BELLWORK1. In 3-5 sentences, explain how the League of Nations operated.

(members, structure, decisions, punishment, etc.)2. Why did the League use sanctions? Do you think this is an

effective form of punishment?3. Even though the LofN was President Wilson’s idea, the U.S.

does not join….why? How did this weaken the League?4. Besides the U.S., which other nations were excluded from the

League? Why?5. Analyze the documents on page 91 – what are the most

significant problems caused by the absence of major powers?6. Describe the attempts made by France to strengthen the

League. Why did these attempts fail?7. THINKER: What similarities do you see between the League of

Nations and the United Nations? Are there similar problems?

Successes/Failures of the League• With a partner,

analyze the list of disputes on page 93.

• List which ones could be considered successes and which ones were failures.

• Are there any common factors that help explain the successes and failures?

The Failure of Collective Security

A League working together to promote security or an alliance of

victors???

Group Activity – Failures of the League• Today, the class will be divided into five groups. Each group will

be assigned a different crisis that showed the failure of “collective security” and ineffectiveness of the League.

• Your task: Read/research your crisis and organize a presentation to teach the class– Ruhr Crisis– The Locarno Era– Manchurian Incident– Abyssinian Crisis– Failure of Disarmament

• You may make reference to the reading – pictures, documents, graphs, etc.

• As you present, the class will fill in the note sheet, so make sure all points are addressed!

Ruhr Crisis - 1923

Ruhr Crisis - 1923

The Ruhr Crisis - 1923

The Ruhr Crisis - 1923

• In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

The Rapallo Treaty - 1922• Ratified 10/26/23• Signed by Germany and Soviet Union• Introduced diplomatic relations and

pledged future cooperation• Denounced reparations• Close economic cooperation• Included Germany’s relations with

Soviet republics – Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, & Georgia.

• Military cooperation allowed Germany to rearm and train secretly in Russia

• Made Allies more determined to win over Germany

• Failure of League to prevent alliances

Chancellor of Germany Joseph Wirth (2nd from left) with Krassin, Georgi Chicherin and Joffe from

the Russian delegation

The Locarno Conference - 1925

• From left to right, Gustav Stresemann (Germany), Austen

Chamberlain (England) and Aristide Briand (France) during the

Locarno negotiations

The Locarno Conference - 1925

Three Plans = Possible Diplomacy?• Dawes Plan (1924) – US economist Charles Dawes produced a

report on German reparations: – Reparations guaranteed by German railways and industries– US reparations agent would reside in Germany– Payments were reduced

• Young Plan (1929) – Attempt to redress some of the problems of Dawes Plan:– Reduced total sum to be repaid by Germany– Set date for completion of payments – 1988– Continued US involvement in reparation payments

• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – Secretary of State William Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand– Said war was NOT an instrument of national policy– War is NOT a solution encouraged diplomacy– Signed by 62 of the 64 invited countries (Brazil & Argentina declined)

The Depression’s Effect on the League of Nations

Manchurian Incident - 1932

Manchurian Incident -

1932

Japanese Expansion

The Manchurian Incident - 1932

• In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

Emperor Selassie inspecting troops prepared

for the invasion

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

The Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

• In your opinion, what should the League have done to prevent this crisis?

Failure of Disarmament• Washington

Conference – 1921

• London Naval Conference – 1930

• London Naval Treaty – 1936

• Geneva Disarmament Conference – 1932 Scrapping Battleships

Failure of Disarmament

Failure of Disarmament

Review

• With a partner, list FIVE main reasons the League of Nations failed. Then, rank them from 1 – 5 (1 is the biggest problem!)

• Be ready to discuss!