bell work wednesday 2/25 look in your book beginning on page 623 to find the answers 1. what is the...
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Bell WorkWednesday 2/25
Look in your book beginning on page 623
to find the answers• 1. What is the difference between the geocentric and
heliocentric theory?
• 2. What did Isaac Newton’s law of gravity explain?
• 3. What are the main steps of the Scientific Method?
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Enlightenment and Revolution
Chapter 22
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Section 1-The Scientific Revolution
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The Roots of Modern Science
• Geocentric Theory-The theory that the Earth was the center of the universe – Originally the idea came
from Aristotle
– The Greek astronomer Ptolemy expanded the theory in the second century
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The Roots of Modern Science
• Scientific Revolution-A new way of thinking about the natural world by replacing old assumptions with new theories
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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• Heliocentric Theory-Copernicus’s theory that the stars, Earth and the other planets revolved around the sun– He published this theory
in his book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543
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A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• Galileo Galilei-Italian Astronomer– Published Starry Messenger in
1610• Wrote that Jupiter had four moons
• The Sun had dark spots
• The moon had a rough uneven surface
• Disproved that the moon and stars were made of a perfect substance
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The Scientific Method
• The Scientific Method-A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas – Step 1: Begins with a problem or
question
– Step 2: Form a hypothesis
– Step 3: Test the hypothesis
– Step 4: Analyze and interpret the data• Data confirms or disproves the hypothesis
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Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
• Isaac Newton- English scientist who developed the law of gravity– Theorized that the
same physical laws of motion governed both the planets and objects on Earth
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The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Important scientific inventions and discoveries –Microscope (1590)
– First red blood cells are examined (1670)
–Mercury barometer was invented (1643) • Measures atmospheric pressure and
predicted weather
– First thermometer is invented (1714)
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The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Other important scientific inventions and discoveries • Studying human remains
advances the study of anatomy
• Late 1700’s small pox vaccine is created
• The Sceptical Chymist (1661) by Boyle identified the worlds four main elements – Earth, Wind, Fire, Water
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Bell Work Thursday 2/26
Look in your book beginning on page 629
to find the answers
• 1. According to John Locke what are the natural rights people are born with?
• 2. Who were the philosophes and what things did they advocate?
• 3. What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?
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Section 2-The Enlightenment in Europe
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Setting the Stage
• The Enlightenment- A new intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
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Two Views on Government
• Social Contract-Thomas Hobbes theory that if people hand their rights to a strong ruler that they would recieve law and order – Ideally an absolute
monarchy that could impose order and demand obedience
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Two Views on Government • John Locke’s Natural
Rights-–He believed that people were
born free and equal with three main rights• Life, Liberty and Property
–The purpose of government was to protect these rights
– If the government fails the people have the right to overthrow it
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The Philosophes Advocate Reason
• Philosophes-Social critics in France during the mid-1700’s– They had five core beliefs• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty
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The Philosophes Advocate Reason
• Voltaire-– Born François-Marie
Arouet
– Published more than 70 books in his life
– Used satire against his enemies • Targeted the government,
clergy, and aristocracy
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The Philosophes Advocate Reason
• Montesquieu-A French baron who devoted himself to the study of political liberty – His ideas about separation
of power along with his theory of checks and balances became the basis for the U.S. Constitution
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Women and the Enlightenment
• Mary Wollstonecraft-–Wrote A Vindication of
the Rights of Women
– Felt that women just like men needed education to be virtuous and useful
– Her daughter Mary Shelly wrote Frankenstein
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Legacy of the Enlightenment • People became more accepting of
progressive beliefs – Mainly scientific knowledge
– New discoveries were made in chemistry, physics, biology, and mechanics
• Religious beliefs were questioned and people developed more of a secular outlook on life
• More emphasis was placed on the individual within a society
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Bell WorkFriday 2/27
Look in your book beginning on page 636
to find the answers
• 1. What were the defining aspects of neoclassical art?
• 2. What new form of literature emerged during the 18th Century?
• 3. Why were several 18th Century Europeans known as enlightened despots?
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Section 3-The Enlightenment Spreads
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A World of Ideas
• Diderot’s Encyclopedia-– Dennis Diderot began publishing
the 1st volumes in 1751
– They were a series of essays and article by the leading scholars in Europe
– The French government and Catholic Church banned the books
– Helped spread ideas during the Enlightenment throughout Europe
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia
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Diderot’s Encyclopedia
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New Artistic Styles
• Baroque-European art during the 1600s and early 1700s which was characterized by a grand ornate design
• Neoclassical-A simple and elegant style of art that barrowed themes from classical Greek and Rome
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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Baroque Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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Examples of Neoclassical Art
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New Artistic Styles
• Classical Music-Lighter elegant style of music– Famous classical
composers• Franz Joseph Haydn,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
• Enlightened Despots-“Absolute rulers” that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
• Frederick II-– a.k.a. Frederick the Great
– Persian king who ruled from 1740-1786
– Enlightened Accomplishments:• Granted religious freedom
• Reduced censorship
• Improved education
• Abolished torture
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
• Joseph II-– Ruled Austria from 1780 to 1790
– The most radical of the reformers
– Enlightened Accomplishments:• Introduced legal reform
• Allowed freedom of press
• Supported freedom of worship
• Abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
• Catherine the Great-– Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796
– Read the works of the philosophes and corresponded with Voltaire
– Enlightened Accomplishments:• Formed a commission to review
Russia's laws – She was not able to accomplish her
major reforms so she instituted more limited reforms
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Enlightenment and Monarchy
• Catherine the Great-– Following the serf uprising in
1773, she gave the nobles in Russia absolute control over the serfs• Serfs lost all traces of freedom
– Her armies gained control of the northern shore of the Black Sea and expanded westward into Poland
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