1.0582894182_Cover(Pettet)4/2/059:52 amPage 1LONGMAN LAW SERIESLONGMAN LAW SERIESCompany LawCompany Law second editionsecond editionBen PettetBen PettetProfessor I.H. Dennis (University College London) Professor J.A. Usher (University of Exeter)The second edition of this popular book on company law combines theoretical and jurisprudential issues with an up-to-date account of legal developments across the field of company law. The author demonstrates that the needs of shareholders in companies which have dispersed ownership of shares cannot be properly understood without an analysis of the law relating to securities regulation and capital markets.second editionCompany Law is arranged in six sections: Foundation and Theory; The Constitution of the Company; Corporate Governance; Corporate Finance Law; Securities Regulation; Insolvency and Liquidation. Strong coverage of theory and policy is provided, together with analysis of core legal problems at an appropriate depth for modular courses. The role of self-regulation is examined in some depth and discussion of law reform in the shape of the DTI's Company Law Review is included. There is also a companion website for the book at www.pearsoned.co.uk/pettet, which features regular updates to the law so that lecturers and students will remain up to date with new legislative and case developments.Ben PettetNew to this edition Inclusion of the EC Directive on Takeover Bids Major changes brought about by the Enterprise Act 2002 Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corporation 2002 and other important case law developments Details of the EC Financial Services Action Plan legislation Coverage of the Companies (Audit, Investigation and Community Enterprise) Act 2004 Company Law is essential reading for LL.B. courses in universities and also covers the requirements of the University of London (External) LL.B. The book offers excellent foundation reading for postgraduate LL.M.s in company and capital markets law and is an excellent critical survey of a dynamic field of law for students qualifying professionally in the fields of accounting, finance and company secretaryship. Ben Pettet LL.B., Barrister, is Professor of Company and Capital Markets Law, University College London. He is a well-known researcher and writer in the field of company law.www.pearson-books.comCover image PhotonicaFree updates for this book at www.pearsoned.co.uk/pettetCompany LawEditorial Advisory Board

2. COMPANY LAW 3. LONGMAN LAW SERIES GENERAL EDITORS PROFESSOR I.H. DENNIS, University College London PROFESSOR J.A. USHER, University of Exeter PUBLISHED TITLES ERIC BARENDT AND LESLEY HITCHENS, Media Law: Cases and Materials R. HALSON, Contract Law JONATHAN HERRING, Family Law NICHOLAS J. MCBRIDE AND RODERICK BAGSHAW, Tort Law BEN PETTET, Company Law ROGER J. SMITH, Property Law ROGER J. SMITH, Property Law: Cases and Materials MAURICE SUNKIN AND ANDREW LE SUEUR, Public Law MARTIN WASIK, THOMAS GIBBONS AND MIKE REDMAYNE, Criminal Justice: Text and Materials WILLIAM WILSON, Criminal Law: Doctrine and TheoryVisit the Company Law, second edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/pettet to nd regular updates in the eld of Company Law 4. COMPANY LAW SECOND EDITIONBEN PETTET 5. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk First published 2001 Second edition published 2005 Pearson Education Limited, 2001, 2005 The right of Ben Pettet to be identied as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. ISBN-13: 978-0-582-89418-1 ISBN-10: 0-582-89418-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pettet, B. G. Company law / Ben Pettet.2nd ed. p. cm.(Longman law series) Includes index. ISBN 0-582-89418-2 1. Corporation lawGreat Britain. I. Title. II. Series. KD2079.P48 2005 346.41066dc22 2005043015 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 10 09 08 07 06 Typeset in 10/12pt Plantin by 3 Printed in Great Britain by Henry Ling Ltd., at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, Dorset. The publishers policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests. 6. CONTENTSPrefaces Acknowledgements Table of cases Table of statutes Table of statutory instruments Tables of European legislation 1 Treaties and conventions 2 Secondary legislationxv xviii xvix xxx xli xliii xliii xliiiPART I FOUNDATION AND THEORY 1 THE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6NATURE OF COMPANY LAW Preliminary Rationale, abstract and agenda Scope of this work The genesis of company law The present companies legislation European community legislation A The harmonisation programme B The Company Law Programme: UK Implementation C The EC Commissions Company Law Action Plan 1.7 Company law, corporate law or corporations law? 1.8 Focus the main business vehicle A Company limited by shares B Public or private C Small closely-held and dispersed-ownership companies D The Company Law Review and law reform 1.9 Other business vehicles A Other types of companies B Other organisations and bodies C Partnerships2 CORPORATE ENTITY, LIMITED LIABILITY AND INCORPORATION 2.1 Corporate entity A The Salomon doctrine B Piercing the corporate veil C Corporate liability for torts and crimes 2.2 Limited liability A The meaning of limited liability B The continuing debate about the desirability of limited liability C Fraudulent trading and wrongful trading v1 3 3 4 8 9 10 11 11 11 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 20 20 23 23 23 24 28 31 31 31 33 7. Contents2.3 2.42.5Groups of companies Incorporation A Formal requirements B Certicate of incorporation C Publicity and the continuing role of the Registrar D Promoters and pre-incorporation contracts E Right of establishment Company Law Review and law reform37 39 39 42 43 44 46 463 LEGAL THEORY AND COMPANY LAW 3.1 The role of theory in company law 3.2 The nature and origins of the corporation A The theories B Rationale and application of the theories 3.3 Managerialism 3.4 Corporate governance A Alignment B The Cadbury Report and self-regulation C Global convergence in corporate governance 3.5 Stakeholder company law A Social responsibility B Industrial democracy C Stakeholder company law D The Company Law Review and stakeholders 3.6 Law and economics A Efciency as a moral value B The theory of the rm 3.7 Future issues47 47 48 48 49 50 53 53 54 55 58 58 60 61 64 66 66 67 754 CURRENT REFORM MECHANISMS 4.1 Modern company law 4.2 The agencies of company law reform A Department of Trade and Industry B The Law Commission C City and institutional input D Academics E European Commission 4.3 The 1998 Review A Structure B Guiding principles C Swift progress D The Final Report and subsequent developments E Treatment in this book77 77 77 77 80 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 83 84PART II THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMPANY 5 ENTRENCHMENT OF RIGHTS 5.1 Entrenchment of expectation versus exibility vi85 87 87 8. Contents5.2 5.3 5.4 5.55.6Memorandum of association Articles of association Shareholder agreements Changing the constitution and reconstruction A Introduction B Contract C Alteration of articles D Alteration of the memorandum E Variation of class rights F Compromises and arrangements under s. 425 G Other methods of reconstruction Company Law Review and law reform6 ORGANISATION OF FUNCTIONS AND CORPORATE POWERS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The institutions of the company: the board and the shareholders 6.3 The ultra vires doctrine A Introduction B Reform of the rule an overview C Underlying complications objects and powers D Shareholder intervention E The current legislation background matters F Core provisions of the legislation G Ratication H Pulling it together I An alternative approach 6.4 Company Law Review and law reform 7 RELATIONS WITH THIRD PARTIES: AGENCY AND CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS 7.1 Contractual relations with third parties 7.2 Agency 7.3 The Turquand doctrine 7.4 The relationship between Turquand and agency 7.5 Sections 35A and 35B 7.6 Company Law Review and law reform PART III CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 8 THE GOVERNANCE PROBLEM AND THE MECHANISMS OF MEETINGS 8.1 Alignment of managerial and shareholder interests 8.2 The role and functioning of the board of directors A Directors as managers and alter ego B Appointment and retirement of directors vii87 88 94 97 97 98 98 100 101 106 110 111 112 112 112 114 114 115 116 121 121 123 127 127 129 130 131 131 131 134 135 138 142 143 145 145 146 146 147 9. Contents8.38.4 8.5 8.6C Proceedings at directors meetings D Remuneration of directors The role and functioning of the shareholders in general meeting A The general meeting as the residual authority of the company B Resolutions at meetings C The shareholders general meetings D Convening of meetings and notice E Shareholder independence meetings and resolutions F Procedure at meetings Problems with the meeting concept Meetings in small closely-held companies Company Law Review and law reform9 DUTIES OF DIRECTORS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Common law duties of care and skill 9.3 Fiduciary duties A The scope of the duty of good faith B The no-conicts rule C Duty in respect of employees 9.4 Relief for directors A Ought to be excused B Exemption and insurance 9.5 Duty not to commit an unfair prejudice 9.6 Company Law Review and law reform 10 OTHER LEGAL CONSTRAINTS ON DIRECTORS POWERS 10.1 Constraints on directors powers 10.2 Statutory controls affecting directors A Introduction B Part X enforcement of fair dealing C Controls over issue of shares D Statutory provisions in terrorem 10.3 Monitoring of directors A Introduction B The policy of disclosure of the nancial affairs of the company C Accounts and reports D Publicity E Non-statutory reports F The role of the auditors G Company secretary H Government and other agencies 10.4 Conclusions 10.5 Company Law Review and law reform viii148 149 151 151 152 152 153 154 155 157 158 159 160 160 161 164 164 166 176 176 176 176 177 178 179 179 179 179 179 181 182 184 184 185 185 188 188 189 190 191 192 193 10. Contents11 ROLE OF SELF-REGULATION 11.1 Reliance on self-regulation 11.2 Techniques of Cadbury A Different approaches B Structural and functional alterations C Assumptions of responsibility D Enhanced quality of disclosure 11.3 The Greenbury Report 11.4 The Hampel Report: evolution of the Combined Code 1998 11.5 The Higgs Review and the Combined Code 2003 11.6 The Combined Code 2003 A Listing Rules compliance statements B Excerpts and summary of the main provisions 11.7 The profession of director? 11.8 Conclusions 11.9 Company Law Review and law reform194 194 196 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 201 201 202 209 210 21012 SHAREHOLDER LITIGATION: COMMON LAW 12.1 Introduction: shareholder litigation generally 12.2 The doctrine of Foss v Harbottle 12.3 The principle of majority rule 12.4 The exceptions to Foss v Harbottle 12.5 Meaning of fraud on a minority 12.6 The striking out of derivative actions A Introduction B Types of action and costs C Striking out derivative actions 12.7 The Breckland problem 12.8 Company Law Review and law reform A The work of the Law Commission B Company Law Review and law reform212 212 213 214 215 217 219 219 219 221 226 228 228 22913 SHAREHOLDER LITIGATION: STATUTE 13.1 Winding up 13.2 Unfair prejudice A The alternative remedy failure B Unfair prejudice231 231 232 232 233PART IV CORPORATE FINANCE LAW25114 TECHNIQUES OF CORPORATE FINANCE 14.1 Some basic concepts of corporate nance A Assets and capital B The aims of the company C Cash ows and capital raising 14.2 Financing the company A Initial nance253 253 253 254 254 255 255ix 11. Contents14.314.4 14.5B Venture capital nancing C Public offerings of securities The law relating to shares A Denitions of share capital B Increase and alterations of capital C Authority to issue share capital D Preferential subscription rights E Nature of shares and membership F Classes and types of shares G Transfer of and transactions in shares The legal nature of debentures (and bonds) Company Law Review and law reform256 257 263 263 265 266 266 267 268 271 275 27515 RAISING AND MAINTENANCE OF CAPITAL 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The raising of capital discounts and premiums A Introduction B Discounts C Premiums 15.3 The maintenance of capital A The meaning of the doctrine B Reduction of capital C Company purchase of own shares D Dividends and distributions 15.4 Company Law Review and law reform276 276 276 276 276 278 280 280 282 286 290 29216 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FOR THE ACQUISITION OF SHARES 16.1 Background to the present law 16.2 The modern scope of the prohibitions 16.3 Meaning of nancial assistance 16.4 Principal/larger purpose exceptions 16.5 Private company exception 16.6 Other exceptions 16.7 Civil consequences of breach 16.8 Company Law Review and law reform294 294 296 299 299 303 304 305 308PART V SECURITIES REGULATION31117 POLICY AND THEORY IN SECURITIES REGULATION/CAPITAL MARKETS LAW 17.1 The relationship between traditional company law and securities regulation 17.2 The birth of securities regulation 17.3 The SEC 17.4 The Financial Services Authority A The self-regulation era the SIB x313 313 315 316 318 318 12. Contents17.5B Statutory securities regulation: accountability issues Legal theory in securities regulation A Aims of securities regulation B Techniques of securities regulation C The statutory objectives and the FSAs duties D IOSCO and global convergence E Financial market integration in the EU321 323 323 326 327 329 33018 THE REGULATORY MACHINERY OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES AND MARKETS ACT 2000 18.1 Introduction and assumptions 18.2 Scope of the Act A The general prohibition B Regulated activities C Examples of prescribed activities and investments D Territorial scope of the general prohibition E The nancial promotion regime 18.3 Authorisation and exemption A Methods of authorisation B Part IV permissions C The Register 18.4 Exempt persons and exemption of appointed representatives 18.5 Conduct of business A Textures of regulation B The FSA Handbook of Rules and Guidance C The FSA Principles for Businesses D Ancillary regimes 18.6 Collective investment schemes A Background B The basic regulatory position under the FSMA 2000 C The marketing of collective investment schemes: restricted D Authorised unit trust schemes E Open-ended investment companies F Overseas collective investment schemes 18.7 Enforcement A Policing the perimeter B Disciplinary measures C Restitution, private actions for damages and insolvency 18.8 Investor compensation 18.9 Financial ombudsman service 18.10 Regulation of investment exchanges and clearing houses 18.11 Final matters338 338 338 338 339 341 341 342 343 343 344 345 345 346 346 347 348 349 350 350 353 354 354 354 355 355 355 356 357 358 359 359 36019 THE 19.1 19.2 19.3361 361 361 362REGULATION OF PUBLIC OFFERINGS OF SHARES Migration into capital markets law Before the EC Directives The Listing Directives and the Prospectus Directive xi 13. Contents19.419.519.619.7 19.8UK implementation A The competent authority B Prospectuses and listing particulars Listed securities A Introduction B Background conditions C Methods of issue D Application procedures E Contents of the prospectus F Continuing obligations G Other provisions Unlisted securities A The Alternative Investment Market (AIM) B Prospectuses The new Prospectus Directive and the FSAs Review of the Listing Regime Remedies for investors20 THE REGULATION OF INSIDER DEALING AND MARKET ABUSE 20.1 Regulation of market conduct 20.2 Insider dealing and market egalitarianism 20.3 Development of regulation against insider dealing A The cradle: SEC r. 10b-5 B UK legislation 20.4 Enforcement 20.5 UK regulation against market abuse A The criminal law background B Civil penalties for market abuse 20.6 The new EC Market Abuse Directive REGULATION OF TAKEOVERS Takeover battles Disciplining management the market for corporate control Goals of takeover regulation A The struggle for a Europe-wide regulatory policy B The ideas in the new Directive 21.4 The UK system A The Takeover Panel and self-regulation B The operation of the City Code C Other provisions applying to takeovers D Defences 21.5 UK implementation of the Directive 21.6 The future in Europe under the Directive363 363 364 365 365 366 367 367 368 369 369 370 370 370 371 372 374 374 374 375 375 377 382 384 384 384 38621 THE 21.1 21.2 21.3389 389 390 390 390 392 393 393 395 397 398 399 400PART VI INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION40122 INSOLVENCY AND LIQUIDATION PROCEDURES403xii 14. Contents22.1 22.222.322.4The development of corporate insolvency law Pre-insolvency remedies A Corporate rescue B Administration C Administrative receivers D Company voluntary arrangement or other reconstruction Types of winding up and grounds A Voluntary winding up B Winding up by the court C Procedure and scope Effects of winding up, purpose and procedure A Immediate effects of winding up B Aims and purpose of liquidation C Procedure D Misconduct, malpractice and adjustment of pre-liquidation (or pre-administration) transactions403 405 405 405 406 406 408 408 408 409 410 410 411 411 41523 DISQUALIFICATION OF DIRECTORS 23.1 Background 23.2 The disqualication order 23.3 Grounds untness and insolvency A The s. 6 ground B Untness 23.4 Other grounds A Disqualication after investigation B Disqualication on conviction of an indictable offence C Disqualication for persistent breaches of the companies legislation D Disqualication for fraud in a winding up E Disqualication on summary conviction F Disqualication for fraudulent or wrongful trading 23.5 Human rights challenges 23.6 Epilogue417 417 417 419 419 420 425 425 425 425 426 426 426 426 427Index429Supporting resources Visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/pettet to nd valuable online resources Companion Website for students Regular updates to keep you up to date in the eld of Company Law For more information please contact your local Pearson Education sales representative or visit www.pearsoned.co.uk/pettetxiii 15. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONIn writing this book I have three aims. The rst is to move the subject of company law closer to what is usually called securities regulation (or capital markets law). I have become ever more convinced in recent years that one cannot understand company law from a practical or theoretical angle without a clear perception of the principles and aims of securities regulation. As an academic and practical subject, company law needs to include securities regulation, and I have tried to demonstrate that in this work. My second purpose is to provide a lively and thought-provoking analysis of the main legal rules of company law. Readers will nd that I have departed somewhat from the list of topics often contained in company law texts, and so some areas have a much lower prole in this book than they have received elsewhere. It has also been necessary to vary the depth of coverage in order for the book to remain short enough for it to claim to be a student textbook. On the other hand, I have given special attention to areas which I have seen students struggle with over the years, and in some chapters I have picked on the facts of seminal cases, or constructed examples, which have then been used to illustrate at length the ideas which I have wished to convey. As far as I am able, and where relevant, I have tried to present the rules in the social and practical context in which they operate, both as a means of making the subject of more interest and to enhance understanding. My third aim is to give an account of, and assessment of, the important theoretical or jurisprudential issues which are current in this eld, with a view to enabling the reader to develop views on the appropriate direction of future reforms. In this regard, it is an exciting time to be considering company law reform, because the DTIs Company Law Review is currently questioning the rationale of many areas, and because a substantially new system of securities regulation is coming into being as a result of the passing of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. Also, national and international scholarship on fundamental theoretical issues has continued unabated into the new Millennium, spurred both by scholarly interest and by the competitive pressures between different systems of company law created by the global market for capital. This book is arranged in six Parts: Foundation and Theory, The Constitution of the Company, Corporate Governance, Corporate Finance Law, Securities Regulation, Insolvency and Liquidation. An explanation of the contents of these Parts and the reasons for organising the book in this way are set out in Chapter 1. It has of course been necessary to draw a line under the inclusion of material, and I have endeavoured to present the law and developments as they stand at 1 August 2000. With respect to the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, the account assumes that the Act is in force, which is very likely to be the case by the time this book is published. As regards my very occasional references to the secondary legislation in that area, I have written on the basis of the draft orders and made this clear in the footnotes, since the nalised versions are unlikely to be available before about xv 16. Preface to the rst editionautumn 2001. This book has its own companion website and the reader will nd on it material which supports the book: http://www.booksites.net/pettet. I wish to thank Professor Roger Rideout and the other editors, for rst encouraging me to write a text on company law, so many years ago, and Pearson Education Ltd for their patience in waiting for it; also Pat Bond, of Pearson Education, who has been a pleasure to work with and a source of helpful advice. Credit is also due to Pearson Educations efcient production team, in particular Anita Atkinson, Kathryn Swift and Sarah Phillipson. I owe much to a generation of students for their enthusiastic criticism and probing of some of my ideas, and of course the debt of any author to past and present scholars and lawyers in the eld is immense. In this regard I wish to record special thanks to Guido Ferrarini, Jim Fishman, David Sugarman, Jim Wickenden, and others, who have read and commented on some of the material in draft form. Needless to say, the responsibility for the views expressed here and for errors and omissions remains mine, and mine alone. This book is dedicated to my wife, Corry, and to my children, Emily, Roland and Florence, in grateful recognition of their loving support and encouragement in the years I was writing, particularly during that lost summer of 2000. Ben Pettet Faculty of Laws University College London September 2000xvi 17. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONIt is almost four years to the day since I sent the text of the rst edition of this book to my publishers. In the elds covered in this work much has changed, and the text reects that. But perhaps the most signicant change of all is the increasing inuence of the European Union in the development of company law, and capital markets law. In company law we now have the EC Commissions Action Plan for Company Law, a huge programme replacing the rather sedate progress of pre-existing company law harmonisation. In the capital markets eld we have, in the ve years which have elapsed since the Financial Services Action Plan was published, seen a stream of complex legislation which will take many years to implement and which presents a tough challenge to the UKs Financial Services Authority. We have also seen the reform of the EC legislative process itself with the introduction of the Lamfalussy procedures, and the formation of the Committee of European Securities Regulators (CESR), events of enormous importance in the context of the development of Pan-European securities regulation. Set against the backdrop of enlargement of the EU to 25 Member States, these events have changed forever the processes of law reform in this eld. Much of the new material in this edition is therefore concerned with the major legislation which has now emerged, such as the Directive on Takeover Bids, the Directive on Insider Dealing and Market Manipulation (Market Abuse), the Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments, and the new Prospectus Directive. In the UK we have seen signicant legislative initiatives from our Department of Trade and Industry, such as the Enterprise Act 2002, and the Companies (Audit, Investigations and Community Enterprise) Act 2004. As ever there have been interesting developments in case law. At the time of writing, the DTI are preparing a major Companies Bill which will be published in draft form for consultation before it enters the legislative process. Readers should be aware that where the text refers to human persons generally, using the masculine gender, this is of course intended to equally make reference to persons of female gender and vice versa. I wish to record my gratitude to my editor Michelle Gallagher for her helpful advice and for her patience in waiting for this new edition, also to the rest of the efcient production team at Pearson. Ben Pettet Faculty of Laws University College London September 2004xvii 18. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Financial Services Authority for extracts from Combined Code on Corporate Governance by the Financial Reporting Council 23rd July 2003, FSA Handbook of Rules and Guidance, Principles for Business August 2004 and UK Implementation of the EU Market Abuse Directive (Directive 2003/6/EC) June 2004; and HMSO for an extract from Law Commission Report No 246. In some instances we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so.xviii 19. TABLE OF CASESADT v BDO Binder Hamlyn [1996] BCC 808 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Abbey Leisure Ltd, Re [1990] BCC 60, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 240, 248 Aberdeen Railway v Blaikie [1854] 1 Macq 461, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 175 Acatos & Hutcheson plc v Watson [1995] 1 BCLC 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Adams v Cape Industries [1990] BCC 786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26, 27, 38 Agip v Jackson [1990] Ch 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Al Nakib Ltd v Longcroft [1990] BCC 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Alexander Ward Ltd v Samyang Navigation Co Ltd [1975] 2 All ER 424, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa [1900] 1 Ch 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 96, 98 Allen v Hyatt [1914] 30 TLR 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financien Case C-384/93 [1995] ECR I-1141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Aluminium Industrie Vaassen BV v Romalpa [1976] 2 All ER 552 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Ammonia Soda Co v Chamberlain [1918] 1 Ch 266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Andrews v Gas Meter Co [1897] 1 Ch 361 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Andrews v Mockford [1896] 1 QB 372 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Anglo Overseas Agencies v Green [1961] 1 QB 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Arab Bank plc v Mercantile Holdings Ltd [1993] BCC 816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297, 298 Armagas v Mundogas [1986] 2 All ER 385, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132, 133, 134, 137 Armour Hick Northern Ltd v Whitehouse [1980] 1 WLR 1520 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Company v Riche (1875) LR 7 HL 653 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114, 120, 127 Astec (BSR) plc, Re [1999] BCC 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241, 247 Atlas Wright (Europe) Ltd v Wright [1999] BCC 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Attorney General v Great Eastern Railway (1880) 5 App Cas 473 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Attorney General for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 AC 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Attorney General of Tuvalu v Philatelic Ltd [1990] BCC 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 147 Attorney Generals Reference (No 2 of 1982) [1984] 2 All ER 216 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame [1906] 2 Ch 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Aveling Barford v Perion (1989) 5 BCC 677 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 165, 292 BSB Holdings (No 2), Re [1996] 1 BCLC 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Baden v Socit Generale [1992] 4 All ER 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Bahia and San Francisco Railway Co, Re (1868) LR 3 QB 584 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Bailey Hay & Co, Re [1971] 3 All ER 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Bairstow v Queens Moat Houses Plc [2002] BCC 91; [2001] 2 BCLC 531 . . . . 176, 292 Balkis Consolidated Ltd v Tomkinson [1893] AC 396 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Bamford v Bamford [1970] Ch 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 229 Bank of Scotland, Governor and Company of, Petitioners [1989] BCLC 700 . . . . . . . 323 Bannatyne v Direct Spanish Telegraph Ltd (1886) 34 Ch D 287 . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 285 Barclays Bank plc v British & Commonwealth Holdings plc [1996] BCLC 38, CA . . 299xix 20. Table of cases Barnes v Addy (1874) 9 Ch App 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Barrett v Duckett [1993] BCC 778 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 229 Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 151 Bath Glass, Re (1988) 4 BCC 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Beattie v E Beattie Ltd [1938] 1 Ch 708 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Bell Bros, Re (1891) 65 LT 245 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Bell Houses v City Wall Properties Ltd [1966] 2 QB 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture [1979] Ch 250 . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2) [1980] 1 All ER 393 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295, 296, 300, 301, 306 Bhullar Bros Ltd, Re [2003] BCC 711, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Birch v Cropper (1889) 14 AC 525, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Bird Precision Bellows Ltd [1986] Ch 658, CA; [1984] Ch 419 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Blackspur Group plc, Re [1998] BCC 11, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Blue Arrow plc, Re [1987] BCLC 585 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 235, 247, 258 Blum v OCP Repartition SA [1988] BCLC 170, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Boardman v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46; [1966] 3 All ER 721 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168, 169, 171 Bolton Engineering v Graham [1957] 1 QB 159 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Borlands Trustee v Steel Bros & Co Ltd [1901] 1 Ch 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 267, 273 Boston Deep Sea Fishing Co v Ansell (1888) 39 Ch D 399 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Boulting v Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians [1963] 2 QB 606 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 174 Bovey Hotel Ventures Ltd, Re unreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Brady v Brady [1988] 2 All ER 617; BCLC 579, HL; reversing [1988] BCLC 20 . . . 300, 302, 305, 306, 309 Brian D Pierson (Contractors) Ltd , Re [1999] BCC 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 187, 426 Braymist Ltd v Wise Finance Co Ltd [2002] BCC 514 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Breckland Group Ltd v London & Suffolk Properties Ltd (1988) 4 BCC 542 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113, 226, 227 British and American Trustee Corporation v Couper [1894] AC 399 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Ltd [1919] 1 Ch 290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Brownlow v GH Marshall Ltd [2001] BCC 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Burland v Earle [1902] AC 83, PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 215, 229 Bushell v Faith [1970] AC 1099 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Butes, Marquis of, Case [1892] 2 Ch 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 CMS Dolphin Ltd v Simonet [2002] BCC 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Cady, Roberts & Co 40 SEC 907 (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318, 375, 376, 377 Campbell v Paddington Corporation [1911] 1 KB 689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Caparo plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Cape Breton Co, Re (1885) 29 Ch D 795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Cardiff Savings Bank, Re [1892] 2 Ch 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 162, 163 Carecraft Construction Ltd, Re [1993] BCC 336 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423, 424, 427 Carlton v Halestrap (1988) 4 BCC 538 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Carney v Herbert [1985] AC 301 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Carrington Viyella plc, Re (1983) 1 BCC 98,951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245xx 21. Table of cases Castigliones Will Trusts, Re [1958] Ch 549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Centros Ltd v Erhvervsog Selskabsstyrelsen Case C-212/97 [1999] BCC 983 . . . . . . . . 46 Charterbridge Corp v Lloyds Bank [1970] Ch 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Charterhouse Investment Trust Ltd v Tempest Diesels Ltd [1986] BCLC 1 . . . . . . . 299 Chase Manhattan Equities Ltd v Goodman [1991] BCC 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Chaston v SWP Group plc [2003] 1 BCLC 675, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Chatterley-Whiteld Collieries Ltd [1949] AC 512, HL; [1948] 3 All ER 593, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283, 284 Chiarella v US 445 US 222 (1980) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376, 377 Choppington Collieries Ltd v Johnson [1944] 1 All ER 762 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Churchill Hotel Ltd, Re (1998) 4 BCC 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 City Equitable Ltd, Re [1925] Ch 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 City Property Trust Ltd, Petitioners 1951 SLT 371 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Clark v Cutland [2003] EWCA Civ 810; [2004] 1 WLR 783; [2003] 4 All ER 733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Clemens v Clemens [1976] 2 All ER 268 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Coalport China, Re [1895] 2 Ch 404 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Colin Gwyer & Associates Ltd v London Wharf (Limehouse) Ltd [2003] BCC 885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Company a, Re (No 002567 of 1982) [1983] 2 All ER 854; (1983) 1 BCC 98931 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232, 235, 238, 248 Company a, Re (No 004475 of 1982) [1983] Ch 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Company a, Re (No 002612 of 1984) (1984) 1 BCC 92; (1984) 1 BCC 99,262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 181, 243 Company a, Re (No 007623 of 1984) (1986) 2 BCC 99,191 . . . 104, 181, 238, 239, 243 Company a, Re (1985) 1 BCC 99,421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Company a, Re (No 005287 of 1985) (1985) 1 BCC 99,586 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Company a, Re (No 00477 of 1986) [1986] 2 BCC 99,171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 235 Company a, Re (No 004377 of 1986) (1986) 2 BCC 99,520 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Company a, Re (No 008699 of 1985) (1986) 2 BCC 99,024 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 398 Company a, Re (No 003843 of 1986) [1987] BCLC 562 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Company a, Re (No 001363 of 1988) (1989) 5 BCC 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Company a, Re (No 005134 of 1986) [1989] BCLC 383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 181, 243 Company a, Re (No 00789 of 1987) [1991] BCC 44; (1989) 5 BCC 792 . . . . . . 237, 243 Company (No.004502 of 1988) ex p Johnson, Re [1991] BCC 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Company a, Re (No 006834 of 1988) (1989) 5 BCC 218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 238 Company a, Re (No 00330 of 1991) ex p Holden [1991] BCC 241 . . . . . . . . . . 239, 240 Company a, Re (No 00709 of 1992) 1999 see ONeil v Phillips Company a, Re (No 00836 of 1995) [1996] BCC 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Continental Assurance Co of London plc, Re [1996] BCC 888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Cook v Deeks [1916] 1 AC 554, PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 167, 216, 218 Copal Varnish, Re [1917] 2 Ch 349 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Copeland Ltd, Re [1997] BCC 294, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237, 240 Cotman v Brougham [1918] AC 514 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Coulon Sanderson and Ward Ltd v Ward (1986) 2 BCC 99,207, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Country Farms Inns Ltd, Re [1997] BCC 801 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422xxi 22. Table of cases Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd [1992] BCC 638 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26 Criterion Properties plc v Stratford UK Properties LLC [2004] BCC 570, HL; [2003] BCC 50, CA; [2002] 2 BCLC 151, ChD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 121, 398 Cumana Ltd, Re [1986] BCLC 430, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 151, 181, 237 Cumbrian Newspapers Ltd v Cumberland & Westmoreland Printing Ltd [1987] Ch 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 109 DC, HS and AD v United Kingdom [2000] BCC 710 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 DHN Ltd v Tower Hamlets LBC [1976] 1 WLR 852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 DPP v Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd [1944] KB 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 DR Chemicals Ltd (1989) 5 BCC 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 181 Dafen Tinplate Co Ltd v Llanelly Steel Co Ltd [1920] 2 Ch 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Daniels v Daniels [1978] Ch 406 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Dartmouth College, Trustees of v Woodward (17 US) 4 Wheat 518 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 David Payne & Co Ltd, Re [1904] 2 Ch 608 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 119 Dawson plc v Coats Patons (1988) 4 BCC 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Dawson Print Ltd, Re (1987) 3 BCC 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Day v Cook [2002] 2 BCLC 1, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Denham, Re (1883) 25 Ch D 752 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Diamond v Oreamuno 24 NY 2d 494 (1969) NY Ct App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Co v Laurie [1961] Ch 353 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Dirks v SEC 463 US 646 (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 DJan Ltd, Re [1993] BCC 646 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing [1989] BCLC 498 . . . . . 161, 162, 163, 164, 176 Dorman Long & Company Ltd, Re [1934] Ch 635 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Douglas Construction Ltd, Re (1988) 4 BCC 553 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 421 Downs Wine Bar Ltd, Re [1990] BCLC 839 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Drown v Gaumont Picture Corp Ltd [1937] Ch 402 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Duomatic Ltd, Re [1969] 1 All ER 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Dyster v Randall [1926] Ch 932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 EDC v United Kingdom Application No 24433/94 [1998] BCC 370 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Eagle Trust plc v SBC Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 488 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 East v Bennett [1911] 1 Ch 163 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd [1973] AC 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231, 241 EC Commission v Italy (Re Restrictions on Foreign Securities Dealers) Case C-101/94 [1996] 3 CMLR 754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Edwards v Halliwell [1950] WN 537; [1950] 2 All ER 1064 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 EIS Services Ltd v Phipps [2003] BCC 931, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Electra Private Equity Partners v KPMG Peat Marwick [2000] BCC 368, CA . . . . . . 189 Eley v Positive Life Co (1876) 1 Ex D 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Elgindata (No.1), Re [1991] BCLC 959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Elliott v Planet Organic [2000] BCC 610 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Equitable Life Assurance Society v Bowley [2003] BCC 829, QBD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Equiticorp plc, Re (1989) 5 BCC 599 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45 Ernest v Nicholls (1857) 6 HLC 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Ernst and Ernst v Hochfelder 425 US 185 (1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376xxii 23. Table of cases Erven Warnink BV v Townend ( J) & Sons (Hull) Ltd (No.1) [1979] AC 731, HL . . . 41 Estmanco (Kilner House) Ltd v GLC [1982] 1 All ER 437 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217, 222 Evans v Brunner Mond [1921] 1 Ch 359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Evans v Spritebrand [1985] BCLC 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Exchange Banking Co (Flitcrofts Case), Re (1882) L.R. 21 Ch. D. 519 . . . . . . . . . . 290 Exchange Securities Ltd, Re [1987] BCLC 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Fahey Developments Ltd, Re see Lowe v Fahey [1996] BCC 320 Fairline Shipping Corp v Adamson [1975] QB 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Firbanks Executors v Humphries (1886) 18 QBD 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Flap Envelope Ltd, in a, Re [2004] 1 BCLC 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Floating Dock, Re [1895] 1 Ch 691 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253, 283, 285 Foss v Harbottle (1843) 2 Hare 461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 90, 92, 121, 126, 127, 160, 162, 171, 177, 213, 214, 216, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229, 233, 245, 247 Foster v Foster [1916] 1 Ch 532 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Framlington Group plc v Anderson [1995] BCC 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Francis v United Jersey Bank 87 NJ 15, 432 A2d 814 (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Freeman & Lockyer (a rm) v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd [1964] 2 QB 480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 134, 138 Fulham LBC v Cabra Estates Ltd [1992] BCC 863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97, 165 Full Cup Ltd, Re [1995] BCC 682 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 GH Marshall Ltd, Re see Brownlow v GH Marshall Ltd [2001] BCC 152 Gaiman v Association for Mental Health [1971] Ch 317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 General Auction Estate v Smith [1891] 3 Ch 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116, 118 German Date Coffee Company, Re (1882) 20 Ch D 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 231 Gething v Kilner [1972] 1 All ER 1166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Giles v Rhind [2001] 2 BCLC 582 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Gilmour (Duncan) & Co, Re [1952] 2 All ER 871 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Great Wheal Polgooth Ltd (1883) 53 LJ Ch 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd [1945] 2 All ER 719 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103, 104, 105 Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd [1946] 1 All ER 512, CA . . . . . . . . . . 103, 104, 105 Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd [1950] 2 All ER 1120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99, 103 Guidezone Ltd, Re [2000] 2 BCLC 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Guiness v Saunders and Another [1990] BCC 205 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 150 H Ltd, Re [1996] 2 All ER 391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Halifax Building Society v Meridian Housing Association [1994] 2 BCLC 540 . . . . . 119 Halle v Trax BW Ltd [2000] BCC 1020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Halt Garage Ltd, Re [1982] 3 All ER 1016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Hannibal v Frost (1988) 4 BCC 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Harmer Ltd, Re [1959] 1 WLR 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Hawk Insurance Ltd, Re [2001] 2 BCLC 480 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Heald v OConnor [1971] 1 WLR 497 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Hellenic and General Trust, Re [1976] 1 WLR 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Hely Hutchinson v Brayhead [1968] 1 QB 549 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Henderson v Merrett Syndicates [1995] 2 AC 145, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189xxiii 24. Table of cases Henry Head & Co Ltd v Ropner Holdings Ltd [1952] 1 Ch 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Heron International Ltd v Lord Grade [1983] BCLC 244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 398 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders Association [1915] 1 Ch 881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 111 Hinchcliffe v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1999] BCC 226 . . . . . . . . . . 427 Hogg v Cramphorn [1967] Ch 254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 229 Holders Investment Trust Ltd, Re [1971] 1 WLR 583 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Hope v International Society (1876) 4 Ch D 335 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Horsley & Weight, Re [1982] Ch 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115, 122 House of Fraser plc v ACGE Investments Ltd (1987) 3 BCC 201 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Howard Smith v Ampol Petroleum [1974] AC 821 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 181 Hughes v Liverpool Victoria Friendly Society [1916] 2 KB 482 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Hutton v West Cork Railway Company (1883) 23 Ch D 654 . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 121, 215 Hydrodram Ltd, Re [1994] 2 BCLC 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35 Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443 . . . . . . . . 168, 169 In Plus Group Ltd v Pyke [2002] 2 BCLC 201, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Introductions Ltd, Re [1970] Ch 199 . . . . . 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 128, 129, 412 Ipcon Fashions Ltd, Re (1989) 5 BCC 733 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420, 421 Island Export Finance Ltd v Umunna [1986] BCLC 460 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169, 172 Isle of Thanet Electricity Co, Re [1950] Ch 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Item Software Ltd v Fassihi [2003] 2 BCLC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 JE Cade & Son Ltd, Re [1991] BCC 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 John v Rees [1970] Ch 345 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Johnson v Gore Wood & Co (No.1) [2001] BCLC 313, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Jon Beauforte (London) Ltd, Re [1953] 2 Ch 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 126 Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Karak Rubber Co Ltd v Burden (No 2) [1972] 1 WLR 602 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Kayford, Re [1975] 1 WLR 279 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Kaytech International plc, Re [1999] BCC 390, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Keech v Sandford (1726) 25 ER 223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166, 168, 170, 171, 174 Kenyon Swansea Ltd, Re (1987) 3 BCC 259; [1987] BCLC 514 . . . . . . . . 104, 181, 247 Kirby v Wilkins [1929] 2 Ch 444 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Kreditbank Cassel GMBH v Schenkers [1927] 1 KB 826 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133, 137 Kuwait Bank v National Mutual Life [1990] 3 All ER 404, PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 174 La Compagnie de Mayville v Whitley [1896] 1 Ch 788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Land Credit Company of Ireland, Re (1873) 8 Ch App 831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Larvin v Phoenix Ofce Supplies Ltd [2003] 1 BCLC 76, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Lawlor v Gray Unreported CA, noted (1980) 130 New LJ 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Lee v Lees Air Farming [1961] AC 12, PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lee Behrens & Co Ltd, Re [1932] 2 Ch 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Lennards Carrying Company Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 . . . . . . 28 Leyland Daf Ltd, Re [2004] BCC, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Liggett v Barclays Bank [1928] 1 KB 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135, 138 Little Olympian Each-Ways Ltd (No 3) [1995] 1 BCLC 636 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Lloyd v Poperly [2000] BCC 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Loch v John Blackwood Ltd [1924] AC 783, PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231xxiv 25. Table of cases Lo-Line Ltd, Re (1988) 4 BCC 415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 419, 421 London & Mashonaland Ltd v New Mashonaland Ltd [1891] WN 165 . . . . . . . . . . . 172 London Flats Ltd, Re [1969] 1 WLR 711 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 London School of Electronics Ltd, Re (1985) 1 BCC 99,394 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Lonhro v Edelman (1989) 5 BCC 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Lonhro v Shell Petroleum [1981] 2 All ER 456 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lowe v Fahey [1996] BCC 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 245 Lubbe v Cape (No.2) [2000] 4 All ER 268, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lundie Bros Ltd, Re [1965] 1 WLR 1051 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 233 MB Ltd, Re [1989] BCC 684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Macaura v Northern Assurance Co [1925] AC 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 MacConnell v Prill Ltd [1916] 2 Ch 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 McDougall v Gardiner (No 2) (1875) 1 Ch Div 13, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 215, 229 McGuiness, Petitioners (1988) 4 BCC 161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Mackenzie Ltd, Re [1916] 2 Ch 450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 McNultys Interchange Ltd, Re (1988) 4 BCC 533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Macro Ltd, Re [1994] BCC 781 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239, 244 Mahoney v East Holyford Mining Company (1875) LR 7, HL 869 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Mancetter Developments Ltd v Garmanson Ltd [1986] 1 All ER 449 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Manley v Schoenbaum 395 US 906 (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacionale de Alimentacion SA Case C-106/89; [1993] BCC 421, ECJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Marshalls Valve Gear Co v Manning Wardle & Co [1909] 1 Ch 267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Matthews (D J) (joinery design), Re (1988) 4 BCC 513 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Mercantile Investment and General Trust Co v River Plate Trust Co [1894] 1 Ch 578 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Meridian v Securities Commission [1995] BCC 942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Metropolitan Fire Insurance Co, Re [1900] 2 Ch 671 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Michaels v Harley House (Marylebone) Ltd [1999] 1 All ER 356, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Miller v Miller Waste Co 301 Minn 207, 222 NW2d 71 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Montagus Settlement Trusts, Re [1987] Ch 264 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Moorgate Mercantile Ltd [1980] 1 All ER 40, Re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Morgan Grenfell v Welwyn Hateld DC [1995] 1 All ER 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Morris v Kanssen [1946] AC 459 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Motor and General Insurance Co Ltd v Gobin [1987] 3 BCC 61 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Movitex Ltd v Buleld (1986) 2 BCC 99,403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Mozley v Alston (1847) 1 Ph 790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 MT Realisations Ltd (In Liquidation) v Digital Equipment Co Ltd [2003] 2 BCLC 117, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Multinational Gas Ltd v Multinational Services Ltd [1983] 2 All ER 563 . . . . . . . . . . 158 Munton Bros v Secretary of State for Northern Ireland [1983] NI 369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 NFU Development Trust Ltd, Re [1971] 1 WLR 1548 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108, 109 NL Electrical Ltd, Re [1994] 1 BCLC 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Natal Land Co v Pauline Syndicate [1904] AC 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 New British Iron Co ex p Beckwith, Re [1898] 1 Ch 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 New Finance and Mortgage Company Ltd, Re [1975] 1 All ER 684 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115xxv 26. Table of cases Newstead v Frost [1980] 1 All ER 373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Noble (R A) and Sons (Clothing) Ltd, Re [1983] BCLC 273 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 235 Noble Warren Investments Ltd, Re Unreported, noted [1989] JBL 421 . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Noel v Poland [2001] 2 BCLC 645 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Norman v Theodore Goddard [1992] BCC 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Northern Engineering Co Ltd, Re [1994] BCC 618 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 North-West Transportation Co v Beatty (1887) 12 AC 589 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175, 214 OC Transport Services Ltd, Re [1984] BCLC 251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Ofcial Receiver v Brady [1999] BCC 258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Ofcial Receiver v Cooper [1999] 1 BCC 115 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 ONeill v Phillips sub nom Company a, Re (No 00709 of 1992) [1999] BCC 600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235, 240, 242, 243, 249 Ooregum Gold Mining Co v Roper [1892] AC 125, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215, 276 Ord v Belhaven Pubs Ltd [1998] BCC 607 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27 PFTZM Ltd, Re [1995] BCC 280 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Panorama Developments (Guildford) Ltd v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd [1971] 2 QB 711; [1971] 3 All ER 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 191 Parke v Daily News [1962] Ch 927 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121, 129 Patrick & Lyon Ltd, Re [1933] Ch 786 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Pavlides v Jensen [1956] Ch 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 218, 229, 244 Pectel Ltd, Re see ONeil v Phillips Peek v Gurney (1873) LR 6 HL 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Pennell v Venida unreported, noted (1981) MLR 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161, 164, 212, 213 Perfectair Ltd, Re (1989) 5 BCC 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Pergamon Press v Maxwell [1970] 1 WLR 1167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Peskin v Anderson [2001] BCC 874, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Phonogram v Lane [1982] QB 938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Phoenix Ofce Supplies Ltd, Re see Larvin v Phoenix Ofce Supplies Ltd [2003] 1 BCLC 76, CA Piercy v Mills [1920] 1 Ch 77 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Plaut v Steiner [1989] 5 BCC 352 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Polly Peck International Plc v Nadir (No 2) [1992] 4 All ER 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Polly Peck International Plc (In Administration) (No 3), Re [1996] BCC 486 . . . . . . . 26 Possfund v Diamond [1996] 2 BCLC 665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Practice Direction [1990] (Ch. D) Companies Court Contributorys Petitions, Feb 22, [1990] 1 WLR 490 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Practice Direction (Ch D: Applications Made under Companies Act 1985 and Insurance Act 1982) [1999] BCC 741 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Practice Direction: Directors Disqualication Proceedings [1999] BCC 717 . . . . . . . . 418 Precision Dippings Ltd, Re (1985) 1 BCC 99,539 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Produce Marketing Consortium Ltd (No 2), Re (1989) 5 BCC 569 . . . . . . . 34, 184, 187 Pronance Trust SA v Gladstone [2002] 1 BCLC 141, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Prudential Assurance Co Ltd v Newman Industries and others (No 2) [1982] Ch 204; [1982] 1 All ER 354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 229, 246 Punt v Symons [1903] 2 Ch 506 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 181xxvi 27. Table of cases Purpoint Ltd, Re [1991] BCC 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 R&H Electric Ltd v Haden Bill Electrical Ltd [1995] BCC 958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 R v Brockley [1994] BCC 131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 R v Campbell [1984] BCLC 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 R v Georgiou (1988) 4 BCC 322 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 R v OLL Ltd (1994) 144 NLJ 1735 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 R v P & O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1990) 93 Cr App R 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, ex p Datan [1987] QB 815; (1987) 3 BCC 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 R v Philippou (1989) 5 BCC 665 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 R v Registrar of Companies, ex p Bowen [1914] 3 KB 1161 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 R v Registrar of Companies, ex p Central Bank of India [1986] QB 1114 . . . . . . . . . . . 43 R v Rozeik [1996] BCC 271 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 R v Securities and Investments Board, ex p IFAA [1995] 2 BCLC 76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 R (Davies and others) v Financial Services Authority [2003] EWCA Civ 1128; [2004] 1 WLR 185; [2003] 4 All ER 1196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 RMCA Reinsurance Ltd, Re [1994] BCC 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Rama Corporation Ltd v Proved Tin and General Investment Ltd [1952] 2 QB 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Rayeld v Hands [1958] 2 All ER 194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89, 92 Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134; [1942] 1 All E.R. 378 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 212, 219 Reuss, Princess of v Bos (1871) LR 5 HL 176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Reyners v Belgian State Case 2/74 [1974] ECR 631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Rica Gold Washing Co Ltd, Re (1879) LR 11 Ch D 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Richborough Furniture Ltd, Re [1996] BCC 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Rights and Issues Investment Trust Ltd v Stylo Shoes Ltd [1965] 1 Ch 250 . . . . . . . . 99 Roith (W & M), Re [1967] 1 WLR 432 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Rolled Steel Products Ltd v British Steel Corporation [1986] Ch 246; [1985] 3 All ER 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 127, 128, 129, 165 Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856) 6 El. & Bl. 327 . . . . . . . 123, 124, 125, 131, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138 Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan [1995] 3 All ER 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 128, 307 Russell v Northern Bank Development Corp [1992] 3 All ER 161; [1992] BCC 578, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 183 SCWS v Meyer [1959] AC 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173, 174, 232 SEC v Texas Gulf Sulphur Co 401 F 2d 833, 394 US 976, 89 S Ct 1454, 22 L Ed 2d 756 (1969) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 SH & Co (Realisations) Ltd, Re [1993] BCC 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 SMC Electronics Ltd v Akhter Computers Ltd [2001] 1 BCLC 433, CA . . . . . . . . . . 132 Salmon v Quinn & Axtens [1909] AC 442 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Salomon v Salomon [1897] AC 22 . . . 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 37, 38, 164, 253, 255, 278 Sam Weller Ltd, Re (1989) 5 BCC 810 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Saul D Harrison & Sons Plc, Re [1994] BCC 475 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234, 235, 241, 243 Saunders v United Kingdom [1997] BCC 872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Savoy Hotels Ltd, Re [1981] 3 WLR 441; 3 All ER 646 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109, 270xxvii 28. Table of cases Scandinavian Bank Group plc, Re (1987) 3 BCC 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Scherring Chemicals v Falkman [1981] 2 All ER 321 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society v Meyer see SCWS v Meyer Scottish Insurance Corporation v Wilson and Clyde Coal Co [1949] AC 462 . . . . . . . 269 Scruttons v Midland Silicones [1962] AC 446 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Seager v Copydex [1967] 2 All ER 415 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165, 383 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Deverell [2000] BCC 1057 . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Grifths [1998] BCC 836 CA . . . . . 418, 423 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Jones [1999] BCC 336 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Rogers [1997] BCC 155, CA . . . . . . . . . 424 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Roseneld [1999] Ch 413 . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Tjolle [1998] BCC 282 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, ex p McCormick [1998] BCC 379 . . . . . . . 427 Selangor United Rubber Co Ltd v Cradock (No 3) [1968] 1 WLR 1555 . . . . . . 126, 174, 295, 296, 305, 306 Sevenoaks Ltd, Re [1990] BCC 765, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418, 422, 423 Shearer v Bercain Ltd [1980] 3 All ER 295 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Sherborne Ltd, Re [1995] BCC 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Sherbourne Park Residents Co Ltd, Re (1986) 2 BCC 99,528 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Sidebottom v Kershaw Leese Ltd [1920] 1 Ch 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Smith v Croft [1986] 2 All ER 551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 222 Smith v Croft (No 2) [1987] 3 All ER 909 . . . . . . . . . 216, 218, 221, 222, 225, 229, 246 Smith & Fawcett, Re [1942] Ch 304 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164, 273 Smith v Henniker-Major & Co [2002] BCC 768, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138, 139 Smith New Court v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd [1997] AC 254, HL; [1994] 2 BCLC 212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Smith, Stone & Knight v Birmingham Corporation [1939] 4 All ER 116 . . . . . . . . . . . 25 John Smiths Tadcaster Brewery Co Ltd, Re [1953] Ch 308 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Soden v British and Commonwealth Holdings plc [1997] BCC 952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Southard Ltd, Re [1979] 3 All ER 556 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Southern Foundries v Shirlaw [1940] AC 701, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Sovereign Life Assurance v Dodd [1892] 2 QB 573 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (No 2) [2002] BCLC 846, HL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Standard Chartered Bank v Walker [1992] BCLC 603 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Staneld v National Westminster Bank [1983] 1 WLR 568 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Stein v Blake [1998] BCC 316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Stewarts, Re [1985] BCLC 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Sticky Fingers Restaurant Ltd, Re [1991] BCC 754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Swabey v Port Darwin Gold Mining Co (1889) 1 Meg 385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Swaledale Cleaners, Re [1968] 3 All ER 619 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Swiss Bank Corp v Lloyds Bank [1982] AC 584 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Tasbian Ltd, Re [1990] BCC 318 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Tett v Phoenix Ltd (1986) 2 BCC 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Thompson, Re [1930] 1 Ch 203 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172xxviii 29. Table of cases Three Rivers District Council v Bank of England (No 3) [2003] 2 AC 1 . . . . . . . . . . 323 Todd Ltd, Re [1990] BCLC 454 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Torvale Group Ltd, Re [2000] BCC 626 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Trevor v Whitworth (1887) 12 AC 409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286, 287, 289, 292 Trevor Ivory Ltd v Anderson [1992] 2 NZLR 517 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Trustor AB v Smallbone and Others (No 3) [2002] BCC 795 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28 Twinsectra Ltd v Yardley [2002] 2 All ER 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Twycross v Grant (1877) 2 CPD 469 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 US v OHagan 117 S Ct 2199 (1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377, 380 Unisoft Ltd (No 2), Re [1994] BCC 766 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 United Provident Assurance Co Ltd, Re [1910] 2 Ch 477 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104, 107, 285 Van Binsbergen v Bedrijfsvereniging Metaalnijverheid Case 33/74 [1974] 1 ECR 1229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Verby Print for Advertising Ltd, Re [1998] BCC 656 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Victor Battery Co Ltd v Currys Ltd [1946] Ch 242 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 WGS and MSLS v United Kingdom [2000] BCC 719 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Walker v Stones [2001] BCC 757, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Wallersteiner v Moir; Moir v Wallersteiner [1974] 1 WLR 991 . . . . . . . . . . 295, 305, 306 Wallersteiner v Moir (No 2) [1975] QB 373 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Webb, Hale and Co v Alexandria Water Co (1905) 93 LT 339 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Westbourne Galleries, Re see Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd Westburn Sugar Reneries Ltd v IRC 1960 SLT 297; 1960 TR 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Westlowe Storage & Distribution Ltd (In Liquidation), Re [2000] BCC 851 . . . . . . . 163 Westminster Property Management Ltd, Re [2001] BCC 121, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 White v Bristol Aeroplane Co [1953] Ch 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Whyte, Petitioner (1984) 1 BCC 99,044 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Will v United Lankat Plantations [1914] AC 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Williams v Natural Life Health Foods [1998] BCC 428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 29, 147 Willis v British Commonwealth Association of Universities [1965] 1 QB 140 . . . . . . . . 20 Wimbledon Village Restaurant Ltd, Re [1994] BCC 753 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Windward Islands Ltd, Re (1988) 4 BCC 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 245 West Mercia Safety Wear v Dodd [1988] BCLC 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Winkworth v Baron [1987] 1 All ER 114 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Wolf v Horncastle (1798) 1 Bos & P 316 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Wood v Odessa Waterworks Co (1889) 42 Ch D 636 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90, 216, 219 Wood Preservation Ltd v Prior [1969] 1 WLR 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Woolfson v Strathclyde DC (1978) 38 P & CR 521 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26 Wragg Ltd, Re [1897] 1 Ch 796 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Yenidje Tobacco Ltd, Re [1916] 2 Ch 426 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Young v Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd [1944] KB 718 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Young v Ladies Club Ltd [1920] 2 KB 523 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Yukong Lines Ltd of Korea v Rendsberg Investments Corp [1998] BCC 870 . . . . . . . 26 Zapata Corp v Maldonado 430 A 2d 779 (1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224, 225 Zinotty Properties Ltd [1984] BCLC 375 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273xxix 30. TABLE OF STATUTESUNITED KINGDOM Bank of England Act 1998 . . . . . . . . . 320 Banking Act 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Bubble Act 1720 . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 316, 327 Building Societies Act 1986 . . . . . . . . . . 18 Business Names Act 1985 . . . . . 10, 21, 41 Companies Act 1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 403 Companies Act 1867 ss 913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Companies Act 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 s 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 s 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282, 294, 295, 297 s 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Table A art 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Companies Act 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 s 73 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Companies Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . 180, 403 s 38(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 s 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 303, 304, 305, 306 s 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 s 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 418 s 132 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 s 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93, 232, 233, 235 Sch 1 Table A art 80 . . . . . . . . . . 113, 148, 181, 226 Sch 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Companies Act 1967 . . . . . . . . . . 180, 375 Companies Act 1980 . . . . . . . 12, 59, 180, 181, 190, 235, 276, 287 Pt III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 ss 3537 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 s 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 ss 6873 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 s 68 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 s 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295Sch 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Companies Act 1981 . . . 12, 280, 287, 350 Companies Act 1982 ss 4244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Companies Act 1985 . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 11, 12, 38, 149, 158, 209, 350, 356 Pt VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39, 304 Pt X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179, 193 Pt XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 s1 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 23 (3A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 s 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 88 (1) (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 (5)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263, 264 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 88 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 s 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 s 3A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 (a)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 s 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 110, 121 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 s 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 s 7(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 87 s8 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 89, 146 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 s 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95, 100, 101, 152 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 s 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (2)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 s 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 s 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42xxx 31. Table of statutes s 13 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 42 (7) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 s 14 . . . . . . . . 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 220, 229, 267 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 s 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 s 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 100, 106 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 101, 106 s 22(1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 s 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 s 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 155, 267 ss 2526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ss 2527 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ss 2534 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 s 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 s 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 s 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 100 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 s 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 s 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 s 35 . . . . . . . . . 121, 123, 125, 128, 129 (1) . . . . . 29, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130 (2) . . . . . . . . 123, 124, 126, 127, 129 (3) . . . . . . . . 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 215, 292 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 s 35A . . . . . . . 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 135, 138 (1)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 (1) . . . . 123, 125, 126, 129, 138, 139, 140, 141 (2)(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . 125, 126, 128, 140 (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126, 127, 129 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123xxxis 35B . . . . . . . . 123, 124, 125, 130, 135, 138, 139, 141 s 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 s 36C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 s 36C(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 s 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 s 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ss 4355 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 s 43(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 ss 4952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 s 80 . . . . . 105, 181, 182, 266, 267, 366 s 80A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 266 s 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 366 s 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 266 ss 8996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 262, 266 s 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182, 267 (1)(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 266 s 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 266 s 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 s 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 s 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 s 95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182, 267 s 99(1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 100(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 42, 264 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 s 102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277, 398 ss 104105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 108 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 s 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 ss 117118 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 265 s 117 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 s 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96, 100 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 (a)(e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 ss 122123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 s 125 . . . . . 40, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 111, 285 32. Table of statutes (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102, 105 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105, 106 (6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 s 127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 s 130 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 (1)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 ss 131134 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280, 397 s 131 (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 s 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ss 135138 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 ss 135141 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 s 135 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 ss 136137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 s 136(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 ss 143149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 s 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (1)(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (b)(d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 ss 144149 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 s 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 ss 151154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 ss 151158 . . . . . . . 281, 282, 294, 307, 309, 397 s 151 . . . . 174, 222, 223, 279, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296, 300, 303 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . 296, 297, 300, 302 s 152 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299, 302 (1) (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 ss 153158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 s 153 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300, 303, 304 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300, 301, 302, 309 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302, 303 (2) . . . . . . . . 300, 301, 302, 305, 309xxxii(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301, 302 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304, 305 (b)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 s 154 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 ss 155158 . . . . . . . . . . . 302, 303, 304 s 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 ss 159160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 ss 159181 . . . . . . . . . . . 287, 288, 305 s 159(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288, 289 s 160 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 (4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 162 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288, 289 (3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 163 (1)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 (1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 s 164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 s 165 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 s 166 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 s 167 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 169 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191, 289 s 170 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 ss 171177 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 171(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 s 182(1)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 s 183 (1)(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 (5)(6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 s 184 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 s 185 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 s 186 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 s 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 ss 198211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273, 274 ss 198220 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .