Bellwork: 02/13/2012

Collect the following data: Chlorine (Fresh water only) Salt Water Tanks Only: DO - Phosphate Turbidity - Salinity Nitrate - Calcium Nitrite - Water Hardness Ammonia pH Temperature

Make sure to clean out any excess Make sure to clean out any excess food food from your filter and gravel/sand. from your filter and gravel/sand. Scrub offScrub off the inside of the glass & clean the the inside of the glass & clean the outside outside with Windex once you are finished. with Windex once you are finished.

Evolution and Biodiversity

Before we start:

What is a scientific theory? It makes falsifiable predictions with consistent accuracy

across a broad area of scientific inquiry It is well-supported by many independent strands of

evidence, rather than a single foundation It is consistent with pre-existing theories and other

experimental results It can be adapted and modified to account for new evidence

as it is discovered, thus increasing its predictive capability over time.

It is among the most parsimonious explanations, sparing in proposed entities or explanations.

Other Scientific Theories:

The Atomic Theory Theory of Matter and Energy Theory of Plate Tectonics Theory of Quantum Mechanics Theory of of Molecular Bonds Theory of the States of Matter Theory of Homeostasis Theory of Gravity Theory of Evolution (we are the only Westernize

country that argues about this)

Keep In Mind:

The theory of evolution and: Creationism Neo-creationism Intelligent design Creation science (“science”)

Are not equal on an intellectual and rational level

Evolution: All speciesdescended from earlierancestral species.

Changing genetic make-up in a population over time.

Accepted scientificexplanation of howanimals adapt and survive

Evolution and Adaptation

Macroevolution – long term, large scale changes; one species turns into a different species

Microevolution – small genetic changes; changes within a species

Gene pool – all genes in a population Mutation – random change in structure of DNA.

Every so often, a mutation is beneficial for survival.

Natural selection – individuals that have traits that benefit survival.

Natural Selection

Microevolution is changes in the gene pool of a population over time that result in changes to the varieties of individuals in a population such as a change in a species' coloring or size.

Macroevolution If the changes are over a very long time and are large enough that the population is no longer able to breed with other populations of the original species, it is considered a different species.

Evolution and Adaptation

MicroevolutionMicroevolution MacroevolutionMacroevolution

Natural Selection

Three things must happen:

1. Genetic variability in a trait within population

2. Trait is heritable

3. Differential reproduction – must enable individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than others without the trait.

Adaptive (heritable) trait helps survival and reproduction under current conditions

Speciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity

How Species Evolve Speciation Geographic isolation

Reproductive isolation

Fig. 5-7 p. 94Fig. 5-7 p. 94

Extinction

When Environmental changes occur, species must evolve to adapt. If not…

Background extinction – slow rate Mass extinction – quickly, large groups

99% of species that have existed on earth are now extinct.

Changes in Earth’s biodiversity – has leveled off during the last Changes in Earth’s biodiversity – has leveled off during the last 1.8 million years. Is this due to human influence?1.8 million years. Is this due to human influence?

Extinction

Adaptive radiation – after mass extinctions, numerous new species evolve to fill vacated niches. Takes 1-10 million years for adaptive radiation to rebuild biodiversity.

Human impacts – accelerated extinction

Human Impacts on Evolution Artificial Selection – artificially selecting superior

genetic traits• Agriculture• Hatcheries• pets

Genetic Engineering• Gene splicing• Species creation in laboratories• Takes less time than artificial selection

Evolution: Periods of the Earth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Geologica_time_US

GS.png

The age of the Earth is difficult to determine with absolute certainty

It is thought to be about 4.57 billion years old

How old is the Earth?How old is the Earth?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Asaphiscuswheelerii.jpg

This age is based on dating of both the oldest terrestrial minerals on Earth and of meteorite and lunar samples, which provide estimates of the age of the solar system

• This estimate is based on a combination of radiometric dating of the oldest terrestrial minerals on the planet (small crystals of zircon found in western Australia), and estimates by astronomers of the age of the solar system, based on radiometric dating of meteorite and lunar samples.

• The Earth is believed to have formed early on in the formation of the solar system.

Technique known as radiometric dating

Rocks are made up of chemical elements

These elements decay at a constant rate over time into radioactive isotopes

How do we Age Rocks?How do we Age Rocks?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:DirkvdM_rocks.jpg

The ratio of radioactive to non-radioactive isotopes provides an estimate of age

•All matter, including rocks, is made up of chemical elements. When a rock is first crystallized, it contains elements in their “normal” state or isotope.

• However, over time, changes take place in the elements that make up the rock, and radio-active isotopes begin to accumulate in the rock at a constant rate of disintegration.

• These radioactive products remain in the rock along with what is left of the original material. The ratio of radioactive to non-radioactive isotopes give us a gauge as to the age of the rock.

• Uranium was one of the first elements used in radiometric dating. Argon and potassium are now usually used.

Eon is the largest sub-division of geological time

First three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterzoic) are collectively known as the Precambrian eon

Eons are sub-divided into eras

Eras are sub-divided into periods

Periods are sub-divided into epochs

Geological Time ScaleGeological Time Scale

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eon_%28geology%

29

Phanerozoic eon is divided into three eras:

Paleozoic (543 to 250 million years ago), divided into six periods

Mesozoic (250 to 65 million years ago), divided into three periods

Cenozoic (65 million years ago to present), divided into two periods and seven epochs

Phanerozoic Eon – Ancient LifePhanerozoic Eon – Ancient LifeQuaternaryQuaternary

TertiaryTertiary

CE

NO

CE

NO

-ZO

IC-Z

OIC

CambrianCambrian

OrdovidanOrdovidan

SilurianSilurian

DevonianDevonian

CarboniferousCarboniferous

PermianPermian

PA

LE

OZ

OIC

PA

LE

OZ

OIC

CretaceousCretaceous

TriassicTriassic

JurassicJurassic

ME

SO

ZO

ICM

ES

OZ

OIC

543543MYAMYA

250250MYAMYA

6565MYAMYA

PresentPresent

542 to 488 Million years ago

Sudden appearance in the fossil record of many new phyla (Cambrian explosion)

Fauna included:

Earliest animals with a notochord (Pikaia spp.)

Abundant marine invertebrates

Primitive marine algae

Brachiopods

Arthropods

Echinoderms

Cambrian PeriodCambrian Period

http://park.org/Canada/Museum/burgessshale/NK

20.GIF

Pikaia gracilensPikaia gracilens

488 to 444 Million years ago

Diversity of marine invertebrates, including molluscs, coelenterates, graptolites, trilobites, euryptids

Earliest vertebrates appeared (ostracoderms)

Ordovician PeriodOrdovician Period

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ordovician_Sea.jpg

The first plants invaded land

A major extinction event in which 60% of marine species were wiped out ended the Ordovician period

443 to 416 Million years ago

Coral reefs became abundant

First jawed fish appeared (Placoderms)

First freshwater fish appeared

First vascular plants appeared on land

Myriapods (a type of arthropod) became the first animals to colonise land

Silurian PeriodSilurian Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-29-placoderm.jpg

PlacodermPlacoderm

416 to 360 Million years ago

First fish evolved into tetrapods and invaded land

Cartilaginous fish (sharks) became dominant

Trees and forests colonized the land

Terrestrial invertebrates invaded the land

Another major extinction of marine fauna ended the Devonian period

Devonian Period – “age of the Devonian Period – “age of the fish”fish”

http://universe-review.ca/I10-72-Eusthenopteron.jpg

360 to 299 Million years ago

Climate became drier

The first conifers appeared

Extensive forests appeared with prolific insect life, including the first winged insects

The first reptiles evolved from amphibians

The first ammonites evolved

Carboniferous PeriodCarboniferous Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-Carboniferous.jpg

299 to 250 Million years ago

Major transition in vegetation from ferns to more advanced conifers and ginkgo trees

Deserts were established

Amphibians became larger in size

Insects continued to radiate, with the appearance of Coleoptera (beetles) and Diptera (flies)

Reptiles thrived and began their radiation

Ended with the largest extinction event on record – 96% of animal species disappeared

This also marked the end of the Paleozoic era

Permian PeriodPermian Period

http://ww

w.copyrightexpired.com/earlyimage/prehistoriclifebeforekt/dimetrodon.jpg

250 to 200 Million years ago

Conifers continued to expand

Ammonites recovered from their near extinction to co-dominate the seas with bony fish

Reptiles returned to the seas

The ancestors of snakes and lizards evolved

Beginning of the radiation of dinosaurs

End of the Triassic marked with another extinction event

Triassic PeriodTriassic Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-33-Triassic1.jpg

200 to 145 Million years ago

Warm climate and high sea levels

Cone-bearing plants covered the land

First small mammals appeared

First evidence of feathered birds (Archaeopteryx)

In addition to land and water, reptiles also radiated into the air (pterosaurs)

Jurassic PeriodJurassic Period

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SA

rchaeopteryxBerlin2.jpg

ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx

145 to 65 Million years ago

Continents began to move into their present-day positions

First flowering plants appeared

Mammals evolved into three forms (monotreme, marsupial, placental)

A meteorite impact caused a major extinction, which ended the Cretaceous period – all dinosaurs and all ammonites, along with many other species, became extinct

Cretaceous PeriodCretaceous Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-68-flowering.jpg

65 to 1.8 Million years ago

Paleocene epoch: flowering plants became abundant

Eocene epoch: many orders of mammals appeared

Oligocene epoch: primitive apes; first elephants

Miocene epoch: kelp forests and grasslands appeared, many grazing animals

Pliocene epoch: First ancient hominids arose

Tertiary PeriodTertiary Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-36-oldesthom

inid.jpg

1.8 Million years ago to present

Pleistocene epoch: modern humans evolved; ended with the Ice Age that saw the extinction of mammoths and other animals

Holocene epoch: human civilization spread throughout the globe and humans became the dominant form of life

Quaternary PeriodQuaternary Period

http://universe-review.ca/I10-37-Quaternary.jpg

http://ww

w.primates.com

/hom

o/homo-sapiens.jpg

In a group of 2 or 3:Imagine a species that came into being during the

Cambrian Explosion and some form of this species survived through all eras to our modern time.

Draw and describe your species and adaptations through each period (11 total)

Each Period should have:

a drawing

a description of how it survives

a description of a new adaptation for the changed environment (land, water, temperature, predators, etc)

Bellwork

Look over your vocabulary before the quiz