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t??) ?? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? 1934.[9]???? ?? "?????" ??????? ?????? ???? "???????" ?????? ???????[10]? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??: "?????? ?????"? "??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????"? "????"? "??????"? "?????". ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????: ????? ?????????? "???????? ??????" ?"????? ??????? ????????"[11] ??????? ?? ?????? ????? "?????" ?"???? ?????"?[12] ????? ????? ??????? "?? ???????" ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ????.[13] ?????? ?????????? "?????? ???????".[14] ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? "?? ??????".[15] ????? ???? ???? "????? ?????" ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????.????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? 5000 ???.[16][17][18][19] ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????[20] ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.???? ?? ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????.????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????: ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???:???? ????? ?????: ???? ???????? ???? "???? ????????"? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? "???? ??????????".[21][22] ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 1894? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? 1900.[23] ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.[24]???? ?? ??????: ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? 1948.[24]???? ??? ???????: ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???????.[23] ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????.[25] ???? ????????? ????? 50 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????.[26]???? ??? ?????: ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????.[27] ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????.[28]??? ???? ?? ????? ?????[24] ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? "??" ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????.[29]?????? ???????Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ???????????? ????? ???????-??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????.????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? (??????) ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? "??? ?????" ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????.[30] ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? "???????" ??? "?????".[31] ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????[32]. ??? ???? "?????" ?? ????? "?? ???" ??? ????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????.???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ??? ??? 140?.? ?????? ?????? "???????? ??????"? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? "?????? ??????" ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? "???????? ?????????" (??????????: ?a?d??e?a ? t?? F??????) ??? ??? ??????? "???????? ?????????". ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? 1991. ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? 1994 ??? ?? ???? "??? ???????" ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????.????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 64 ?.?. ?????? "??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????" (??????????: Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus) ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????[33][34][35] ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????: ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????.???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 14 ?.?? ????? ??? ????????? ????????.[36] ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 300 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? "?? ??????? ?????? ??????".[37] ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? "??????????" ?"?????????"? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? "?????????". ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???551 ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????.[19][33][38][39] ???? ??????? 30,000 ?????? ?250,000 ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????????.?????? ??????Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? 1841???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??? 635?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????.[40] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????.????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? 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(11791236) ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.[40] ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? 1187? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????.[41]?????? ???????Crystal Clear app kdict.png ???? ?????: ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? 1516 ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (?????? ?????) ??? ?????.[40] ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? [42] ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????[43] ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? 1498? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????.[44] ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????[45] ??? ??????? ???? ??????: ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????.[46] ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????.????? ?? ??? 1860? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????.?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1831 ??? 1840.?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? "???????" ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????[47] ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? "???? ??????"? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? 25 ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? 1790 ?? ????? ???.[48] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? 8,000 ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1832? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????.[36]???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? 1832 ??? 1841 ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? 8 ???? ???? ??? 15 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????.[49] ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? 1841 ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????.[50] ????? ????? 1860 ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.[51]???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???.???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.[52] ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? 1894 ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? 1907. ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1911 ??? ???????: ?????? (36,000 ????)? ??????? (77,000 ????)? ???? (2?500 ????)? ???? (400 ????)? ????? (4,100 ????).[53]