climate Change 903

Economic Inequities and Labor Servitude 905

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Climate Change: An Inconvenient Truth 906

Global Diseases 908

Global Terrorism 910

Coping with Global Problems:

International Organizations 912

CROSSING BOUNDARIES 914Women’s Traditions and Feminist Challenges 914

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Female Freedom

and Subjugation 916

Migration 917

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Politics and Family: The Hope of and for Girl Children 918

In Perspective 921

Chronology 922

For Further Reading 922

STATE OF THE WORLD: A World Destroyed / A World Reborn 924

Glossary G-1

Credits C-1

Index I-1

CHAPTER 37

The End of Empire 864

EYEWITNESS: Mohandas Gandhi's Saintly Last Words 865

INDEPENDENCE IN ASIA 867India’s Partitioned Independence 867

THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS: Independence

and Nonviolence 868

Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam 868

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the Need for a Muslim Pakistan 869

Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine 871

DECOLONIZATION IN AFRICA 873Forcing the French out of North Africa 873

Black African Nationalism and Independence 874

Freedom and Confl ict in Sub-Saharan Africa 875

SOURCES FROM THE PAST: Kwame Nkrumah on African Unity 877

AFTER INDEPENDENCE: LONG-TERM STRUGGLES IN THE POSTCOLONIAL ERA 879

Communism and Democracy in Asia 879

Islamic Resurgence in Southwest Asia

and North Africa 882

THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS: Islamism and the World 882

Colonial Legacies in Sub-Saharan Africa 883

Politics and Economics in Latin America 884

In Perspective 887

Chronology 888

For Further Reading 888

CHAPTER 38

A World without Borders 890

EYEWITNESS: Kristina Matschat and a Falling Wall 891

THE END OF THE COLD WAR 892Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe 893

The Collapse of the Soviet Union 894

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