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Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way in which the earlobes are attached. Make a list of the different forms of these traits that you have observed in the class or among other people you know. 1. Could these traits be inherited? From whom could they be inherited? 2. How is it possible that these traits could be found in a person and his or her biological grandparents but not in the biological parents?

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Page 1: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Bell Ringer

Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way in which the earlobes are attached.

Make a list of the different forms of these traits that you have observed in the class or among other people you know.

1. Could these traits be inherited? From whom could they be inherited?

2. How is it possible that these traits could be found in a person and his or her biological grandparents but not in the biological parents?

Page 2: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Bell Ringer

1. Could these traits be inherited? From whom could they be inherited?

2. How is it possible that these traits could be found in a person and his or her biological grandparents but not in the biological parents?

Page 3: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Bell Ringer

1. Could these traits be inherited? From whom could they be inherited?

Yes; from parents.

2. How is it possible that these traits could be found in a person and his or her biological grandparents but not in the biological parents?

Page 4: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Bell Ringer

1. Could these traits be inherited? From whom could they be inherited?

Yes; from parents.

2. How is it possible that these traits could be found in a person and his or her biological grandparents but not in the biological parents?

Genes are passed from generation to generation, but are not necessarily expressed in every generation.

3. Every living thing – plant or animal, microbe or human being – has a set of characteristics inherited from its parents.

Page 5: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Genetics

Reference: Biology Textbook,

Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics

Page 6: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Gregor Mendel

In 1865, Gregor Mendel published studies of inheritance in pea plants.

During sexual reproduction, male and female gametes join to form a zygote in the process known as fertilization.

Genetics= the scientific study of heredity.

Page 7: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Heredity is… the passing

on of traits from parents to offspring.

1. Controlled by “factors.”

2. Passed from generation to generation.

3.Probability (pg. 267)

4. Traits – characteristics that are inherited.

Page 8: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

1902 – Chromosome Theory of Heredity

Genes (Mendels “factors”) are located on chromosomes. Genes are segments of DNA. Genes are traits

The different forms (variations) of a gene are called Alleles.

This is the basis for the modern science of Genetics.

Page 9: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Genetic Principles

1. Alleles – gene form, Y or y, for each variation of a trait of an organism.

2. Dominant or Recessive

D= visible, observable trait of an organism that masks a recessive form of a trait.

R = a hidden trait of an organism that is masked by a dominant gene.

3. Separation, or Segregation; each allele will segregate or separate from each other and it will ½ chance that you receive either allele. Ex. Y or y

4. Independent Assortment

Page 10: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Other Terms

Phenotype – the way an organism looks and behaves. Physical characteristics of an organism.

Genotype – the gene combination of an organism; the genetic make-up of a trait or gene.

Homozygous – when an organisms two alleles for a trait are the same. Homozygous recessive ex. rr; homozygous dominant ex. RR

Heterozygous – when an organisms two alleles for a trait are not the same.

Page 11: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Genes VS Alleles

Gene

Allele

Page 12: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Genes VS Alleles

Gene Plant Height Flower Color

AlleleTall Plant Purple Flowers

Short Plant White Flowers

Page 13: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

R.C. Punnett

In 1905, R.C. Punnett introduced the Punnett square.

Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross (pg. 268).

Page 14: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y

y

Page 15: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y

y

Page 16: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy

y

Page 17: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy

y

Page 18: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy

y Yy

Page 19: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy

y Yy

Page 20: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy Yy

y Yy

Page 21: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy Yy

y Yy

Page 22: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy Yy

y Yy Yy

Page 23: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Using Punnett Squares

Yellow pea seed (Y) is DOMINANT to green (y).

Genotype: YY x yy

Phenotype: Yellowx green

All (100%) offspring in F1 Generation are Yellow hybrids.

Parents (P)

Y Y

y Yy Yy

y Yy Yy

Page 24: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Yy x Yy

Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Page 25: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y

y

Page 26: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y

y

Page 27: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY

y

Page 28: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY

y

Page 29: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY

y Yy

Page 30: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY

y Yy

Page 31: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY Yy

y Yy

Page 32: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY Yy

y Yy

Page 33: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid Cross

Genotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY Yy

y Yy yy

Page 34: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Monohybrid CrossGenotype: Yy x Yy

Phenotype: Yellow x Yellow

Phenotypic Ratio:

75% (3/4) offspring are Yellow; Ratio is 3:4 (Yellow : total)

25% (1/4) offspring are green; Ratio is 1:4 (green : total)

F1 Generatio

nY y

Y YY Yy

y Yy yy

Page 35: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Dihybrid Cross

Round pea seed (R) is dominant to wrinkled pea seed (r).

FOIL: YyRr YR, Yr, yR, yr

(These are the possible genotypic combinations)

Page 36: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Dihybrid CrossRound pea seed (R) is dominant to

wrinkled pea seed (r). Possible

Combinations

YR Yr yR yr

YR

Yr

yR

yr

Page 37: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Dihybrid CrossRound pea seed (R) is dominant to

wrinkled pea seed (r). Possible

Combinations

YR Yr yR yr

YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

Page 38: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

What is the probability that the plant will produce:

Yellow, Round Peas:

Yellow, Wrinkled Peas:

Green, Round Peas:

Green, Wrinkled Peas:

Possible

CombosYR Yr yR yr

YRYYRR

Yellow, Round

YYRrYellow, Round

YyRRYellow, Round

YyRrYellow, Round

YrYYRr

Yellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

YyRrYellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

yRYyRR

Yellow, Round

YyRrYellow, Round

yyRRgreen, Round

yyRrgreen, Round

yrYyRr

Yellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

yyRrgreen, Round

Yyrrgreen,

wrinkled

Page 39: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

What is the probability that the plant will produce:

Yellow, Round Peas: 9/16

Yellow, Wrinkled Peas: 3/16

Green, Round Peas: 3/16

Green, Wrinkled Peas: 1/16

Possible

CombosYR Yr yR yr

YRYYRR

Yellow, Round

YYRrYellow, Round

YyRRYellow, Round

YyRrYellow, Round

YrYYRr

Yellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

YyRrYellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

yRYyRR

Yellow, Round

YyRrYellow, Round

yyRRgreen, Round

yyRrgreen, Round

yrYyRr

Yellow, Round

YyrrYellow,

wrinkled

yyRrgreen, Round

Yyrrgreen,

wrinkled

Page 40: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

To find the probability that two different events will happen at the same time, multiply the

probabilities of each event happening

separately.

Page 41: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

To find the probability that two different events will happen at the same time, multiply the

probabilities of each event happening separately.

Probability of offspring having YELLOW pea seeds:

¾

Probability of offspring having ROUND pea seeds:

¾

Probability of offspring having BOTH YELLOW AND ROUND PEAS:

¾ X ¾ = 9/16

Page 42: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Trihybrid Cross

Tall Stem (T) is dominant to short stem (t).

The probability of producing tall stems in a monohybrid cross is:

What is the probability that the offspring in a trihybrid cross will be Yellow, Round, and Tall?

Page 43: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Trihybrid Cross

Tall Stem (T) is dominant to short stem (t).

The probability of producing tall stems in a monohybrid cross is:

¾ What is the probability that the offspring in

a trihybrid cross will be Yellow, Round, and Tall?

¾ X ¾ X ¾ = 27/64

Page 44: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Incomplete dominance (also called partial dominance) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. For example, the snapdragon flower color is either homozygous for red or white. Example: Red flowers

(RR) crosses with white flowers (WW) shows incomplete dominance for pink flowers (RW)

Page 45: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Ex. Of Incomplete Dominance

Page 46: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Codominance – when both alleles contribute to the phenotype.

Example – black feathers codominant with white feathers in chickens, both white and black feathers are present separately. Also blood types and a cholesterol enzyme in humans.

Page 47: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

What is the difference?

Page 48: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Other Terms

Multiple alleles-genes that have more than 2 allelesThis means that there are more than 2

possible alleles in a population Example: rabbit fur colors

Polygenic traits – traits controlled by more than 2 genes Example: human skin color is controlled by

more than 4 different genes

Page 49: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Blood types

Page 50: Bell Ringer Look at your classmates. Note how they vary in the shape of the front hairline, the space between the two upper front teeth, and the way

Height and Multiple alleles


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