BEHIND THE RED BEHIND THE RED CURTAINCURTAIN

Introducing the most importantIntroducing the most importantmember of your design team…member of your design team…

Hannibal Lecter!Hannibal Lecter!

Why?…Why?… Hammurabi’s LectureHammurabi’s Lecture

First recorded instance of “building code” First recorded instance of “building code” enacted in Babylon in 1758 B.C.enacted in Babylon in 1758 B.C.

There were no directions how to build. The There were no directions how to build. The Master Builder was fully responsible. Master Builder was fully responsible.

“…“…if the house he has built falls in and kills if the house he has built falls in and kills the owner, that builder shall be slain.”the owner, that builder shall be slain.”

Sixth king of Babylon & first king of the Babylonian Empire from 1792 BC to 1750 BC.

Tragedy as Code’s AuthorTragedy as Code’s Author

The great fires of London in 1666 & The great fires of London in 1666 & Chicago in 1871 help create “set back & Chicago in 1871 help create “set back & fire wall” along with chimney, fire escape, fire wall” along with chimney, fire escape, and combustibility concerns. and combustibility concerns.

Concerns of disease and contagion create Concerns of disease and contagion create local regulations concerning sanitation.local regulations concerning sanitation.

1905 “National Building Code” created by 1905 “National Building Code” created by National Board of Fire Underwriters to National Board of Fire Underwriters to minimize risks to properties and owners.minimize risks to properties and owners.

It continues to this day….It continues to this day…. Hyatt Regency, Kansas Hyatt Regency, Kansas

City, July 17, 1981 City, July 17, 1981 114 killed, 200 injured114 killed, 200 injured

What Happened???What Happened???

Engineer’s original Engineer’s original design was adequatedesign was adequate

Engineer & Architect Engineer & Architect miss a shop dwg alt.miss a shop dwg alt.

Closer to home…Closer to home…

Beverly Hills Supper Club, Southgate, KY Beverly Hills Supper Club, Southgate, KY

165 Cincinnatians perish165 Cincinnatians perish

May 28, 1977 May 28, 1977 Not matches, wiresNot matches, wires

Egress over RedressEgress over Redress Egress Egress – noun– noun 1. the act or an instance of going, esp. from an enclosed place. 1. the act or an instance of going, esp. from an enclosed place.

2. a means or place of going out; an exit. 3. the right or permission to go out.2. a means or place of going out; an exit. 3. the right or permission to go out. RedressRedress – noun– noun 1. the setting right of what is wrong: redress of abuses. 2. relief 1. the setting right of what is wrong: redress of abuses. 2. relief

from wrong or injury. 3. compensation or satisfaction for same.from wrong or injury. 3. compensation or satisfaction for same.

Cluster F#@%!! Cluster F#@%!!

Now our world is a little safer:Now our world is a little safer:

Exits. Exits. In an investigation after the blaze, the National Fire Protection Association In an investigation after the blaze, the National Fire Protection Association found found several major code violationsseveral major code violations, including inadequate exits and improper , including inadequate exits and improper construction materials. The lack of exits was acute in the Cabaret Room, where most construction materials. The lack of exits was acute in the Cabaret Room, where most victims were found.victims were found.

The Life Safety CodeThe Life Safety Code in effect in Kentucky at the time of the fire could have in effect in Kentucky at the time of the fire could have avoided this large loss of life if it had been applied,'' the NFPA said.avoided this large loss of life if it had been applied,'' the NFPA said.

Toxic fumes. Toxic fumes. Most of the victims died from smoke and a mixture of gases created Most of the victims died from smoke and a mixture of gases created when the fire consumed flammable materials such as seat cushions. The banquet when the fire consumed flammable materials such as seat cushions. The banquet captain recalled seeing dozens of bodies that weren't burned or covered with soot. captain recalled seeing dozens of bodies that weren't burned or covered with soot. The victims had died from smoke inhalation.The victims had died from smoke inhalation.

Sprinklers. Sprinklers. The nightclub didn't have sprinklers. The nightclub didn't have sprinklers. After 1977, public-assembly After 1977, public-assembly buildings holding 300 or more people were required to have automatic sprinklers. buildings holding 300 or more people were required to have automatic sprinklers.

Aluminum wiring. Aluminum wiring. Victims' attorneys believed old-technology aluminum wiring Victims' attorneys believed old-technology aluminum wiring overheated in the Zebra Room and caused the fire. In 1985, after an 11-week civil overheated in the Zebra Room and caused the fire. In 1985, after an 11-week civil trial in Ashland, a federal jury agreed. The product has since been taken off the trial in Ashland, a federal jury agreed. The product has since been taken off the market.market.

KOBE, JAPANKOBE, JAPAN The earthquake The earthquake

in Kobe on in Kobe on January, 17, January, 17, 1995 left 6425 1995 left 6425 deaddead

Nearly 80 % of Nearly 80 % of quake victims quake victims died from being died from being crushed or crushed or suffocatedsuffocated

Many people Many people were killed when were killed when heavy typhoon-heavy typhoon-resistant tile resistant tile roofs collapsedroofs collapsed

Worldwide Evolution in Engineering Worldwide Evolution in Engineering • IDEERS competition held at NCREE in Taiwan

• 400 people (100 teams from New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea, the Philippines, and of course Taiwan) design the most efficient structures that could survive a large earthquake.

• Bristol teams won prizes for the "Most creative structural engineering design" and "Most creative architectural design."

• The teams visited several previously damaged sites.

/

new findings on earthquake ground shaking, faults, seismicity, and geodesy

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/design

Introducing and Demonstrating Earthquake Engineering Research in Schools

National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering

Rock n’ Roll vs. Rolls of Rock WoolRock n’ Roll vs. Rolls of Rock Wool THE WORST US FIRE IN 26 YEARS R.I.P.S THROUGH SMALLEST STATETHE WORST US FIRE IN 26 YEARS R.I.P.S THROUGH SMALLEST STATE

W. Warwick, RI: W. Warwick, RI: 2/20/20032/20/2003

100 Die in Rapid Combustion Scenario100 Die in Rapid Combustion ScenarioAssembly Capacity: 250Assembly Capacity: 250Actually there for concert: 432Actually there for concert: 432

Homer Simpson “rules”!?Homer Simpson “rules”!? The sparks coming out at a 45° angle from 2" x 9" tubes The sparks coming out at a 45° angle from 2" x 9" tubes

slapped into the foam. slapped into the foam. "I think I'm in trouble,""I think I'm in trouble," said GW tour said GW tour manager Dan Biechele, who set the fireworks. manager Dan Biechele, who set the fireworks.

Owner Jeff Derderian was concerned about noise Owner Jeff Derderian was concerned about noise complaints, and complaints, and the town was insisting on it for relicensingthe town was insisting on it for relicensing. . A neighbor who had complained about the noise, Barry H. A neighbor who had complained about the noise, Barry H. Warner, worked for American Foam and suggested and Warner, worked for American Foam and suggested and ordered it. It was "ordered it. It was "the lowest grade, the cheapest stuff 2½" thickthe lowest grade, the cheapest stuff 2½" thick packing packing foam costing $575 for 25 sheets of 3'x7' size installed in foam costing $575 for 25 sheets of 3'x7' size installed in June 2000.”June 2000.”

Flame retardant foam would have cost double, or $6 Flame retardant foam would have cost double, or $6 per fatality. per fatality.

Todd King (no relation) claims another bouncer at the front Todd King (no relation) claims another bouncer at the front door, not understanding what was happening, pushed him door, not understanding what was happening, pushed him and his wife back into the club. and his wife back into the club.

John Gibbs claims he and his friend, Kevin Dunn, were John Gibbs claims he and his friend, Kevin Dunn, were prevented from exitingprevented from exiting out the stage door and pushed out the stage door and pushed towards the front of the club by workers, who claimed that towards the front of the club by workers, who claimed that exit "was only for the band. exit "was only for the band. His friend died.His friend died.

Sited 3 times by inspectors, Sited 3 times by inspectors, that door opened the wrong that door opened the wrong wayway into the club- and panic bar was broken. It was into the club- and panic bar was broken. It was calculated two to three dozen calculated two to three dozen more people would have more people would have livedlived had the door been fixed. had the door been fixed.

Meet the real Design Team heroes @Meet the real Design Team heroes @

http://www.projo.com/extra/2003/stationfire/

Relax… it gets better now!Relax… it gets better now!

Let’s look at some of the regulationsLet’s look at some of the regulations Planning & Zoning (uses, buildable area)Planning & Zoning (uses, buildable area) Geotechnical Requirements (buildable soils)Geotechnical Requirements (buildable soils) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) State Building Codes (IBC Model Code)State Building Codes (IBC Model Code)

Use Group Designation: A3/EUse Group Designation: A3/E Required Fire Sprinkling: Y or N?Required Fire Sprinkling: Y or N? Balancing Act: Height & Area Limitations, Construction Balancing Act: Height & Area Limitations, Construction

Type, Sprinkling & Fire AreasType, Sprinkling & Fire Areas Overall Occupancy & Health (RR & Air)Overall Occupancy & Health (RR & Air) Total Building Exits, Width, Remoteness & ProtectionTotal Building Exits, Width, Remoteness & Protection Special Room Occupancies & ExitsSpecial Room Occupancies & Exits

Planning & Zoning RegulationsPlanning & Zoning Regulations

Zoning District: R-MD “Residential Medium Zoning District: R-MD “Residential Medium Density”Density”

Adjacent Zones: Same, Check Miami Township Adjacent Zones: Same, Check Miami Township – MU “Mixed Use”– MU “Mixed Use”

District-to-District Regulations: Not ApplicableDistrict-to-District Regulations: Not Applicable Setbacks: 35’ Front, 15’ Side, 40’ Rear Setbacks: 35’ Front, 15’ Side, 40’ Rear Maximum Height: 35’ Average GradeMaximum Height: 35’ Average Grade Maximum Lot Coverage: CompliesMaximum Lot Coverage: Complies

http://www.lovelandoh.com/building.cfm

Geotechnical/Seismic Geotechnical/Seismic RequirementsRequirements

Soil Contamination, RemediationEngineered FillSeasonal Water TableSite DrainageBearing CapacityDepth of Foundation

ADA Accessibility Guidelines ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)(ADAAG)

http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/figures/index.html

“Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines” for Buildings and Facilities issued by the United States

Model CodesModel Codes

2007 Ohio Building, Mechanical & Plumbing Code2007 Ohio Building, Mechanical & Plumbing Code IBC International Building Code & Interpretation GuidesIBC International Building Code & Interpretation Guides National Fire Codes (NFPA) including Life Safety Code & National Fire Codes (NFPA) including Life Safety Code &

National Electric Code National Electric Code (http://www.nfpa.org/)(http://www.nfpa.org/)

Fire Resistance Directory Fire Resistance Directory (UL)(UL)

Fair Housing Act Design Guidelines Fair Housing Act Design Guidelines (HUD)(HUD)

LEED Certification GuidelinesLEED Certification Guidelines ANSI/ASTM Standards ANSI/ASTM Standards

SFASFA++pdtpdtarchitecturearchitecture

planningplanninginterior designinterior design

American Society for Testing and Materials

http://www.archive.org/details/gov.oh.building

Design ExerciseDesign Exercise

Thumbnail Code Study w/ SketchUpThumbnail Code Study w/ SketchUp Buildable “Bubble”Buildable “Bubble”

Use your Zoning, Site Options & Program to inspireUse your Zoning, Site Options & Program to inspire Fire “Planes”Fire “Planes”

Use Building Code to propose Fire Areas/Walls/FloorsUse Building Code to propose Fire Areas/Walls/Floors– Balancing Building Heights/Areas with Construction TypesBalancing Building Heights/Areas with Construction Types– Emphasize: Compositions segmented/articulatedEmphasize: Compositions segmented/articulated– De-emphasize: Dissolve performance within skinsDe-emphasize: Dissolve performance within skins

Use Building Code to propose 0-4 HR RatingsUse Building Code to propose 0-4 HR Ratings– Exterior Walls/Openings per TablesExterior Walls/Openings per Tables– Interior Walls per Functions & TablesInterior Walls per Functions & Tables

Fire “Tubes”Fire “Tubes” Vertical Circulation Vertical Circulation

– Stairs, Areas of Refuge, Elevators, Shafts, Chases, AtriumsStairs, Areas of Refuge, Elevators, Shafts, Chases, Atriums Horizontal Egress Horizontal Egress

– Aisle accessway, aisle, corridor, exit passageway, horizontal exitAisle accessway, aisle, corridor, exit passageway, horizontal exit– Travel Distance/Common PathTravel Distance/Common Path