Bell Ringer"If a nation expects to be ignorant & free, in

a state of civilisation, it expects what never was & never will be.“

-Thomas JeffersonWhat does he mean by this?Do you agree with him? Why or why not?How is America living up to his expectation

today?

The Jeffersonian EraChapter 7

Jeffersonian VisionJefferson and the Democrats sought an

America that emphasized localism and republican simplicitySharply limited federal power

A diversified, complex economy, growing cities, and expanding industrialism made that impossible

Patterns of EducationJefferson called for a “crusade against

ignorance”Argued for free education for all white male

citizens (future voters)Most states ignored this request, although some

had some forms of public educationSchooling came from private institutions

Only those who had money could go to schoolSchools that accommodated the poor were

inferior to the wealthier private schoolsVirtually no schools accepted females

Patterns of EducationWhile it was uncommon for women to be

educated (literacy rate at 50% or lower) the idea of “republican motherhood” aroseSince the woman needed to raise boys to be

educated members of society, she herself would have to be enlightened

Judith Sargent Murray argued that women should have the same access to education as men, to include universities and professional training

In her lifetime this idea did not gain acceptance

Patterns of EducationEducation for Natives became an accepted though since they

were not viewed as inferior or unableJefferson hoped that through education they would become tame

and “uplifted”There was no drive to educate African Americans

In the North a small percentage of free black males received education

In the South they actively prevented slaves from gaining education

Higher education was extremely limitedSome universities were created: Univ. of VA, Univ. of PA., William

and Mary, and ColumbiaVery few degrees offered—law being one of the earlier onesStill, most lawyers learned law through apprenticeships not

school

Medicine and ScienceFirst medical school was Univ. of PA

Most doctors simply learned by following other doctorsDue to the inability to study medicine without

dissection (which was a hated practice) there was little understanding of medicine

Benjamin Rush created the method of bleeding and purging to cure peopleWashington likely died from this instead of the throat

infection he hadThe role of the midwife decreased as many areas

required that physicians delivered babiesTook away a common job held by women

Cultural Aspirations in the New NationMany believed that America was “last and

greatest theatre for the improvement of mankind”What do you think is meant by that statement?Do you agree?

Many like Noah Webster felt that American should be educated as patriotsHe wrote the American Spelling Book which

changed our spellings of words like “honor” from “honour” (which Word redlines now)

His American Dictionary of the English Language became a best seller and created our common language

Cultural Aspirations in the New NationVery few books were published because most

publishers didn’t want to take a risk on unknown American writer

One of the more successful early writers was Washington IrvingIchabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle were well known

charactersDo you know these stories?

The most common writing was historical worksMercy Otis Warren, a playwright and agitator during

the Revolutionary Era, wrote History of the RevolutionMade the American struggle look heroic

Religious SkepticismMany had moved away from traditional

churchWith the Revolution came the ideas “rational

theology”Some practiced deism—the idea that God

exists but has withdrawn from interaction with humans and their sin

Some historians argue that Jefferson was a deist

“I have little doubt that the whole of our country will soon be rallied to the Unity of the Creator, and, I hope, to the pure doctrines of Jesus also.”

-Thomas JeffersonDoes this quote show him as a deist? Explain.

Religious SkepticismMany believe that because so many moved

away from organized religion that the population had become less faithfulActual, most were just unhappy with the

churchesThey would find themselves drawn back to

organized religion in 1801 with the Second Great Awakening

The Second Great AwakeningConservative theologians tried to revitalize

their organizationsMethodism (lead by John Wesley) sent itinerant

preachers throughout the nation to convert recruits

Baptists were also successful, moreso in the South

The Presbyterians (lead by Timothy Dwight from Yale) spread westwardCane Ridge, KY was the site of a large revival

(25K)They created a religious frenzy with fits,

convulsions, and “holy jerks”

The Second Great AwakeningThey believed that you had to reject skeptical

rationalism and embrace active pietyMany moved back towards the church but it

they would not accept the old ideas of predestination, etc.

Please create a chart showing the effects of the Second Great Awakening on women, African Americans, and Natives—Due Wednesday

Technology in AmericaAmericans began “importing” technology from Britain

Samuel Slater brought back detailed plans for spinning mills and produced them in the US

Many inventions came about through old-fashioned American ingenuity thoughEli Whitney’s cotton gin separated cotton puffs from the

seedsBecause they could clean cotton faster, it increased the

demand for cotton This cause in increase in demand for slaves and a decrease in

tobacco

This led to the North becoming more industrious (textiles) and the South solidifying its agricultural roots

Transportation InnovationsAmerican shipping increased exponentially during the

late 1700sLargely due to war in Europe, American ships carried

90 percent of all goods (imports and exports) by 1810Robert Fulton helped revolutionize internal trade with

the steamboatThis boat was designed to navigate through the rivers

of the USHis first ship, The Clermont, was used in 1807 on the

Hudson RiverIf you have never seen one of these ships, go to

Downtown Disney—Fulton’s Restaurant is a replica of one of the vessels

Transportation InnovationsAnother steamboat called the New Orleans

began shipping from Pittsburgh to New Orleans via the Ohio and Mississippi RiversIf you’d like to see a replica of this, go to the

Magic Kingdom Turnpikes also became a useful

transportation system in the late 1700sOur first toll road went from Lancaster, PA to

Philadelphia, PA (about 60 miles) Soon, turnpikes popped up all over the place Today they are the basis for the interstate system

Rising CitiesBy 1800 2/3rds of the population still lived

within 50 miles of the coastTypically lived on farms in or small towns

It took two days to get from NYC to Philadelphia; 4 days to BostonHorse & carriage only went 3-4 mph

Population was increasing rapidly however1790-1800 pop. went from 3.9M-5.3MNo one knew that within 50 years we would be

throughout the entire continentBy 1850 we were populating from Atlantic to

Pacific

Rising Cities Vitus Bering sailed under the Russian Flag to explore the

Aleutian Islands He died, but his crew brought back otter furs, discovery of

Alaska, and report on Atlantic waterways By the 1750s Russian and Siberian trappers were exporting

furs from Russian America Russians were sometimes brutal, taking the furs by force

The Inuits and Aleuts grew tired of Russia’s behavior The Aleuts lead the Aleut Revolt in 1762, destroying a Russian

fleet They were eventually destroyed, and became intermarried with

the Russians The Russians settled all the way down to just north of San

Francisco Bay, into Spanish-claimed territory

Rising Cities Spain feared encroachment into their fur trade from the

Russians and British Their navy explored the entire West Coast, and laid claim to the

Columbia River The Spanish establish missions throughout California, the largest

of which was Los Angeles Spain tried to keep its territory out international trade, but

California soon started trading with the US The Spanish took control of New Orleans following the Seven

Years War The city’s population was extremely diverse, with French, Cajun,

English, German, Irish, Creole, and African residents 1/3 of the Africans were free people who had the same rights as

whites

Rising Cities New Orleans gained prominence as a port and

international shipping center Numerous boats from American settlements upriver made

their way to New Orleans The Americans were well aware that any foreign power

controlling New Orleans had the ability to choke off trade People also began settling along the Missouri River, using

it as another route for trade This led to the development of St. Louis

Within the US itself, the greatest population boom occurred west of the Appalachians Kentucky (1792) and Tennessee (1796) were the first trans-

Appalachian states admitted to the union

Rising Cities People began to move west in the early 1800s

They typically moved as family groups Journeys were long and difficult

Cincinnati began as a military fort defending settlers against Miami and Shawnee Indians People tended to live communally because of fear of

Indian attacks Cincinnati grew into the gateway of the interior

northwest (Ohio and Illinois) The growth of Cincinnati and increased shipping

along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers added to the importance of New Orleans

Rising Cities The most important cities in the east were the Atlantic

seaports Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston

Charleston was very diverse, with many ethnicities and languages Center of the slave trade until 1808

Baltimore came to prominence as a tobacco port Merchants sought ways to tap the Ohio Valley’s resources

Philadelphia Quakers were developers of commerce and banking Philadelphia was considered to be the nation’s cultural and

intellectual center Capital through the 1790s

Rising CitiesNew York soon outgrew the other cities

Used British auction system to sell imported goods from Britain

Shipping, banking, insurance, and supporting industries become the largest in the country

¼ of all American shipping was owned by New York merchants

Boston was the capital of MassachusettsIndustry diversified into shipbuilding, shipping,

banking, and insuranceWhile these cities remained dependent on Europe,

other cities that traded to the west began to thrive

The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson started his presidency by

symbolically showing the difference between himself and his predecessors Rather than riding in a fancy carriage, he walked

to the Capital, rejecting the elaborate methods of Adams and Washington

It was a peaceful transition from one party to another, showing that a divided nation does not have to end up in revolt or dictatorship

Jefferson’s years in France made him believe they were incapable of guaranteeing life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson feared the industrialization he saw

going on in the East Rampant industrialization could lead to the social

injustice and disparity he had witnessed in Europe. Jefferson dreamed of an agrarian republic, based

on family farms A man who depends on himself for his own wellbeing

will be more inclined to look out for the common good of the community

Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God

The Jefferson Presidency Thomas Malthus wrote Essay on the Principle

of Population He postulated that an impending population crisis

would lead to widespread poverty and starvation Jefferson uses Malthus’ work as the impetus

for American expansionism Constant movement west caused high mobility,

creating unstable communities Overfarming caused soil exhaustion Fostered a violent hostility toward Indians

Jefferson’s Home: Monticello

Ariel View West front

The Jefferson Presidency When Jefferson took office, he promised to cut

all taxes, reduce the military and government staff, and eliminate the national debt He kept all of his promises Jefferson believed a small government was the key

factor in a successful republic There were only 130 federal officials when

Jefferson took office The main duty of the federal government for

average citizens was the postal service Issues such as education, road maintenance, law

and order, economic control, and welfare rested with the state or local governments

The Jefferson Presidency Small government explains why it took so long

to develop the federal city The designs developed by Pierre L’Enfant went

unfinished due to lack of funds The President’s House lacked a staircase to the second

floor until 1808 The center portion of the Capitol did not exist; the

House and Senate were connected by a boardwalk

The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson did attempt to have a somewhat

bipartisan administration He kept some Federalist officials on board

In the last minutes of his administration, Adams appointed several Federalists to federal judgeships The Democratic-Republican congress retaliated by

repealing the Judiciary Act, denying the appointees their jobs

William Marbury sued James Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State, to get his appointment back

The Jefferson Presidency In Marbury v Madison, Chief Justice John

Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court had final authority over interpretation of the law (pleasing the Federalists), while also ruling that the Court could not force the executive branch to appoint Marbury to a post that technically no longer existed (pleasing the Democratic-Republicans) This case solidified the power of judicial review Also helped delineate the three branches and their

role in the government Under Marshall’s tenure as Chief Justice, the

Supreme Court became a powerful unifying and nationalizing force

The Jefferson Presidency In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte reacquired Louisiana from

Spain in a secret treaty This drainage area for the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers could

be used to stage attacks against the British in Canada When Jefferson learns of the agreement, he rightfully fears

it will disrupt commerce and force the US into military action The Spanish commander of New Orleans closed the port to

American ships Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans for $2 million (would have

gone up to $10 million) Napoleon, in need of cash, offered the entire Louisiana territory

to the US for $15 million (828K square miles, or 529.9M acres, ~2¢ per acre)

James Monroe, special envoy to France, signed the deal which more than doubled the size of the US

Louisiana Purchase

The Jefferson Presidency Jefferson came under fire because of his history as a

strict constructionist The Constitution did not provide the President the authority

to purchase land Jefferson is willing to take the criticism because he believes

the purchase is vital to the future of the nation The initial plan for Louisiana was to quickly remove its

French culture and replace it with American institutions However, given that there were only 6,000 Americans

among a population of 43,000, this doesn’t happen The governor of the Lower Louisiana Territory assists in

incorporating French civil law rather than English common law Even to this day, Louisiana’s legal system is based on civil

law

The Jefferson Presidency Spain was upset about the sale of Louisiana because it

created a second vague boundary between the US and Spanish territory

Internal violence in Spain led to trouble in its New World colonies Two populist revolts in Mexico were squashed by Spanish

loyalists The revolutionary leaders were executed

In 1812, a Mexican named Bernardo Gutiérrez led a band of American adventurers in an invasion of Texas They captured San Antonio and executed the governor, declaring

independence An army of Spanish loyalists pillaged the territory, destroying its

economy

All of this action had many Americans looking to expand to the Southwest

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Jefferson’s success in his first term carried him

to a second term Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Fed.) lost 162-14 in

the electoral college His second term will not be as successful as his

first Jefferson’s initial promise of keeping neutral

became more difficult during the Napoleonic Wars Britain was upset that the US “evaded” the naval

blockade of France by claiming neutrality Britain began seizing American ships, angering

American’s as they violated the spirit of neutrality 6000 Americans were impressed into the British

Navy between 1803-1807

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Committed to staying neutral and maintaining shipping

rights, Jefferson tried to negotiate with the British Negotiations, diplomatic protests and even threats left the

British unphased In 1806 Congress passed the Non-Importation Act, boycotting

British goods Jefferson, in desperation, imposed the Embargo Act in 1807

This act forbid in imports or exports going into/out of any foreign ports

The American economy came to a standstill: exports fell from $108M to $22M in one year, send the country into a deep depression

Federalists, pointing out that our Navy was too weak because of Jefferson, began speaking against him and the Embargo…to a willing crowd

Ograbme or Dambargo

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Jefferson will leave office accepting a defeat in

his policy of “peaceable coercion” Madison (Dem.) will win the election despite a

backlash against his party for the Embargo Act Americans viewed the act as “attempting to cure

corns by cutting of the toes” The French were unphased by the act, as were the

British (if anything it made life easier for them) In 1809, Congress rescinded the Embargo Act Other acts were passed (Non-Intercourse Act,

Macon’s Bill #2) to stop hostilities towards American ships, to no avail

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Jefferson’s presidency had internal issues with

trade as well The natives were not supposed to be forced off

their lands according to the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, but westward expansion was America’s “destiny”

Jefferson did not want to move/kill them, instead he wanted them to coexist with us; after all, everyone should be a yeoman farmer He directed governors to “promote energetically” the

ideal Jefferson, indifferent to religion himself, supported

the Christianization of Indians Unfunded and unsupported, the policy only weakened

and divided the already disoriented tribes

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America After the LA Purchase Jefferson “offered” lands to the

natives in present day MO area He said that it would not be settled by whites for centuries 20 years later the natives had to be moved again because

MO was admitted as the 1st trans-Mississippian state Having only 3 choices; acculturation, removal, or

extinction many natives were split between accommodating and armed resistance Tecumseh, leading the Shawnees, choose resistance William Henry Harrison, Gov. IN Terr., made many

“treaties” with the natives taking their lands Tecumseh’s brother, Tenskwatawa, preached refraining

from consumption of American goods (alcohol, clothes, etc)

Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North America Tecumseh would take his brother’s message and turn it

into a pan-Indian military movement He also had British support, who sent guns and food The alliance was primarily defensive until the Treaty of Fort

Wayne (1809) that gave away 3M acres of native land Tecumseh said that the land belonged to all natives and

thus one tribe could night sign it away He warned that any surveyor who came on the land risked his life

In Nov. 1811 Harrison marched 1000 soldiers into Tippecanoe Tenskwatawa’s men led attacks on Harrison’s men Each side lost 150 men, Harrison claimed victory, yet the natives

not killed moved on to kill others in the IN and southern MI areas forcing settlers to flee

War of 1812 Britain’s involvement with Tecumseh’s attacks was

the second of two grievances that Madison cited when asking Congress to declare war on Britain The first was shipping rights On June 18, 1812 Congress declared war on Britain

War Hawks, such as Henry Clay (KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC), will seek to end British involvement in America They believed in expanding and controlling others They wanted to invade (control) FL to keep slaves from

hiding They wanted to control Canada to keep the British off

their borders

War of 1812 By this point, the Embargo Act had negatively affected

the British, so they were in the process of adopting more conciliatory policies

Americans were divided on going to war (Federalists=no) Other problems included Jefferson’s “economizing” the military

America first attempted the invasion of Canada British/Indian forces captured Detroit and Fort Dearborn

(Chicago) until American forces burned York (Toronto) Cap. Oliver H. Perry defeated the British and reclaimed Lake

Erie (during the battle Tecumseh was killed) The invasion of Canada proved that neither side could gain

ground on the other The most significant part of this struggle: Canadians gained a

sense of solidarity and agreed to never be invaded/absorbed by the US

War of 1812 The war in the South was similar to the war against

Tecumseh The British allied with the natives (Red Sticks) and Spaniards The Americans allied with the Red Sticks’ enemies, the

Cherokee, Choctaws and Chickasaws (and a few Creeks) With Andrew Jackson leading, the Red Sticks took the worst

defeat in the Indian wars (800 killed) At the end of the Creek War (1814) the US gained 23M acres

in the Treaty of Fort Jackson (Jackson earned the name Sharp Knife)

US failed to capture FL from Spain, Mobile was captured in 1813, and Pensacola in 1814 (could hold it) In 1815 Jackson earned his fame in the Battle of New Orleans The peace treaty had actually been signed before the battle

War of 1812 In the most humiliating battle of the war,

Britain burned Washington forcing the President and Congress to flee Dolly Madison is remembered for saving the

portrait of George Washington as the president’s home burned

In the naval battle, Britain quickly blockaded the coast line US forces withheld them from advancing on

Baltimore and Fort McHenry It was during Francis Scott Key’s time on the

under British control where he sat offshore as it appeared that Baltimore was burning that he wrote “The Star Spangled Banner” (to be adopted as the national anthem under Woodrow Wilson ~100 years later

War of 1812 In 1814 representatives from 5 New England states

came together for the Hartford Convention Initially there was talk of secession due to the war Ultimately, they came up with a list of grievances and sent

them to Congress By the time the message reached Congress, peace had

been reached with Britain, making the grievances a joke The Treaty of Ghent was signed 12/24/1814

Did not discuss issues of impressment or neutrality rights Britain did agree to withdraw troops from the west

The war accomplished little more than helping Americans finally feel independent of Britain This is the last war the US ever fought against Britain This was also the last gasp for Natives, by 1815 Americans

were expanding again