BehaviorismBehaviorism

History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology

Sara BarnettSara Barnett

Class 7Class 7

Food for ThoughtFood for Thought

►Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ithem up in and I’’ll guarantee to take any ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.vocations, and race of his ancestors.--John Watson, --John Watson, BehaviorismBehaviorism, 1930 , 1930

AgendaAgenda

► AnnouncementsAnnouncements

► Review of the History of BehaviorismReview of the History of Behaviorism

► Review of Learning TheoryReview of Learning Theory

► Review of Treatment Methods in Behavioral TherapyReview of Treatment Methods in Behavioral Therapy

► Visualization ExerciseVisualization Exercise

► Questions, Comments, ConcernsQuestions, Comments, Concerns

AnnouncementAnnouncement

►Unit 7 Project is due next Tuesday – Unit 7 Project is due next Tuesday – suggested outline is posted in suggested outline is posted in Document SharingDocument Sharing

►Good job on DBs and projects thus far!Good job on DBs and projects thus far!

BehaviorismBehaviorism

►The study of observable human behaviorThe study of observable human behavior►Dominant school of thought in the 1920sDominant school of thought in the 1920s►Basis for learning theory (classical Basis for learning theory (classical

conditioning, operant conditioning, conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning)observational learning)

►Famous names: John Watston & BF Famous names: John Watston & BF Skinner Skinner

John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson

► John Broadus Watson (1878-1958)John Broadus Watson (1878-1958)► First PhD from University of Chicago (1904)First PhD from University of Chicago (1904)► Professor/researcher at Johns Hopkins UniversityProfessor/researcher at Johns Hopkins University

- Private experience of the mind = too vague to - Private experience of the mind = too vague to measure/accurately assessmeasure/accurately assess- Psychologists should focus solely on what people - Psychologists should focus solely on what people dodo- - Psychologists should study how to predict and Psychologists should study how to predict and control behavior, for the betterment of societycontrol behavior, for the betterment of society- Studied animal behavior as means for studying - Studied animal behavior as means for studying that of people (influenced by Pavlov; famous for that of people (influenced by Pavlov; famous for Little Albert experiment)Little Albert experiment)

BF SkinnerBF Skinner

►Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990)Burrhus Frederick Skinner (1904-1990)►Completed PhD at HarvardCompleted PhD at Harvard

- Sought to understand how animals - Sought to understand how animals learn to actlearn to act

- Built - Built ““conditioning chamberconditioning chamber”” – – identified identified principal of principal of reinforcementreinforcement

- Advised the society incentivise healthy - Advised the society incentivise healthy

living and good will using this principalliving and good will using this principal

Criticisms of BehaviorismCriticisms of Behaviorism

► Ignores the mental process (i.e., Ignores the mental process (i.e., doesndoesn’’t explain how children learn t explain how children learn language)language)

► Ignored evolutionary theory (i.e., why Ignored evolutionary theory (i.e., why does a rate associate nausea with food does a rate associate nausea with food more so than it does with light)more so than it does with light)

► Ignored alternative theories on intrinsic Ignored alternative theories on intrinsic motivation and non-rational actions motivation and non-rational actions

Learning in BehaviorismLearning in Behaviorism

►Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

►Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

►Observational LearningObservational Learning

Example of Classical Example of Classical ConditioningConditioning

► You eat a new food and then get sick You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.whenever you smell it.

► This example is This example is classical conditioningclassical conditioning because nausea is an automatic response. because nausea is an automatic response.

► The flu sickness is the US. The flu sickness is the US. ► The nausea is the UR. The nausea is the UR. ► The new food is the CS. The new food is the CS. ► The nausea to the new food is the CR. The nausea to the new food is the CR.

Examples of Classical Examples of Classical ConditioningConditioning

► An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.heart rate.

► This example is This example is classical conditioningclassical conditioning because because the increased heart rate is an automatic response. the increased heart rate is an automatic response.

► The drug is the US. The drug is the US. ► The accelerated heart rate is the UR. The accelerated heart rate is the UR. ► The small room is the CS. The small room is the CS. ► The accelerated heart rate to the room is the CR. The accelerated heart rate to the room is the CR.

Examples of Operant Examples of Operant ConditioningConditioning

► A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat. food treat.

► This example isThis example is operant conditioning operant conditioning because standing on a chair and jumping because standing on a chair and jumping through a hoop are voluntary behaviors. through a hoop are voluntary behaviors.

► The food treat is a positive reinforcement The food treat is a positive reinforcement because it is given and it increases the because it is given and it increases the behavior. behavior.

Examples of Operant Examples of Operant ConditioningConditioning

► Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.seat belt.

► This example is This example is operant conditioningoperant conditioning because buckling a seat belt is voluntary. because buckling a seat belt is voluntary.

► The flashing light is a positive punishment. The flashing light is a positive punishment. ► The consequence is given . The consequence is given . ► The behavior of not buckling the seat belt The behavior of not buckling the seat belt

decreases. decreases.

Observant LearningObservant Learning

►Observational learningObservational learning (also known (also known as as vicarious learningvicarious learning, , social social learninglearning, or , or modelingmodeling) is a type of ) is a type of learning that occurs as a function of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior executed by others novel behavior executed by others

►Note: observational learning is NOT Note: observational learning is NOT the same as imitationthe same as imitation

Behavioral TherapyBehavioral Therapy

► Aims to treat psychopathology through Aims to treat psychopathology through techniques designed to reinforce desired techniques designed to reinforce desired and extinguish undesired behaviorsand extinguish undesired behaviors

► Based on the notion that retraining the Based on the notion that retraining the behavior in turn retrains the mindbehavior in turn retrains the mind

►Most often used in combination with Most often used in combination with traditional counselingtraditional counseling

► Appropriate for short-term therapy Appropriate for short-term therapy ► Proven effective in the treatment of phobias, Proven effective in the treatment of phobias,

in particularin particular

Behavioral Therapy Behavioral Therapy TechniquesTechniques

► Relaxation Techniques (imagery, meditation)Relaxation Techniques (imagery, meditation)

► Homework (journaling, reading up on a Homework (journaling, reading up on a subject, keeping a calendar of events)subject, keeping a calendar of events)

► Role-Play (practicing behaviors with the Role-Play (practicing behaviors with the therapist) therapist)

► Exposure Therapy (facing fears head on)Exposure Therapy (facing fears head on)

QuestionsQuestions

►What do you think about these What do you think about these therapeutic techniques?therapeutic techniques?

►Which sounds like a technique that Which sounds like a technique that you would use?you would use?

►Which sounds like a technique that Which sounds like a technique that would work for you as the client?would work for you as the client?

Visualization ExerciseVisualization Exercise

► Just relax…Just relax…

Questions, Comments, Questions, Comments, Reflections?Reflections?

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????