Bellringer What makes something a poison?

Toxicology and DrugsDon’t Do Drugs

ObjectiveLearn about the evolution of the study of toxicology, and the basic things a CSI looks for in a toxicology report.

Poison“All substances are poisons.

There is none which is not. The right dose differentiates a poison and remedy” Paracelsus (1495-1541), Swiss

physician and chemist

PoisonsMany of the most poisonous

chemicals can actually be helpful in small doses.

Arsenic is extremely dangerous, but is found naturally; like in water.

The most deadly poison One gram of botulin could kill more than a

million people.

This is the same thing that people inject into their face to “get rid” of wrinkles

Also used to cure migraines

Botulism An illness caused by the botulinum toxin

Causes paralysis

Not genetic

Poison and Crime People have been killing each other with

poisons for centuries!

It became an art at one point, a job, or a hobby.

Back then they used many natural poisons.

At the time it was an untraceable way of killing someone.

Forensic Toxicology People began to figure out how to test

for poisons in dead people in the early 1800’s

This became known as Toxicology: The study of the adverse effects of chemicals

or physical agents on living organisms

Elements of ToxicologyThere are six important things that

a forensic scientist looks for while doing a toxicology report.

1. The chemical or physical form of the substance.

2. Dosage or how much is in the body.

3. How it enters the body.

Elements of Toxicology4. The body weight and

physiological conditions of the victim, including age and sex.

5. The time period of exposure.6. Whether other chemicals are

present in the body or in the dose.

Arsenic Arsenic metal won’t be absorbed in your

stomach so it is not very poisonous

Other compounds of arsenic are easily absorbed by your stomach and these will kill you quickly

Arsenic can also be part of a gas that can kill you if inhaled

Ways of being poisoned There is not just one way to poison

someone…remember it’s an art! Poisons can be swallowed, injected,

absorbed through the skin, or inhaled.

Toxins: Substance that cause injury to the heath of a living thing on contact or absorption

Check Point1. What are the six elements of

toxicology?

2. Is there only one way a person can be poisoned?

Textbook Work On pages 210 to 2131. Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity,

Synergism, and Antagonism2. What is LD50 and why is it important for people

to know?3. If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why

or why not?4. What is dioxin poisoning.5. Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you?6. How did they track down who poisoned Aleksandr

Litvinenko?

Bellringer What are the six elements of toxicology?

ObjectivesSolidify your history and terms of

toxicology and poison.

Learn about common modern causes of poisoning.

Textbook Work On pages 210 to 2131. Define: Chronic Exposure, Acute Toxicity,

Synergism, and Antagonism2. What is LD50 and why is it important for people

to know?3. If you eat ants, should you drink ant poison? Why

or why not?4. What is dioxin poisoning.5. Why doesn’t BOTOX kill you?6. How did they track down who poisoned Aleksandr

Litvinenko?

How do you detect radiation poisoning?

Demonstration

Lead Poisoning Lead compounds are not highly poisonous, but

chronic (long-term) exposure to lead is very harmful

Our body needs some metals in it (like iron). We do not need lead.

When we take in lead it takes the place of iron or other useful metals, but doesn’t do the same job as them

Lead Poisoning Lead poisoning can cause subtle brain damage,

affecting memory and thought processes.

The Romans loved lead! They used it in Make-up Cooking pots Plumbing Utensils And they even boiled their wine in it!

Downfall of the Romans Many people believe this long term

poisoning of themselves helped lead to their downfall.

This would never happen in modern times right?

Wrong Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas

Companies After becoming the leading expert in

analyzing trace amounts of lead after discovering how old the universe is, C.C. Patterson began fighting against lead in gasoline.

Clair Cameron Patterson vs. Gas Companies

The Gasoline companies hired and paid scientists to lie and say that since lead is naturally created on Earth that it is totally ok for humans to have in their bodies.

C.C. Patterson proved that lead is not meant to be anywhere near the surface of the Earth, where humans live.

Bellringer Who was C.C. Patterson and what did he

do?

Objectives Understand and explain the likeliness of

becoming poisoned by lead.

Begin to learn the dangers of alcohol poisoning.

C.C. Patterson Compared trace lead levels in top and

bottom ocean levels Compared trace lead deposits in ice

mountains on Antarctica to modern ice. Patterson won, and the government

outlawed the use of lead in all standard, consumer, automotive gasoline by 1986.

Lead Poisoning Now lead poisoning is most common from lead

paint.

It is most common in children.

Lead has a sweet taste. This is why both children and Romans love to eat it! Teething babies like to chew on sweet tasting lead

paint

Lead Poisoning Now paint (1978) and gasoline (1995)

are both lead free.

You cannot (legally) sell a house knowing that it has lead paint in it. Can test paint with chemicals to see if

it’s lead based. Is it better to use lead or steel shot in a

shotgun??

Other sources of lead

Lead SummaryIs it likely that an assassin would use lead to poison someone with? Why or why not?

Lead Poisoning Summary How concerned should you be with

becoming poisoned from lead?

What is the most likely way to be poisoned from lead?

The Cold War Read the Case Study on page 219 of

the textbook.

How big is 1.7 millimeters? What should you do if you ever get hit

with someone else’s umbrella? Why?

Alcohol Alcohol is the most abused drug in America

About 40 percent of all traffic deaths are alcohol related

This is the justification for and focus of our DUI laws

DUI Laws DWI – Driving while intoxicated

OUI – Operating under the influence

OWI – Operating while intoxicated

MIP – Minor in possession

Legal Limit

Alcohol Alcohol is a poison

It is measured by the amount of ethyl alcohol in the blood (BAC)

The legal limit is 0.08 percent

Alcohol Like all poisons too much, can kill you

Alcohol directly effects your brain functions Too much alcohol can cause parts of your body to

shut down.

Even after someone has stopped drinking their BAC can still rise

Alcohol Alcohol begins to effect peoples’ brain function

as soon as they drink it It is easily absorbed into the blood stream

The liver “filters” out about 90 percent of it First it changes it to acetaldehyde (a poison),

then to acetic acid, then finally to carbon dioxide and water.

BAC A person’s BAC depends on

their sex their body weight what they were drinking how fast they drank it their tolerance

BAC calculations

BAC calculations What is the BAC of Johnny if he had 30 oz of

5.7% alcohol and weighs 157 pounds? 0.08%

What is the BAC if a 120 pound female had the same amount of alcohol? 0.12%

Bellringer Calculate the BAC of a male that weighs

160 pounds and had 20 ounces of 4.2% alcohol.

.04%

Objectives Be able to explain the laws of alcohol

and the roads.

“Experience” field sobriety tests.

Reminder Your outline for your final paper is due

this Friday (5/2) This outline should have references too.

BAC

Questions What percent of car crash deaths

involve alcohol?

What is the legal BAC limit in the USA for a driver?

BAC Police officers do not use the honor

system and charts to figure out someone’s BAC

Field Sobriety Tests Police officers can conduct a field sobriety test if they

are suspicious that a driver is under the influence

Tests can include Walking a straight line Standing on one foot while counting Reciting the alphabet rapidly or counting from ten

backwards Touching a finger to the nose A nine-step heel-to-toe and turn Observation of eye twitching

Breathalyzers Modern breathalyzers are

small and very accurate

They either use infrared light or chemical fuel cells to figure out someone’s BAC

Breathalyzers If the police officer thinks the

breathalyzer is wrong they can bring you in for a direct blood test.

You can also refuse to take a breathalyzer test, but then you will be arrested and taken in for a blood test.

Drugs A natural or synthetic substance designed to

affect humans psychologically (mind) or physiologically (body).

They can affect the function or structure of living tissue through various chemical reactions.

When too much of a drug is taken it is considered a poison.

Manufacturing Most drugs are legitimately manufactured

by drug companies and are prescribed for particular medical problems.

Some people find the effects pleasurable which drives them to buy or produce illegally manufactured drugs.

Bellringer - Collected What is the definition of a drug?

Hand in when you’re done.

Objectives Understand the cost of drug abuse in

America

Know the different types of drugs.

Drug Abuse When drugs are taken strictly for pleasure they

are considered “drugs of abuse” or “illicit drugs”

All drugs that are restricted by the government are called “controlled substances”

The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is the lead agency for enforcement of federal drug laws.

Recreational Drug Use Causes dependency

Where one’s time and energy is spent getting the drugs needed to feel good

Can lead to theft, violence, or distributing for profits.

Can cause extreme mental and physical health problems.

Cost of Drug Abuse in America Illegal drugs: $181 billion per year Alcohol: $185 billion per year Tobacco: $193 billion per year

Total: $559 billion per year

Note: it is much easier to track legal drug expenses than illegal drug expenses

Cost of Drug Abuse in America About 30 percent of prisoners committed their

current offence while under the influence of drugs

About 675 people are killed in drug related crimes every year.

About one third of all incidents of domestic violence are drug related.

Checkpoint What is considered drug abuse?

How much money is lost every year in America due to illegal drug abuse?

Controlled Drugs About 75 percent of the evidence being

examined in forensic laboratories is considered drug-related Either the drugs themselves, or evidence

from drug-related crimes

As soon as a pharmaceutical company produces a new drug, it sends a sample to the FBI Crime Lab so they can develop tests to identify it.

Controlled Drugs There are five categories of controlled drugs.

Drugs fall into a category based on their legal use, and likeliness to be abused.

Penalties, and punishments for each drug is based on which category it is in.

Controlled Drugs Controlled drugs can be split into four widely used

classifications based on their pharmacological effects

Hallucinogens Stimulants Narcotics Depressants

Checkpoint What are the four classifications of

controlled drugs?

What are the punishments for illegal drug use based on?

HallucinogensHallucinogens are mostly

naturally occurring substances that can change normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.

Marijuana The most widely used hallucinogen in the USA is

marijuana. (From cannabis plant)

The active ingredient in marijuana ranges from 1 to 10 percent.

It decreases the user’s ability to concentrate, slows reactions, and impairs coordination.

LSD or Acid Derived from fungus that grows on grain.

As little as 0.000001 grams can cause visual and auditory hallucinations.

Liquid dried on edible paper.

Extremely dangerous drug that can cause psychosis, flashbacks, and impaired memory or attention span.

It can also cause birth defects in an embryo or fetus.

Bellringer What are the four classifications of

drugs?

Objectives Know the different between the four

classifications of drugs.

Know the dangers of the four different classifications of drugs.

PCP - Phencyclidine Originally used as an intravenous anesthetic,

but it had bizarre side effects

Causes insensitivity to pain, feelings of super strength, rage, memory loss, and paranoia

Often mixed with other drugs

MDMA - Ecstasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Synthetic drug that stimulates the user and causes hallucinations

Causes psychological problems; confusion, depression, severe anxiety, paranoia – even weeks after use

Increases blood pressure and heart rate enough to kill you

Long term brain damage, ruining thought and memory

Ketamine – Special K

Legitimately used as an animal tranquilizer

Powerful hallucinogen – causes delirium, amnesia, depression, and long-term memory difficulties

Club drug found at raves – like MDMA, GHB, GBL, rohypnol, LSD,PCP, and methamphetamine

Checkpoint

What are five examples of hallucinogens?

What are some common side effects of hallucinogens?

Stimulants Stimulants act on the central nervous

system to make the user feel better and increase his or her energy

Once the user comes down from the high they become depressed, restless, and anxious

Caffeine Caffeine is a very mild stimulant

Found in coffee and soft drinks

Amphetamines Called “uppers”

Synthetic drugs

Also methamphetamines : Speed or crank Crystal meth

Usually inhaled or smoked

Cocaine It is an alkaloid: bitter-tasting basic

organic compounds

Other alkaloids are nicotine, strychnine, caffeine, and morphine.

Alkaloids have powerful effects on living things.

Cocaine Comes from the coca leaf, and is grown almost

exclusively in the Amazon

500 pounds of leaves produce 1 pound of powder

Used to be mainly snorted

Now it is more popular to smoke the recrystallized freebase (crack, or crack-cocaine)

Crack Crack is highly addictive

Regular use can cause anxiety, insomnia, weight loss

Leads to paranoia and mental deterioration

Nicotine is also a habit-forming stimulant, but is not a controlled substance

Qat in Yemen Qat is a natural stimulant, it is a leaf that is chewed

and packed in the cheek

Yemen is addicted to it.

About 80 percent of the inhabitants are stoned everyday

Their President says it’s good for kids because it keeps them off of drugs.

Driving the nation to poverty with no end in sight.

Qat Video http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DbV8K8hiA

How has Qat ruin there society?

Checkpoint What are four examples of stimulants?

What are some common side effects of stimulants?

Bellringer What part of the body do narcotic drugs

effect?

Objective Understand the dangers of narcotics

and depressants.

Outlines Please pass up your completed outlines

of your serial killer projects.

If you don’t have it now it is late. Get it to me ASAP so you don’t lose too many points.

Project Grading Remember each due date is part of your

final grade for the project.

If you don’t hand one part in it is a zero.

Missing Assignments Check your grades for missing

assignments.

If you’re absent, you missed work that needs to be made up!

Narcotics Narcotics are drugs that affect the central

nervous system by relieving pain

Mild narcotics are found in over the counter drugs like Tylenol, and Motrin

Illicit narcotics come from opium, harvested from a type of poppy flower

Opium Opium contains about 4 to 21 percent morphine

Morphine is used medically as a powerful painkiller.

Comes from milky fluid from the seeds of a bulb. 92% is supplied by Afghanistan

Opium Wars The British had nothing good to trade the Chinese

so they traded opium

Heroin Easily made from morphine and is highly

addictive

Overdoses can cause death; STDs are common among users (from sharing needles)

Also called horse or smack

Codeine Commercially prepared from morphine

Natural painkiller

Found is some over the counter drugs in Canada

Synthetic Narcotics or Opiates Often pills prescribed for pain, but also abused

Propoxyphene (Darvon) and oxycodone (Percocet)are two commonly abused prescription drugs

Methadone is used as a heroin substitute to wean addicts

Designer Drugs Designer drugs are drugs synthesized with

particular characteristics, designed for abuse and evasion of specific drug laws

Fentanyl is 100 times stronger than morphine and sparked the “designer drug” age

China White – “Pure” form of heroin

Checkpoint What are four examples of narcotics?

What are some common side effects of narcotics?

Depressants Depressants, like other drugs, vary in

their strength

Cause slow brain function, lack of coordination, poor concentration, sluggishness, weight gain, depression, and addiction

Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol is a common depressant

Alcohol is not a controlled substance, but instead it’s a legal $40 billion dollar industry in America

This doesn’t mean that is totally beneficial – think of Yemen

Barbiturates Aka “Downers”

Highly addictive, withdrawal is difficult and dangerous.

Most are prescribed to reduce anxiety and help the user sleep.

Examples Phenobarbital Nembutal Seconal Meprobamate – Miltown Methaqualone –Quaaludes Benzodiazepines – Tranquilizers such as

Librium and Valium

Checkpoint What are two examples of depressants?

What are some common side effects of depressants?

Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f2o4

UQBuS8

Video Questions What is the added benefit of putting drug

abusers in jail instead of leaving them on the streets?

Why take out all stages of the drug dealing process instead of just the top or bottom members?

BellringerWhat are the punishments for

drug possession based on?

Legal use of drug, and likeliness for abuse

ObjectivesExpress your opinion on legal

drug use in America.Learn examples of and the

difference between spot tests and confirmatory tests.

Reminders If you didn’t hand in your outline on

Friday I need it ASAP.

I still need serial killers from some of you.

The poster sketch is due 5/16

Drug Summary Questions1. What are the four different types of controlled

substances?2. Give three examples of each type of controlled

substance.3. What are four common side effects of each type

of controlled substance.4. Why does drug abuse lead to other crimes?

Give at least two examples.5. How much money does America lose every

year due to illicit drug use?6. How often is drug related evidence being

processed in a crime lab?

“The drug made me do it” defense If you commit a crime while on drugs can you

blame the drug and get away with it?

Read the case study on page 180 of the textbook. Can you blame a drug for your behavior or crime

you committed? Why or why not? Write a paragraph

Your Opinion. Most people in Yemen enjoy chewing Qat leaves

and getting high instead of doing anything productive after lunch.

If the government made marijuana legal do you think America would be endangered of a similar problem?

Why or why not? Write a well argued paragraph stating your

opinion. Your paragraph should include at least three

comprehensive arguments. The more the merrier.

Bellringer What are the four classifications of drugs?

Stimulants Depressants Narcotics Hallucinogens

Objectives Know the difference between a spot test

and a confirmatory test.

Understand how spectrometry is used to figure out what a mystery substance is.

Spot TestsA spot test is a chemical

reaction that occurs when a particular substance is added to an unknown.

Color Reactions Color reactions for spot tests on drugs

are an easy and quick method used to detect the presence of certain substances

Easy to conduct in the field These tests are not conclusive

Need more testing for a positive result A negative result means the drug isn’t there

Color Reactions Different drugs require different

chemicals to be mixed with them to produce a color reaction.Drugs Color

Marijuana Blue-violet

LSD Blue-violet

Amphetamines Red-orange to brown

Cocaine Blue and flaky

Heroin Purple

Barbiturates violet

Testing for Marijuana A police officer thinks she smells marijuana in a car

she pulled over. Then she sees a plastic baggie with some plant-like material in it.

The driver claims it is just some cooking spices, but the officer still takes it.

The color test is used for marijuana Marijuana becomes purple when mixed with

Duquenois-Levine (D-L)

Confirmatory TestsTests that specifically identify one substance.

Spectrophotometry Every compound produces a different

electromagnetic wavelength spectrum Like the DNA of compounds (drugs)

Forensic scientists compare the spectrum of a substance found at a crime scene to a known sample to figure out what drug it is.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Breaking Light Like paint light mixes together so in order

to look at each piece of light we need to break it up.

Break light up with a prism which disperses the light into its component colors.

Once the light is split we can analyze its spectrum.

Spectrophotometry

Spectrometer

Spectrometry Demos What does sun light look light?

What does fluorescent light look like?

What do the different tubes look like?

How could we identify the different tubes if the labels were peeled off?

Bellringer What is the definition and one example of a spot test?

Objectives Finish spectrometry notes

Start Legalization Project

Spectroscopy Videos Cocaine

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjhTllPiwBk

Heroin http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=6U0dH9ml9Tc Everything ever

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ERmRPf1Ls0

CheckpointWhat is the difference

between spot and confirmatory tests?

Give one example of each.

Legalization Project Page 203 of the textbook. Work in pairs. Use laptops, notes, or textbook to find

sources. Can be typed or handwritten

Outline Pick which drug(s) you want to talk

about and why (Introduction) Find three different ideas with sources

that support the legalization of the drug(s) you picked

Find three different ideas with sources that do not support the legalization of the drug(s) you picked

ObjectivesIdentify drugs using the color spot test

Review for tomorrow

Bellringer What are penalties and punishments for

drugs based off of?

Its actual medical use and its likeliness to be abused

Objective Complete spot test drug lab

Review for tomorrow’s test

Drug Test Tomorrow we will have an open-

notebook test on toxicology and drugs.

Mr. Johnson came home late Tuesday night and found his front door wide open. Upon entering, he realized that his house had been robbed!! Four white powders were found at the crime scene. As the detective in charge, you need to determine if these powders are related to the robbery. What do you think these powders could be??

The case of the “white powder”

Investigation You and your group will use two different

liquids to identify which white powders are drugs.

Water Vinegar Iodine

A

B

C

D

D C

B

A