Bellwork

• Write down 3 things you learned about the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom or about Egyptians in the last lesson.

Be prepared to discuss these at the beginning of class.

World History

Section 3, Unit 2Ancient EgyptNew Kingdom

Objectives

• Describe the relationship between Egypt and Nubia.

• Explain why the Kushites removed Libyan presence in Egypt.

• Describe the differences between the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom of Egypt in terms of:– Building and architecture– War– Trade

Review

• In the last Egyptian lesson, we discussed:– The geography of Egypt and the gift of

the Nile– The technology and achievements of the

Old Kingdom including building the pyramids.

–How the Old Kingdom fell and the rise of the Middle Kingdom.

Hyksos

• Recall: near the end of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt fell to the Hyksos, who ruled Egypt from 1640-1570 B.C. During their rule, war-like rulers attempted to come to power to drive out the Hyksos.

Driving out the Hyksos

• Several of the rulers who would have a role in driving out the Hyksos includes:– Queen Ahhotep (ah-hoh-tep)– Kamose• Kamose and his descendents would

eventually drive out the Hyksos out of Egypt into Palenstine.

New Kingdom

• After overthrowing the Hyksos, Egypt entered a new era of power- The New Kingdom.– The New Kingdom would bring a new

era of wealth and power to Egypt that it has never experienced before.

– The pharaohs of this period would prove to be fully committed to strengthen Egypt by creating a vast empire.

Weapons & Symbols of Power• To strengthen the empire,

the new pharaohs would focus on creating a war-like kingdom including creating:– Chariots and bronze weapons– Forming new army made of

archers, charioteers, and infantry.

– The Pharaohs themselves even began to don a new headdress to show their power: a blue crown or Khepresh. • The crown was purposefully

designed to look like a battle helmet.

War-like rulers

• Question: What effect do you think this new lust for power would have had on the Egyptian rulers? How do you think it would have effected their show of power (architecture or what they would build)?

Hatshepsut

• Among of the rulers of the New Kingdom was Hatshepsut.– In 1472 B.C., she

claimed herself as pharaoh in place of her stepson because he was too young to rule.

Hatshepsut is generally regarded as one of the greatest pharaohs to ever live.

Hatshepsut

• Unlike many of the pharaohs before her, and those who would rule later, Hatshepsut would focus more of her energy towards trading, rather than waging war.

Hatshepsut

• During her time, she would send traders across the Red Sea to trade for valuables such as gold, ebony, baboons, and myrrh trees (which was the first time in recorded history that live trees were transplanted whole).

• Under her, Egypt formed various new trade routes with other nations, which vastly increased the wealth and power of Egypt.

Hatshepsut (cont.)

• Other than creating new wealth, Hatshepsut was also a prolific builder in Ancient Egypt and created the complex at Deir el-Bahri that would later become part of the Valley of the Kings (which we will discuss more later).

Thutmose III

• Unlike Hatshepsut, her stepson Thutmose proved to be far more war-like than his predecessor. In fact, in part due to his aggressiveness and eagerness to rule, it’s believed he may have murdered Hatshepsut.

Thutmose III (cont.)• During his reign (which

began around 1425 B.C.), Thutmose lead several successful invasions in Palestine and Syria.

• He also lead his armies south to Nubia, which would be ruled by Egypt for several hundred years. – From Nubia (and beyond),

Egyptians would collect many resources, including gold, cattle, and ivory.

– Never before had Egypt have such a large empire with so much wealth.

Hittites

• By 1400 B.C., the Egyptian armies had moved North-Eastward towards Palestine and Syria. This would bring them into conflict with the Hittites, a group of Ancient Anatolians (modern Turkey) who had an empire north of Palestine.

• After several battles for control, it would be at the Battle of Kadesh in which both sides would make peace.

Question

• Who is Ramses II? Have you ever heard of Ramses before? If so, what have you heard?

Ramses II

• Ramses II was the Pharaoh at the time the treaty was formed with the Hittite king.

• Ramses is often regarded as the greatest pharaoh of the Egyptian empire and one of the last great pharaohs to rule.

Ramses reign lasted from 1290-1224 B.C.,making him 99 years old when he died. Heis also reported to have had 150 children.

Ramses II (cont.)

• Ramses is well known to have reasserted Egyptian control over the Palestinian and Israeli region (Canaan) and lead further expeditions for control into Nubia.

• Ramses is also one of the greatest builders of the New Kingdom. During his reign, he commissioned a temple to carved into the red sandstone cliffs near the Nile River at Abu Simbel.

Abu Simbel

Ramses also ordered the various temples he had built to have enormous Statues of himself. Although the buildings he created are magnificent, they are often considered to be of less quality than those of the Old Kingdom.

New Kingdom Builders

• Much like the Old Kingdom, rulers of the New Kingdom were also prolific builders and created beautiful palaces, temples, and tombs.

• Unlike the Pyramids, however, the New Kingdom rulers sought more security in the afterlife and began to build their tombs within the cliffs that defended Egypt from invasion.

Valley of the Kings

The Valley of the Kings is a network of Tombs built West of the Nile that housed the tombs of the pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom. It was utilized for approximately 500 years and houses famous pharaohs, including Ramses II and King Tutankhamen.

Declining Empire

• After around 1200 B.C. (not long after Ramses death), the empire slowly began to fall apart in response to civilizations that had grown to challenge Egypt, who had greatly expanded into their territories.

Declining Empire

• The entire eastern Mediterranean, including both Egypt and Hittite Kingdom, would suffer invasions from people known as “the People of the Sea.”–Historians are unsure who these people

are, but think they may have been Bronze Age Greeks or the Philistines mentions in Biblical texts. Regardless, we do know that these people caused great destruction.

Fading Empire

• With these invasions, Egypt would never be able to recover.

• The invasions segmented Egypt, creating smaller territories out of the once large empire. Each territory would go and eventually create it’s own defenses. – Question: how effective would smaller

defenses be against a larger invasion?

Libyans

• As Egypt began to fall, the Libyans would come and establish independent dynasties in Egypt. – The Libyans were neighbors to Egypt,

who lived Westward of their kingdom. – The Libyans, who ruled from 950-730

B.C., erected cities and embraced Egyptian culture.

Nubia• As previously discussed,

Nubia was once controlled by the Egyptians for about 1000 years, between 2000 B.C. to 1000 B.C.

• The Kingdom of Kush, which was the Nubian kingdom centered at Napata, would emerge as a regional power in the wake of Egypt's’ fall.

Nubia (cont.)

• Nubia lays south of Egypt and served as a trade corridor for Egypt during the time in which Kush was ruled by Egypt.

• When Egypt rose into its New Kingdom, pharaohs forcefully imposed rule onto the Nubians. – This rule effected Nubians culturally.

Napata (Kush’s capital) would eventually become a cultural center for Egypt.

Question

Sphinx of King Taharqa of Nubia Sculpture of Amenemhat III of Egypt

Do these two sculptures look similar? If so, why would that be?

Nubia (cont.)

• When Egypt began to fall, the Nubians (despite having been ruled by Egyptians) viewed themselves as guardians of Egyptian culture. They felt it was their duty to protect Egyptian values and restore the Egyptian way of life.

• To do this, the Nubians would have to conquer Egypt.

Piankhi

• In 751 B.C., a Kushite King named Pianki led an army down (towards the Lower Egypt) the Nile and overthrew the Libyan Dynasty that had ruled in Egypt for over 200 years.

• He united all of the Nile Valley from the delta to north of Napata in the south.– Recall: What happened to the united

Egyptian kingdom when invasions by the “People of the Sea” began to occur?

Piankhi (cont.)

• Piankhi, and his descendants, created the 25th dynasty of Egypt and he ruled from 753 B.C. to 722 B.C.

• In his victory against the Libyans, Piankhi felt he had restored Egypt’s glory.

Fall of the Kushite Empire

• However, despite Piankhi’s reign and power, Egypt was lost again in 671 B.C. to the Assyrians, a group of warlike people from Southwest Asia.

• Although the Kushites attempted to hold Egypt, they were forced to retreat back to the Upper Nile, where they were experience a Golden Age, despite the loss of Egypt.

The Fall of Egypt

• After Assyrian conquest, Ancient Egypt would never again rise as a powerful empire.

• Over the course of the hundreds of years following the fall of Egypt, they would be ruled by the Greeks, Romans, and Arabic peoples, which we will discuss in a later lesson.

Legacy of Egypt• Ancient Egypt will always

be remembered as a once powerful empire that dominated the Middle East/Upper Africa.

• Their architectural abilities would prove to be inspiration for many cultures to follow, including the Romans. – The Romans are well

known to have copied the concept of obelisks or large vertical spires.

Legacy of Egypt

• It has also inspired many cultures that would follow, through it’s use of myths and legends and unanswered questions about the whole of Egyptian culture.

Review the Objectives

• Describe the relationship between Egypt and Nubia.

• Explain why the Kushites removed Libyan presence in Egypt.

• Describe the differences between the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom of Egypt in terms of:– Building and architecture– War– Trade

Video

• Before we continue, lets watch the following video– “Ancient Egypt”.

Questions?

• If you have any questions, please ask now.

Next lesson

• In the next lesson, we will be discussing Ancient India.

Review1. Why did the Kushites want to conquer Egypt?2. What occurred to Egypt after the attack from

the “people of the sea”? 3. How was the New Kingdom crown different

from the Old Kingdom crown? Why did it look like this?

4. What group of people conquered Egypt after the Kushites? Who would occupy Egypt over the next several centuries after this group?

5. If Egypt had never become war-like, do you think they would have been targeted by outside groups and conquered? Why or why not? Explain your answer.

6. How did Hatshepsut increase the power of Ancient Egypt?