bell ringer section 22-1 go to section: name five major characteristics of the fungi kingdom:...
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Bell Ringer
Section 22-1
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Name Five major characteristics of the Fungi Kingdom:
1. Eukaryotes- Cells have a nucleus
2. Have a cell wall made of chitin
3. Mostly Multicellular (except for yeast which is unicellular
4. Heterotrophs- AKA Consumers. Fungi are decomposers
5. Some reproduce sexually and some reproduce asexually
How is this different than the Plant Kingdom?
Review of Unit Three
Introduction to Plants
What is a plant?
A. Multicellular – composed of more than 1 cell
B. Eukaryotic – cells contain a nucleus
C. Autotrophic – most carry out photosynthesis
D. Cell walls made of cellulose
E. Reproduce sexually and asexually• In Sexual Reproduction– plants create egg and sperm
cells
• Asexual reproduction - can reproduce by propagation (fragmentation) – cuttings taken from plant and allowed to root - identical to parent
HaploidDiploid MEIOSIS
Spores(haploid)
Sporophyte Plant (diploid)
Gametophyte Plant (haploid)
FERTILIZATION
Sperm(haploid)
Eggs(haploid)
Section 22-1
Generalized Plant Life Cycle
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II. Why are plants important?
A. Base of land food chains
B. Provide shade and shelter for animals
C. Produce oxygen
D. Important sources of medications
III. What do plants need in order to survive?
A. Sunlight
B. Water and Minerals
C. Gas Exchange – take in CO2 and release O2
D. Movement of water and minerals
IV. How did today’s plants evolve? A. Probably from organisms similar to today’s
multicellular freshwater algae B. Evidence for this: plants and algae share-
1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations)
2. Cellulose in cell walls3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll4. DNA evidence
V. What are the four major groups of plants that exist today?
A. Bryophytes (nonvascular, seedless – Ex: mosses)
B. Ferns (vascular, seedless – Ex. Ferns)
C. Gymnosperms (vascular, cone-bearing plants – Ex: pine tree)
D. Angiosperms (vascular, flowering plants – Ex: dogwood tree, rose)
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Ferns andtheir relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives15,600 species
Floweringplants235,000 species
Section 22-1
Figure 22-7 The Diversity of Plants
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Why are plants classified into these groups? 2 main reasons.
A. Based on 3 important physical features1. Whether or not they have vascular tissue
A. Vascular Tissue: conducts water and minerals
2. Whether or not they produce seeds or spores
3. Whether or not they produce flowers
B. Project Deep Green
1. Since 1994, Biologists from 12 nations have been classifying plants by comparing DNA sequences
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Section 22-1
Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups
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Bryophytes and Ferns
I. What are the characteristics of Bryophytes?
A. Seedless- reproduce using spores not seeds
B. Non-vascular – do not have xylem and phloem - Rely on osmosis and diffusion to move water and nutrients / must live in wet habitats!
C. Grow just a few centimeters off the ground
D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg
Rhizoid
Capsule
Stalk Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Section 22-2
The Structure of a Moss
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Stem
Leaf
III. How do bryophytes reproduce?
A.Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms
B.Gametophyte is dominant
C.Sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte
IV. What are mosses used for?
a. Dried sphagnum mosses used in gardening and potted plants
b. Peat – accumulated moss used as fuel
1. Bodies of the Bogs
2. Bodies of the Bog
Rhizoid
Capsule
Stalk Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Section 22-2
The Structure of a Moss
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Stem
Leaf
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Section 22-1
Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups
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Ferns: Seedless Vascular Plants
IV. What are the characteristics of ferns and their relatives?
A. Seedless- reproduce using spores
B. True vascular tissue – have xylem and phloem
C. Can grow tall because of lignin and vascular tissue
D. Depend on water for reproduction – sperm swims to egg
VII. How do seedless vascular plants reproduce?
a. Fertilization occurs when sperm swims thru water to egg
b. Sporophyte is dominant
c. Sporophyte develops from the gametophyte
Haploid gametophyte (N)
Diploid sporophyte (2N)
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Maturesporophyte(2N)
Gametophyte(N)
Frond
Sperm
Egg
Spores(N)
Developingsporophyte(2N)
embryo(2N)
Maturegametophyte(N)
Younggametophyte(N)
Sporangium(2N)
Section 22-3
The Life Cycle of a Fern
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male
female
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Section 22-1
Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups
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Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds and have vascular tissue.
A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees
1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female
2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells
3. Female cones produce eggs
Seed Plants Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
I. Gymnosperms – do not produce flowers or fruits but do produce seeds.
A. Largest group of gymnosperms are the conifers. Ex; pine trees
1. Conifers have 2 types of cones; male and female
2. Male cones produce pollen that carries sperm cells
3. Female cones produce eggs
4. Pollination occurs by the wind: not dependent on water
5. After pollination, the fertilized egg develops into a seed.
Seed coat
Embryo
Storedfood supply
Seed
Wing
A
B
Section 22-4
Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed
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Welwitschia
It only grows in a remote region of southwestern Africa in the Namib and Mossamedes Deserts. The leaves lie on the ground and as they flap about in the wind they become split and frayed. Welwitschias absorb moisture in the form of dense fog that flows over the Namib Desert.
II. Angiosperms – produce flowers, fruits, and seeds and are the most abundant plants on Earth.
A. Two main types of angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
1 seed leaf
Parallel veins
Floral parts in multiples of 3
Vascularbundlesscattered
Fibrous roots
Two
Branched veins
Floral parts in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascularbundles in a ring
Taproot
Section 22-5
Figure 22–25 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
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B. Pollination occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!)
Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower. Many species are flower specific- only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.
C. Angiosperms are the main source of food for all animals on earth including humans. Rice, wheat, barley, grasses – all are angiosperms. They are also used in medicines, clothing and other products.
FilamentAnther
StigmaStyle
Ovary
Carpel
PetalSepal
Ovule
Stamen
Section 24-1
Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower
I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma;
forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds
II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces
pollen b. Filament- supports
antherIII. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud
while it is developing
From flower to fruit
Flowers, fruits and seeds…
A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die.
B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.
Gametophyte (N)
Sporophyte (2N)
Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants
Section 24-1
Figure 24–1 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte
I. Basic Structures in Plants
A. Seed – embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply
1. Can remain dormant for many years
2. Environmental factors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy
3. Many modified for easy dispersala. Light weight - can float in water and in the
airb. Textured seed coats that stick to animal furc.“Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances
away from parent plantd. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy
fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed
e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones
Seed coat
Embryo
Storedfood supply
Seed
Wing
A
B
Section 22-4
Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed
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B. Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem
1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant
2. Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant
C. Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food
D. Stems – supports plant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves
Section 23-2
Epidermis
Ground tissue(cortex)
VascularCylinder
Root hairs
Phloem
Xylem
Apical meristem
Root cap
Zone of maturation
Zone of elongation
Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root
Pg. 585
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Stem
Root
Leaf
Section 23-1
Figure 23–1 Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues
1. Two types of growth occur in stems and roots
a. Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem
b. Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)
Section 23-3
Wood Bark
Cork
Cork Cambium
Phloem
Vascular Cambium
Xylem: Sapwood
Xylem:Heartwood
Figure 23–15 Layers of a Tree Trunk
Contains old, nonfunctioningxylem that helpssupport the tree
Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals
Produces new xylem and phloem, which increase the width of the stem
Transports sugars produced by photosynthesis
Produces protective layer of cork
Contains old, nonfunctioning phloem that protects the tree
E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and transpiration1. Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin”2. Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that
prevents the plant from drying out3. Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out
photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO2 and O2
4. Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave
5. Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata
a. When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry.
b. Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)
Section 23-4
Veins
XylemPhloem Vein
Cuticle
Epidermis
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stomata
Guardcells
mesophyll
Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-5
Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.
Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.
A B
Transpiration
FilamentAnther
StigmaStyle
Ovary
Carpel
PetalSepal
Ovule
Stamen
Section 24-1
Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower
I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma;
forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg
c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that
becomes seedsII. Stamen – male
a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports
anther c. pollen – carries sperm
III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud
while it is developing
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Section 22-1
Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Go to Section:
Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
????????????
What characteristic evolved at this point to bring fourth cone-bearing plants?
The Seed
Fill in the Blank
Fertilization occurs when ______________ swims thru water to egg – gametophyte forms
In bryophytes…..
Sperm
Scientist believe that all plants probably evolved from a common ancestor to today’s _____________________
Green Algae