bell ringer o answer the following questions in your notebook pg 50. o 1. identify the following...
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Bell RingerO Answer the following questions in your
notebook pg 50.O 1. Identify the following macromolecules. a. b.
• Discuss the type of bond for each and the process by which this occurs.
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Enzymes
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What is an enzyme?O Proteins that act as biological
catalysts. All chemical reactions in your body require enzymes
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Definitions associated with enzymes
O Catalyst - A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
O Substrate - reactants in the enzymatic reaction, this is what an enzyme attaches to
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Why are enzymes important?
O Chemical reactions take a long time to happen OR require too much energy.
O Enzymes help speed up the time it takes for reactions to happen OR allow the reaction to happen without using up too much energy
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What is activation energy?
O In chemical reactions, energy is either released or absorbed.
O In order to get the chemical reaction started, it requires a certain amount of “Activation Energy”
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Graph of energy of activation
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Discuss in your notesO Observe the information presented
in the graphO What do you observe about the
energy of reactants with enzymes compared to without enzymes?
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How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?1. Chemical compounds attach to the
ACTIVE SITE of an enzymes2. The SUBSTRATE are the specific
substances that can bind to enzymes3. Enzymes hold the substrate in place
so the chemical reaction can happen4. After reaction is finished, enzyme
releases the PRODUCTS and helps another substrate.
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Do enzymes need a specific environment?
O YESO They are sensitive to pH (acidity) and
temperature
O Human body is 37 C so most enzymes function best at this temperature
O Different organs have different pH (like the stomach) so enzymes “adapt” to their specific environments
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What happens to enzymes out of their preferred
environments?O Enzymes can be denatured - they
change shape so much that they are no longer effective.
O High temp or pH can cause this to occur
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Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed1. Substrate concentration2. Temperature & pH *3. Enzyme concentration
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Enzymatic Inhibition - when a substance binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. (Usually reversible)
TYPES OF INHIBITION:Competitive inhibition & noncompetitive inhibition
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Some inhibitors are NOT reversible - poisons like cyanide, lead poisoning all affect enzymes
QUESTION: What type of inhibition is pictured below?
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Write in your journal/notes…
O Describe what is happening in each phase of this picture.
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How do we name enzymes?
O They are named for the reaction the catalyze and have the suffix –ase attached to the end
O Ex. Lipase – breaks down lipidsO Protease – breaks down proteinsO Amylase – breaks down starch or
amylumO Lactase – breaks down lactose (milk
sugar)
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Properties of Enzymes: NEED TO KNOW!• Enzymes are made of
proteins.
• They speed up chemical reactions inside the cytoplasm.
• They are needed only in small amounts
• They remain unchanged after each reaction and can therefore be reused
• Each enzyme is specific for a substrate
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Write the following questions and answers in your notes.1. Why are enzymes necessary for
life?
2. What is the active site of an enzyme?
3. How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?