behavioral economics as applied to firms: a primer

8/9/2019 Behavioral Economics as Applied to Firms: A Primer

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B}ajkg Smy{fadh YmSMk Dykgj~m

Imgd~jfydh mkfafbjk{ d{ dsshjme uf fflyb{( sd`m 45=*( njnuz zmdy{ d`f ugm nfk}{ pd{ ja{umde ~myz b}kg fa afa"

fsujbj|ja` imgd~jfy iz njyb{ ydugmy ugda kfa{}bmy{!


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{uydum`jm{ fn pmhh"smynfybja` yj~dh{( fy kfauja}ja` pjug {uydum`jm{ pgjkg gd~m smynfybme

ymd{fadihz pmhh ja ugm sd{u " ydugmy ugda fa mwshjkju kdhk}hdujfa fn kfbshmw fsujbdh {uydum`jm{(

njyb{ bdz id{m syjkja` emkj{jfa{ fa {}ao kf{u{ d{ pmhh d{ d~fjedihm kf{u{( KMF{ bdz im

f~myhz fsujbj{ujk dif}u ugm syfnjudijhjuz fn bmy`my{ fy fugmy dkujfa{ ugmz }aemyudom( bdad`my{

bj`gu ndkm jakmauj~m{ pgjkg jae}km ugmb uf kdym dif}u ymhduj~m ydugmy ugda di{fh}um syfnju{(njyb{ bj`gu s}aj{g yj~dh{ pgf imgd~m )}andjyhz) ufpdye{ ugmb( dae {f fa! Pm imhjm~m ugdu

bdaz bdja{uymdb jae}{uyjdh mkfafbj{u{ dae sfhjkz"bdomy{ dym afu zmu n}hhz dpdym fn ugm

{}i{udaujdh hjumydu}ym fa ugm{m ufsjk{( dae f}y djb ja ugj{ {}y~mz j{ uf iyja` {fbm fn ugm

ja{j`gu{ fn imgd~jfydh mkfafbjk{ d{ dsshjme uf njyb imgd~jfy uf pjemy duumaujfa!;

Ugmym dym( fn kf}y{m( d a}bimy fn ymd{fa{ pgz fam bj`gu mwsmku njyb{ uf im imuumy emkj{jfa

bdomy{ ugda kfa{}bmy{( dae ugj{ gmhs{ uf mwshdja ugm ymkmau nfk}{ fa kfa{}bmy ndjhja`{! Njy{u(

ugmym dym mkfafbjm{ fn {kdhm ja bdoja` `ffe emkj{jfa{! D kfa{}bmy bdz gd~m uf emkjem

pgmugmy uf i}z d `j~ma syfe}ku l}{u d nmp ujbm{ dae ju bdz afu im pfyugpgjhm uf ja~m{u b}kg

mnnfyu ja bdoja` ugm yj`gu emkj{jfa( pgjhm d njyb {mhhja` uf bjhhjfa{ fn k}{ufbmy{ gd{ bfym du

{udom ja `muuja` ju yj`gu! Ymhdumehz( {jakm njyb{ fnuma ef ugm {dbm ugja`{ ymsmdumehz( ugmz bdz

t}jkohz hmdya gfp uf ef ju yj`gu( pgjhm d kfa{}bmy i}zja` d ydymhz"s}ykgd{me syfe}ku bdz afu

gd~m ugdu fssfyu}ajuz! [mkfae( njyb{ kfbsmum pjug mdkg fugmy pgjhm kfa{}bmy{ }{}dhhz ef

afu( dae njyb{ ugdu dym imuumy du fsujbj|ja` syfnju{ bdz {}kkmme dae syf{smy du ugm mwsma{m fn

njyb{ pgjkg bdom pfy{m emkj{jfa{!5

Ja bfemya {fkjmuz( kfa{}bmy{ ydymhz )mwju) pgma ugmz

bdom sffy bdyomu emkj{jfa{!

Gfpm~my( ugmym dym dh{f d a}bimy fn kfa{jemydujfa{ pgjkg `f ugm fugmy pdz[mm {mkujfa{ 9 dae ; fn G}ko( Afybdaa dae Fmkg{{hmy 9335d* nfy d iyjmn {}y~mz!

40Nmjaimy` 4::=* dy`}m{ ugdu {fkjdh pmhndym bdz {fbmujbm{ im gj`gmy pgma njyb{' bdad`my{ dym ymhduj~mhz

)bzfsjk) fy {gfyu"umybj{u( smygds{ imkd}{m fn gj`g bdad`myjdh u}yaf~my fy ugm ojae{ fn jakmauj~m {kgmbm{ ugmz

dym fnnmyme( {jakm kfhh}{jfa ugmymiz imkfbm{ gdyemy uf {}{udja! Nfy ugm {dbm ymd{fa( ju {mmb{ shd}{jihm ugdu

{gdymgfhemy{ pgf pj{g uf dkgjm~m kfhh}{jfa pf}he afu pj{g uf s}u ja shdkm d bdad`my pgf pd{ bzfsjk fy gde

gzsmyifhjk ujbm symnmymakm{!


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symejkujfa fn ydujfadh shdz!47

Fn kf}y{m( m~ma pjug d njajum gfyj|fa ju j{ smynmkuhz ydujfadh uf

kffsmydum nfy d ujbm jn fam ugjao{ ugdu ugmym j{ d kgdakm fam bdz im shdzja` d`dja{u d ad~m

fssfamau pgf j{ shdzja` {fbmugja` hjom d uyj``my {uydum`z {mm {mkujfa > imhfp nfy n}yugmy

ej{k}{{jfa*! I}u ju j{ kfbbfa uf fi{my~m ugdu kfhh}{jfa iymdo{ efpa d{ ugm oafpa maesfjau

amdy{!

Ja mwsmyjbmaudh bdyomu{( ju dssmdy{ ugdu ugm a}bimy fn fhj`fsfhj{u{ j{ ky}kjdh ja umyb{ fn ugm

dijhjuz uf kfhh}em udkjuhz( j!m!( pgmym njyb{ kdaafu kfbb}ajkdum ejymkuhz pjug mdkg fugmy!

G}ko( Afybdaa( dae Fmkg{{hmy 9335d* efk}bmau dae kjum sym~jf}{ {u}ejm{ fi{my~ja`

{jbjhdy ym{}hu{* gfp ugmym j{ ~myz hjuuhm udkju kfhh}{jfa ja Kf}yafu bdyomu{ pjug ugymm fy bfym

njyb{( pgjkg kfanhjku{ pjug ugm ugmfymujkdh symejkujfa{ ej{k}{{me mdyhjmy! Jaemme( jn dazugja`( ju

j{ bfym kfbbfa uf fi{my~m ugdu bdyomu{ pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{ dym bfym kfbsmujuj~m ugda

ugm {udujk Ad{g symejkujfa! Fa ugm fugmy gdae( ugmym j{ d kfa{jemydihm dbf}au fn kfhh}{jfa ja

e}fsfhjm{!4:

Fam fi~jf}{ ejnnmymakm imupmma e}fsfhjm{ dae fhj`fsfhjm{ pjug bfym njyb{ j{

ugdu pgma ugmym j{ d em~jdujfa nyfb ugm kfhh}{j~m {uydum`z( ju j{ fi~jf}{ uf ugm upf {}sshjmy{

pgjkg fn ugmb em~jdume( sym{}bja` d em~jdujfa j{ oafpa uf gd~m fkk}yyme! Bfymf~my( ju j{

sf{{jihm uf janhjku s}aj{gbmau fa ugdu njyb pjugf}u g}yuja` jaafkmau yj~dh{ pgf pmym

kfhh}eja` dkkfyeja` uf shda! Ju j{ sf{{jihm ugdu afujfa{ fn )ndjyam{{) bdom ju s{zkgfhf`jkdhhz

gdye nfy d njyb uf s}aj{g jaafkmau yj~dh{ dhfa`{jem ugm kgmdu( pgjkg bdom{ kfhh}{jfa ejnnjk}hu

uf {}{udja pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{!93

Ja Imyuydae bdyomu{ pjug gfbf`mamf}{ syfe}ku{( syjkm{ dif~m kfbsmujuj~m hm~mh{ dym

yf}ujamhz fi{my~me ja mwsmyjbmau{( m~ma pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{ fy pjug d fam"{gfu bdyomu

jaumydkujfa!94

Gfpm~my( ugm{m bdyomu{ dym ~myz {smkjdh( ja ugdu ja fam"{gfu Imyuydaemt}jhjiyj}b njyb{ bdom |myf syfnju{( dae {f ugm fahz kgdakm njyb{ gd~m uf bdom sf{juj~m

syfnju{ j{ uf syjkm dif~m kf{u dae ugmz gd~m hjuuhm uf hf{m jn ugmz ndjh uf fnnmy ugm hfpm{u syjkm*!

Ugm{m bdyomu{ dym ej{k}{{me n}yugmy ja {mkujfa =( pgmym pm dy`}m ugdu {duj{njkja` imgd~jf}y

iz njyb{ j{ d shd}{jihm mwshdadujfa nfy fi{my~me syjkm{!

47Ju bj`gu {mmb ugdu ugj{ dssdymau ndh{jnjkdujfa fn ydujfadh shdz j{ afu amkm{{dyjhz jbsfyudau ja sydkujkm( d{ bf{u

ymdh bdyomu{ ef afu gd~m d oafpa )maesfjau)! Am~myugmhm{{( ugm }ayd~mhhja` dy`}bmau dsshjm{ m~ma jn ugm

maesfjau j{ }akmyudja( i}u ju j{ oafpa nfy {}ym ugdu ugm jaumydkujfa pjhh gd~m kmd{me iz {fbm edum m!`!( jn {}ilmku{

ja ugm hdifydufyz ef afu imhjm~m ugdu ugm mwsmyjbmau kf}he sf{{jihz `f fa nfy bfym ugda d edz( fy jn ju j{ kfbbfa

oafphme`m ugdu ugm pfyhe pjhh gd~m maeme ja 43 ijhhjfa zmdy{*!4:D{ da d{jem( ju j{ jaumym{uja` ja ugj{ ym`dye uf ymkdhh Ifyo'{ 4:07( sd`m{ 994"9* d{{myujfa ugdu daz bmy`my pgjkg

hmnu du hmd{u ugymm yj~dh{ {gf}he im sym{}bsuj~mhz hdpn}h! Gfpm~my( udkju kfhh}{jfa j{ afu ugm fahz syfihmb nfy

kfakmauydume bdyomu{? m~ma ugm fam"{gfu jaumydkujfa kf}he im ja{}nnjkjmauhz kfbsmujuj~m pgma ugmym dym nmp

njyb{!93Ju j{( fn kf}y{m( sf{{jihm ugdu ja ymdh bdyomu{ njyb{ ef afu {}nnmy {j`ajnjkdau ej{}ujhjuz nyfb gdybja` jaafkmau

yj~dh{( dae {f ugm dssdymau ejnnjk}huz fn dkgjm~ja` udkju kfhh}{jfa pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{ bdz uf {fbm mwumau

im da dyujndku fn ugm hdifydufyz {muuja`!94

Nfy ja{udakm( {mm E}npmaimy` dae @amm|z 9333*( Idzm dae Bfy`da 9335* dae Gjahffsma dae [fmum~mau

9337*!


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G}ko( Afybdaa dae Fmkg{{hmy 4:::( 9333* dae Fnnmybda( Sfuumy{ dae [faambda{ 9339*

mwdbjam ugm jbsdku fn ugm mwsmyjbmaumy ym~mdhja` janfybdujfa dif}u mdkg yj~dh'{ dkujfa{ dae

sdzfnn{ uf njyb{! G}komu dh! ja~m{uj`dum nf}y"njyb Kf}yafu bdyomu{( pgjhm Fnnmybda mu dh!

hffo du ugymm"njyb Kf}yafu bdyomu{!* Ja {fbm bfemh{ fn udkju kfhh}{jfa ugf}`g afu ugm fam{

{u}ejme ja ugm{m hdifydufyz mwsmyjbmau{*( pgma njyb{ kda ejymkuhz fi{my~m mdkg fugmy'{ sd{udkujfa{( ugj{ madihm{ em~jdujfa{ uf ugm kfhh}{j~m d`ymmbmau uf im emumkume( dae {f gmhs{

kfhh}{jfa im dkgjm~me!99

Gfpm~my( dhh ugymm {u}ejm{ njae ugdu ym~mdhja` janfybdujfa dif}u yj~dh

f}us}u{ dae syfnju{ dku}dhhz ymaemy{ bdyomu{ bfym kfbsmujuj~m!9;

Kfbsdyme uf ugm {muuja` ja

pgjkg af njyb"{smkjnjk janfybdujfa j{ ym~mdhme( ugmz njae {j`ajnjkdauhz hfpmy syjkm{ pgma

njyb{ kda fi{my~m mdkg fugmy{ dkujfa{ dae syfnju{!95

Pgjhm {udaedye mkfafbjk ugmfyz kdaafu

md{jhz mwshdja ugj{ mbsjyjkdh njaeja` ugdu kfbsmujujfa ja ugm sym{makm fn janfybdujfa dif}u

fugmy{ j{ fnuma uf}`gmy ugda ja ugm {udujk Ad{g mt}jhjiyj}b( {fbmujbm{ dssyfdkgja` ugm n}hhz

kfbsmujuj~m f}ukfbm pgmym syjkm mt}dh{ bdy`jadh kf{u d{ ej{k}{{me ja {mkujfa ; ugmym j{ d

khd{{ fn bfemh{ ja ugm m~fh}ujfadyz dae hmdyaja` hjumydu}ym ugdu efm{ symejku {}kg sduumya{!

D ymhdume j{{}m kfakmya{ ugm jbsdku fn kfbb}ajkdujfa imupmma njyb{( dae pgmugmy ugm dijhjuz

uf ma`d`m ja {fbm nfyb fn kfbb}ajkdujfa imnfym bdyomu jaumydkujfa dje{ kfhh}{jfa ja ugm

hdifydufyz! Fn kf}y{m( daz d`ymmbmau{ bdem ja ugm kfbb}ajkdujfa {ud`m dym afa"ijaeja` dae

s}ymhz )kgmds udho)!* Ugj{ hjumydu}ym j{ {}y~mzme ja Sfuumy{ 933:( {mkujfa 9*( pgf kfakh}em{

ugdu `j~ma ugm fssfyu}ajuz( njyb{ ef }{m ugm fssfyu}ajuz uf kfa{sjym uf njw syjkm{( dae ugj{

dijhjuz fnuma gd{ ugm mnnmku fn ydj{ja` syjkm{ ja ugm bdyomu m~ma pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{*! Ju

dssmdy{ ugdu ndkm"uf"ndkm udho gd{ bfym fn d kfhh}{j~m jbsdku ugda kfbs}umy"bmejdume

kfbb}ajkdujfa( {fbmpgdu kfa{j{umau pjug ugm m{syju em kfys{ dbfa` kfa{sjydufy{ pm ej{k}{{

hdumy ja {mkujfa 5! Daemy{{fa dae Pma`{uyfb 9330* ymsfyu ym{}hu{ nyfb da mwsmyjbmau japgjkg ju j{ kf{uhz uf {mae d bm{{d`m nyfb fam njyb uf dafugmy! Jauyj`}ja`hz( ugmz njae ugdu d{

ugm kf{u fn kfbb}ajkdujfa yj{m{ pgjkg kf}he im jaumysymume d{ ugm f}ukfbm fn d bfym

~j`jhdau daujuy}{u sfhjkz* nmpmy bm{{d`m{ dym {mau( d{ j{ jau}juj~m( i}u pgma bm{{d`m{ dym {mau

kfhh}{jfa j{ bfym mnnmkuj~m! Fam jaumysymudujfa j{ ugdu njyb{ nmmh bfym kfbbjuume uf d

kfhh}{j~m d`ymmbmau jn kf{u{ dym ammeme uf ymdkg ugdu d`ymmbmau! Ugm amu jbsdku bdoja` ju

99 Da jaumym{uja` ymdh"pfyhe mwsmyjbmau j{ ymsfyume ja Dhidmo mu dh! 4::0*! Ugm Edaj{g daujuy}{u d}ugfyjuz

kgda`me sfhjkz {f ugdu uyda{dkujfa{ syjkm{ ja ugm kfakymum bdyomu pmym s}ihj{gme( dae {}i{mt}mauhz ugm d~myd`m

syjkm{ yf{m {j`ajnjkdauhz! Ugm d}ugfy{ dy`}m ugdu ugm bf{u shd}{jihm ymd{fa j{ ugdu ugj{ madihme ugm njyb{ uf

kffyejadum ugmjy syjkm{ du d gj`g hm~mh!9;Fnnmybda mu dh! dh{f ja~m{uj`dume ugm kd{m pgmym yj~dh f}us}u{ i}u afu yj~dh syfnju{ pd{ ymsfyume( dae nf}ae ugdu

ugm bdyomu pd{ ugma hm{{ kfbsmujuj~m ugda pgma af njyb"{smkjnjk janfybdujfa pd{ ymsfyume! Ju pf}he im

jaumym{uja` ja n}u}ym pfyo uf {mm pgdu gdssma{ pgma yj~dh njyb{' syfnju{ fy m~ma l}{u ugm d~myd`m syfnju{ dkgjm~me

iz njyb{* i}u afu ugmjy dkujfa{ pmym ym~mdhme! Ju j{ sf{{jihm ugdu njyb{ pjug gj`gmy syfnju{ ugda d~myd`m bj`gu

omms ugmjy {uydum`z }akgda`me( i}u njyb{ pgf ef sffyhz ym~j{m ugmjy {uydum`jm{( ja dkkfyedakm pjug d bfemh fn

{duj{njkja` imgd~jfy ej{k}{{me imhfp ja {mkujfa =! Ja da jaumym{uja` mwsmyjbmau( Ij`faj 9337* dhhfp{ njyb{ uf

kgff{m ugm ojae{ fn janfybdujfa ugmz {mm m!`!( d``ym`dum f}us}u fn yj~dh{( jaej~je}dh yj~dh f}us}u{( jaej~je}dh

yj~dh syfnju{* pgma fsmyduja` }aemy d ujbm kfa{uydjau!95

G}komu dh! 9333* njae ugdu pgma njyb{ {mu syjkm{ ydugmy ugda t}daujujm{( ugm s}ihjkdujfa fn njyb"{smkjnjk edud

yme}km{ syjkm{ fahz {hj`guhz!


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gdye uf kfbb}ajkdum j{ ugdu kfhh}{jfa j{ {}i{udaujdhhz bfym sym~dhmau( {f ugdu kmyudja nfyb{ fn

kfbsmujujfa sfhjkz bj`gu u}ya f}u uf dje kdyumh nfybdujfa dae {udijhjuz!9=

Hmajmakz Sfhjkjm{< Gmym pm kfauja}m ugm ej{k}{{jfa fn kdyumh nfybdujfa ja ugm sym{makm fn d

kfbsmujujfa d}ugfyjuz( i}u ja ugm kfaumwu fn hmajmakz sfhjkjm{! Ifug ][ dae M}yfsmda daujuy}{ud}ugfyjujm{ k}yymauhz bdom }{m fn hmajmakz sfhjkjm{ nfy pgj{uhm ihfpmy{( dae ja ymkmau zmdy{

ugm a}bimy fn kdyumh{ emumkume gd{ jakymd{me kfa{jemydihz! Ugm id{jk jemd j{ ugdu syf~jeja` da

jakmauj~m uf pgj{uhm ihfpmy{ {gf}he ymaemy kdyumh{ hm{{ {udihm( d{ pmhh d{ syf~jeja` daujuy}{u

d}ugfyjujm{ pjug m~jemakm pgjkg pf}he fugmypj{m im gdye uf fiudja! Pgjhm ugm{m imamnju{

dssmdy jau}juj~m( ugmfymujkdh pfyo iz [sd`afhf 9333* dae Bfuud dae Sfhf 933;* gd{ kd{u

ef}iu fa ugj{ jau}jujfa! Ugm hf`jk fn ugmjy dy`}bmau j{ ugdu njyb{ kda }{m pgj{uhm ihfpja` d{ d

pdz uf s}aj{g ugf{m bmbimy{ fn d kdyumh pgjkg }aemyk}u d`ymme syjkm{! Jyfajkdhhz( ugm dijhjuz

uf ihfp ugm pgj{uhm bdz ugma gmhs uf {}{udja kfhh}{jfa!

Daujuy}{u d}ugfyjujm{ gd~m d a}bimy fn sf{{jihm sfhjkjm{ uf nj`gu kdyumh{( jakh}eja` j* njaja`

ugm sdyujkjsdau{ pgma bj{kfae}ku j{ syf~me( jj* `ydauja` hmajmakz uf kdyumh bmbimy{ pgf

iyja` m~jemakm fn ugm kdyumh uf ugm d}ugfyjuz( fy jjj* ympdyeja` d kdyumh bmbimy jn ju iyja`{

nfypdye m~jemakm fn ugm kdyumh! Dsm{um`}jd( E}npmaimy`( dae [mhuma 9330* {u}ez ugm jbsdku

fn ~dyjf}{ hmajmakz sfhjkjm{ ja da mwsmyjbmau! Ugmz {u}ez ugymm"njyb Imyuydae bdyomu{ }aemy

nf}y uymdubmau{< [udaedye( Hmajmakz( Ifa}{ dae Jemdh! Ja [udaedye( Hmajmakz dae Ifa}{(

njyb{ gd~m ugm fssfyu}ajuz uf nfyb d kdyumh imnfym ugmz jaumydku ja ugm bdyomu! D kdyumh j{

nfybme fahz jn dhh ugymm njyb{ d`ymm uf ugj{( dae njyb{ jaumydku l}{u fakm ja ugm bdyomu uf d~fje

j{{}m{ fn udkju kfhh}{jfa!* Jn d kdyumh j{ nfybme( ugm ugymm njyb{ kda kfbb}ajkdum ja da

}a{uy}ku}yme pdz nfy 43 bja}um{( sym{}bdihz uf ej{k}{{ ugmjy kfhh}{j~m {uydum`z! Nfyja{udakm( fam sf{{jihm {uydum`z j{ uf d`ymm d kfhh}{j~m syjkm dae uf {}``m{u ugdu jn fam njyb

}aemyk}u{ ugm syjkm ju{ yj~dh{ ymsfyu ugm kdyumh!* Ja [udaedye ugmym j{ af hmajmakz khd}{m dae

m~myz njyb jakh}eja` ugm njyb ugdu ihfp{ ugm pgj{uhm* j{ njame d nydkujfa fn ugmjy u}yaf~my jn d

kdyumh gd{ imma nfybme dae ymsfyume uf ugm d}ugfyjujm{! Ja Hmajmakz ugm pgj{uhm ihfpmy `mu{ d

ej{kf}au fa ugm njam! Ugm ej{kf}au j{ 433- jn ugmym j{ fahz fam pgj{uhm ihfpmy( =3- jn ugmym

dym upf {jb}hudamf}{ pgj{uhm ihfpmy{( dae ;;!;- jn dhh ugymm ef {f!* Ja Ifa}{ ugm pgj{uhm

ihfpmy{ {gdym ugm njam{ sdje iz ugm kdyumh bmbimy{ pgf omsu t}jmu! Ja ugm nf}yug uymdubmau(

Jemdh( ugm em{j`a j{ {}kg ugdu njyb{ {jbshz ef afu gd~m ugm fssfyu}ajuz uf nfyb d kdyumh!

Ugm sdydbmumy{ kgf{ma ja ugm mwsmyjbmau{ jbshz ugdu pjug ydujfadh shdzmy{ ugm [udaedye dae

Hmajmakz uymdubmau{ kda {}{udja kfhh}{jfa pgjhm Ifa}{ dae Jemdh kdaafu! Gfpm~my( ugm edud

eydp d ejnnmymau sjku}ym! Ja ndku( ugm bf{u mnnmkuj~m uymdubmau j{ afu Ifa}{ i}u Hmajmakz

em{sjum ju{ sfumaujdh ugmfymujkdh pmdoam{{m{! Ja ndku( Hmajmakz `mamydum{ syjkm{ ugdu dym

{uduj{ujkdhhz jaej{uja`}j{gdihm nyfb syjkm{ ja Jemdh pgmym kdyumh nfybdujfa j{ afu sf{{jihm! I}u

ugmfyz afu fahz ndjh{ uf symejku ugm smynfybdakm fn Hmajmakz ju dh{f `mu{ ugm mnnmku fn Ifa}{

9=Mwshjkju kfhh}{jfa ja adu}ydhhz fkk}yyja` bdyomu{ dssmdy{ uf im nmd{jihm pjug hdy`m a}bimy{ fn sdyujkjsdau{! Nfy

ja{udakm( ja ugmjy {u}ez fn 54 kdyumh{ ja M}yfsm( Hm~ma{umja dae [}{hfp 933>* njae ugdu 47 ja~fh~me bfym ugda

nj~m njyb{!


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pyfa`! Symejkume uf im ugm bf{u mnnmkuj~m ymbmez d`dja{u kfhh}{jfa( Ifa}{( ja ndku( hmde{ uf

syjkm{ pgjkg dym d{ gj`g d{ ugf{m {mma ja ugm [udaedye uymdubmau! Ja deejujfa( ugm Ifa}{

uymdubmau hmde{ uf ugm `ymdum{u jakjemakm fn kdyumh nfybdujfa( pgjhm hmajmakz gd{ ugm hmd{u! Ugm

d}ugfy{ kfalmku}ym ugdu {}ilmku{ ja ugm Ifa}{ uymdubmau dym umbsume uf nfyb d kdyumh pjug da

d`ymmbmau uf {mu gj`g syjkm{( dae ugma dh{f imja` ympdyeme nfy ymsfyuja` ugm kdyumh dhugf}`gugj{ {uydum`z j{ afu ja ndku syfnjudihm pgma dhh njyb{ nfyb d kdyumh pjug ugj{ jaumau*! Dsm{um`}jd

mu dh! kfakh}em< F}y njaeja`{ ja ugj{ sdsmy syf~jem af ymd{fa nfy @dyz [syduhja` dae Bdyjf

Bfauj uf nmmh ej{dssfjaume pjug ugm hmajmakz khd}{m{ ugdu gd~m ymkmauhz imma jakfysfydume jauf

ugm dauj"uy}{u hm`j{hdujfa ja bf{u bmbimy {udum{ fn ugm FMKE!

Pgjhm Dsm{um`}jd mu dh! {u}ez d fam"{gfu jaumydkujfa( Gjahffsma dae [fmum~mau 9337*

mwdbjam d {muuja` pgmym ugymm njyb{ ymsmdumehz jaumydku ja ugm {dbm bdyomu nfy 93 smyjfe{!

Pjug d ymsmdume jaumydkujfa( njyb{ bdz im bfym ymh}kudau uf ymsfyu d kdyumh( {jakm ugmz ugma

nfy`f ugm n}u}ym imamnju{ fn kfhh}{jfa! Ja deejujfa( m~ma jn kdyumh nfybdujfa j{ jbsf{{jihm( ugmym

j{ ugm sf{{jijhjuz fn udkju kfhh}{jfa!* Ugmz ymsfyu ugdu hmajmakz syf`ydb{ afu fahz yme}km ugm

nymt}makz pjug pgjkg kdyumh{ dym nfybme i}u dh{f yme}km ugm {udijhjuz fn kdyumh{ ugdu ef `mu

nfybme! Bfymf~my( kdyumh{ ugdu ef `mu nfybme ja ugm sym{makm fn ugm hmajmakz syf`ydb{ kgdy`m

ymhduj~mhz hfpmy syjkm{! Ug}{( ifug fn ugm{m {u}ejm{ {gfp ugdu hmajmakz syf`ydb{( em{sjum ugmjy

sfumaujdh pmdoam{{m{ ja ugmfyz( dym {}kkm{{n}h ja nj`guja` kdyumh{!

;! Jbjuduj~m Imgd~jfy dae Kfakmya{ nfy Ymhduj~m Syfnju

Ydugmy ugda mdkg njyb hdifyjf}{hz kdhk}hduja` ju{ fpa fsujbdh {uydum`z( m~ma jn ugdu pmym

nmd{jihm( ju j{ shd}{jihm ugdu njyb{ bdz {fbmujbm{ kgff{m uf jbjudum ugm {uydum`jm{ fn ugmjy bfym

{}kkm{{n}h smmy{! D{ Dhkgjda 4:=3( sd`m 947* s}u ju

Fnnmybda mu dh! sd`m :7:* {}ssf{m ugdu d nydkujfa fn ugmjy {}ilmku{ jbjudum( pgjhm ugm

ymbdjaemy dym d{{}bme uf kgff{m ugm bf{u syfnjudihm f}us}u `j~ma ugm fi{my~me f}us}u{ fn ugm

sym~jf}{ smyjfe! Ja ugmjy edud( ugm im{u nju nfy ugj{ bjwme bfemh j{ ugdu upf ugjye{ fn ugm

{}ilmku{ dym jbjudufy{!

Kfakmya{ nfy ymhduj~m syfnju{< Ugmym j{ d khf{m kfaamkujfa imupmma {ju}dujfa{ ja pgjkg njyb{

jbjudum ugm im{u fi{my~me {uydum`z shdzme iz ugmjy yj~dh{ dae {ju}dujfa{ ja pgjkg njyb{ fy ugmjy

bdad`my{* gd~m d{ ugmjy filmkuj~m ugm bdwjbj|dujfa fn ymhduj~m syfnju{! Ugm ymd{fa nfy ugj{

khf{m kfaamkujfa j{ d{ nfhhfp{! Kfa{jemy ugm ejnnmymaujdume syfe}ku e}fsfhz l}{u ej{k}{{me(

dae {}ssf{m fam njyb yme}km{ ju{ syjkm uf }aemyk}u ju{ yj~dh! Jn ugm hfpmy"syjkm njyb bdom{

`ymdumy syfnju ugda ju{ yj~dh( ugj{ bmda{ ugdu ugm syjkm k}u gdyb{ ju hm{{ ugda ju gdyb{ ju{ yj~dh(

j!m!( ugm ejnnmymakm imupmma ju{ syfnju dae ju{ yj~dh'{ yj{m{! Ja ugm {smkjnjk hjamdy embdae

mwdbshm( jn ifug njyb{ pj{g uf bdwjbj|m ugmjy ymhduj~m syfnju( njyb 4 kgff{m{ ju{ syjkm s4 uf

bdwjbj|m ugm syfnju ejnnmymakm

' * ' *4 9 4 9 4 94 & 9 4 & 9s s s s s s/ / (

dae ju j{ ugmymnfym d efbjadau {uydum`z nfy mdkg njyb uf {mu ugm syjkm 4&9( l}{u d{ m~mau}dhhz

fkk}yyme pgma njyb{ jbjudum! Ug}{( ugm hfa`"y}a f}ukfbm ja bdyomu{ ja pgjkg njyb{ jbjudum

kfjakjem{ pjug ugm fam"{gfu* f}ukfbm ja bdyomu{ ja pgjkg njyb{ dym n}hhz ydujfadh mwkmsu ugdu

ugmjy filmkuj~m j{ ymhduj~m ydugmy ugda di{fh}um syfnju!

Ugm jbsfyudakm fn ugj{ ym{}hu j{ ugdu( pgjhm smygds{ s}ymhz jbjuduj~m imgd~jfy fa ugm sdyu fn

{fsgj{ujkdume njyb{ bdz {mmb }ahjomhz ja bdaz bdyomu{( ugm d{{}bsujfa ugdu njyb{ kdym dif}u

ugmjy ymhduj~m sf{jujfa ja d bdyomu gd{ {uyfa` jau}juj~m dssmdh!;=

Njy{uhz( ugmym j{ iz afp af

ef}iu ugdu bdaz jaej~je}dh{ dym {uyfa`hz eyj~ma iz ymhduj~m sdz! Ugj{ j{ m~jemau nyfb ugm

imgd~jfydh dae mwsmyjbmaudh mkfafbjk{ hjumydu}ym( d{ pmhh d{ nyfb ugm mbmy`ja` gdssjam{{

hjumydu}ym!;>

Jaemme( KMF{ d{ d `yf}s bdz gd~m d `ymdumy syfsfyujfa fn )yj~dhyf}{) smfshm

ugda ugm sfs}hdujfa d{ pgfhm( dae {}kg smfshm bdz shdkm `ymdu pmj`gu fa ugmjy ymhduj~m

{udaeja`! [mkfaehz( bdad`my{ fnuma gd~m shdkme fa ugmb mjugmy mwshjkjuhz fy jbshjkjuhz*

jakmauj~m{ pgjkg jae}km ugmb uf kdym du hmd{u ja sdyu dif}u ymhduj~m d{ pmhh d{ di{fh}um

smynfybdakm! Fam ymd{fa nfy ugj{ bj`gu im uf ja{}ym bdad`my{ d`dja{u kfbbfa {gfko{ nfy

ugm pgfhm bdyomu!* Nfy ja{udakm( @jiifa{ dae B}ysgz 4::3* efk}bmau mbsjyjkdhhz gfp d

KMF'{ sdz yj{m dae hjomhjgffe fn ymumaujfa emsmae sf{juj~mhz fa ugm njyb'{ smynfybdakm dae

am`duj~mhz fa ugm f~mydhh jae}{uyz smynfybdakm! ^jkomy{ 4:7=( sd`m 45;* {gfp{ ugdu d njyb jad Kf}yafu bdyomu kda jbsyf~m ju{ mt}jhjiyj}b syfnju{ ifug ja di{fh}um dae ymhduj~m umyb{*

pgma kfbsmuja` d`dja{u syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` njyb{ iz jae}kja` ju{ bdad`my uf kdym dif}u

;=@fmh dae Ugdofy nfyugkfbja`* syfsf{m d bfemh ja pgjkg bmy`my pd~m{ kda im kd}{me iz kfakmya{ nfy

ymhduj~m kfbsma{dujfa iz KMF{! Jn KMF kfbsma{dujfa j{ id{me ja sdyu fa njyb {j|m( ugma jn fam bmy`my fkk}y{

pgjkg iff{u{ ugdu KMF'{ sdz( fugmy KMF nmmh ma~jf}{ dae {mu dif}u njaeja` ugmjy fpa udom"f~my udy`mu{!;>Nfy ja{udakm( {mm Khdyomu dh! 9337*!


18/40

40

ymhduj~m ydugmy ugda di{fh}um syfnju!;0

Nfy ugm {dbm ymd{fa( jn sfumaujdh bdad`my{ ejnnmy ja ugmjy

jauyja{jk symnmymakm{ nfy di{fh}um fy ymhduj~m syfnju smynfybdakm( Bjhhmy dae Sd|`dh 9339*

dy`}m ugdu d njyb bdz pj{g uf gjym d bdad`my pjug d imgd~jfydh ijd{ ufpdye{ ymhduj~m syfnju {f

d{ uf `dja {uydum`jk de~daud`m!

[f ndy( pm gd~m dy`}me ugdu jbjudujfa fy kfakmya nfy ymhduj~m syfnju{ bdom{ ugm {udujk

jaumydkujfa imupmma fhj`fsfhj{u{ bfym kfbsmujuj~m( i}u pgdu efm{ ugj{ imgd~jfy jbshz nfy ugm

{}{udjadijhjuz fn kfhh}{jfa6 [}ssf{m ugdu mdkg fhj`fsfhj{u kdym{ dif}u ju{ syfnju{ ymhduj~m uf ju{

yj~dh{! Kfbsdyme uf ugm {muuja` pjug di{fh}um syfnju bdwjbj|dujfa( ugmym dym upf mnnmku{37** dae( m{smkjdhhz( Hm{hjm 9335* nfy n}yugmy ej{k}{{jfa fn ugm{m sfjau{ dae

bdaz mwdbshm{ fn ugm yfhm fn uy}{u dae ej{uy}{u ja kdyumh {udijhjuz!


22/40

94

4:==*!5=

L}{u d{ d kfa{}bmy bj`gu afu kgda`m gmy idao( {dz( }aujh ugm smykmj~me hm~mh fn

{my~jkm t}dhjuz {gm ymkmj~m{ ndhh{ imhfp {fbm ugym{gfhe( d njyb bj`gu afu ym~j{m ju{ {uydum`z

pgjhm ju kfauja}m{ uf fiudja {duj{ndkufyz syfnju{! Fahz jn ugm ymdhj|me syfnju ndhh{ imhfp ugm

udy`mu hm~mh pjhh d njyb ym{fyu uf mwsmyjbmauja` pjug da dhumyaduj~m {uydum`z! [}kg imgd~jfy

kf}he `j~m yj{m uf d em`ymm fn syjkm yj`jejuz nfy ja{udakm( m~ma jn }aemyhzja` kf{u fy embdaekfaejujfa{ ~dyz!5>

Ugm nfyb fn ugm mwsmyjbmaudujfa kf}he im s}ymhz ydaefb ja mwuymbm kd{m{(

fy njyb{ bdz im dihm uf udy`mu ugmjy duumaujfa ufpdye{ amp {uydum`jm{ pgjkg pjhh hjomhz iff{u

syfnju{! Nfy ja{udakm( da jemd ja ugm mdyhz hjumydu}ym fa {dujkjnjkja` pd{ ugdu njyb{ fnuma gde d

em`ymm fn )bdad`myjdh {hdko)( dae pgma ujbm{ pmym gdye ugmz kf}he nfk}{ ugmjy mamy`jm{ fa

k}uuja` kf{u{ fy mwsdaeja` ugmjy bdyomu{!* Pgdu hm~mh fn syfnju{ d njyb kfa{jemy{ uf im

){duj{ndkufyz) j{ hjomhz uf emsmae fa ju{ gj{ufyjkdh ymu}ya{ d{ pmhh d{ ugm smynfybdakm fn ju{

smmy{ dae ugm mkfafbz d{ d pgfhm!

Kzmyu dae Bdykg 4:=>* ej{k}{{ {fbm jbshjkdujfa{ fn {duj{njkja` imgd~jfy dae um{u ugm{m jemd{

mbsjyjkdhhz dadhz{ja` edud nyfb d nmp* bda}ndku}ymy{ fn ndyb jbshmbmau{! Ugmz kfakh}em

ugdu d njyb j{ bfym hjomhz uf ym{fyu uf d``ym{{j~m {uydum`jm{ {mmoja` kf{u yme}kujfa{ fy {dhm{

mwsda{jfa{* jn ju j{ fsmyduja` khf{m uf ju{ iymdom~ma sfjau fy jn ju{ kf{u{ dym gj`gmy ugda ugm

jae}{uyz d~myd`m( imgd~jfy pgjkg dkkfye{ pjug ugm jemd ugdu njyb{ dym bf{u hjomhz uf kgda`m

{uydum`z dnumy ugmz ymdhj|m hfp syfnju{!

G}ko( Ofayde( B}hhmy( dae Afybdaa 9330* efk}bmau ymhdume mnnmku{ ja da mwsmyjbmau

kfakmyaja` bmy`my{ ja Kf}yafu bdyomu{! D{ j{ oafpa {jakm [dhdau( [pju|my( dae Ymzafhe{

4:7;*( ijhdumydh bmy`my{ ja hjamdy Kf}yafu bdyomu{ pjug bfym ugda upf njyb{ dym symejkume uf

yme}km ugm lfjau syfnju{ fn bmy`ja` njyb{ pgma njyb{ dym n}hhz syfnju"bdwjbj|ja`! [jakm ugj{symejkujfa dssmdy{ kf}aumyjau}juj~m du njy{u {j`gu( ugm ym{}hu gd{ imma e}iime ugm )bmy`my

sdydefw)! Ugm jau}jujfa nfy ugm ym{}hu j{ {jbshm( gfpm~my! Ja Kf}yafu bdyomu{ njyb{ f}us}u{

mwmyu am`duj~m mwumyadhjujm{ fa ugmjy yj~dh{! Gmakm( dnumy d bmy`my ugm upf ja{jemy{ gd~m da

jakmauj~m uf jaumyadhj|m {fbm fn ugm{m am`duj~m mwumyadhjujm{( ugdu j{( ugmz gd~m da jakmauj~m uf

yme}km ugmjy kfbijame f}us}u! Fi~jf}{hz( ugmz pf}he omms ugmjy sym"bmy`my syfnju{ jn ugmz

{jbshz omsu ugmjy f}us}u kfa{udau( i}u ugj{ j{ afu ugm bf{u syfnjudihm ym{sfa{m uf ugm }a"

bmy`me njyb{' f}us}u{!* N}yugmy( d{ Kf}yafu jaumydkujfa{ dym `dbm{ pjug {uydum`jk {}i{uju}um{(

ugm }a"bmy`me njyb{ fsujbdh ym{sfa{m{ uf ugj{ kfauydkujfa ja f}us}u j{ uf jakymd{m ugmjy fpa

f}us}u{! Ugj{ hmde{ jauf d amp mt}jhjiyj}b pgmym ugm bdyomu syjkm j{ gj`gmy( ugm f}u{jemy{ dym

imuumy fnn( dae ugm upf bmy`ja` ja{jemy{ dym pfy{m fnn! Ugm yme}kme bdyomu {gdym fn ugm

5=Nfy ja{udakm( @fyefa 4:57( sd`m 904* pyjum{ )Ugm nmdy fn idaoy}sukz dae ugm m~ma bfym pjem{symde nmdy fn

umbsfydyz njadakjdh mbidyyd{{bmau dym syfidihz bfym sfpmyn}h eyj~m{ ugda ugm em{jym nfy ugm di{fh}um

bdwjb}b ja syfnju{! _R @j~ma ugm nf` fn }akmyudjauz pjugja pgjkg _ugm i}{jam{{bdaR b}{u fsmydum( ugm hjbjume

a}bimy fn ~dyjdihm{ gj{ bjae kda l}``hm du fam ujbm( dae gj{ em{jym uf shdz {dnm( ju pf}he afu im du dhh {}ysyj{ja`

jn gm defsume d {mu fn zdye{ujko{ ugdu syfbj{me ymd{fadihz {duj{ndkufyz syfnju{)!5> [jbfa 4:0:( sd`m 5:=* bdom{ d lfom dif}u ugf{m mkfafbj{u{ pgf imhjm~m ugdu emsdyu}ym{ nyfb ugm

symejkujfa{ fn ydujfadh imgd~jfy ef afu bduumy jn ugm symejkujfa{ fn ugm {udaedye bfemh{ dym `ffe maf}`g- fn ugmjy mwdku fsujbdh syfnju{( ugm bfafsfhz f}ukfbm kda

im {}{udjame pjugf}u daz kfhh}{j~m jaumau!=4

Idzm dae Bfy`da 9335* sym{mau da jaumym{uja` dkkf}au fn gfp dhbf{u"fsujbdh imgd~jfy kda

hmde uf {j`ajnjkdau emsdyu}ym{ nyfb ugm symejkujfa{ fn n}hhz"fsujbdh bfemh{! Ugmz dadhz|m d

{udujk gfbf`maf}{ syfe}ku Imyuydae bdyomu( {f ugdu syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` njyb{ dym symejkume uf

{mu syjkm{ du bdy`jadh kf{u! Ugmz fiudja da "mt}jhjiyj}b ja~fh~ja` bjwme {uydum`jm{ nfy

kgff{ja` syjkm{ pgjkg zjmhe{ ymhduj~mhz gj`g syfnju{ m~ma nfy {bdhh ! Pjug e}fsfhz( pgma

j{ l}{u 4- fn bfafsfhz syfnju( ugm "mt}jhjiyj}b zjmhe{ mwsmkume syfnju pgjkg j{ bfym ugda

9=- fn ugm bfafsfhz syfnju!* Idzm dae Bfy`da dh{f ej{k}{{ da dhumyaduj~m bfemh fn if}aeme

ydujfadhjuz( pgjkg j{ ugdu njyb{ shdz d {f"kdhhme t}daudh"ym{sfa{m mt}jhjiyj}b!=9

Ugj{ bfemh

{}ssf{m{ ugdu d njyb j{ bfym hjomhz uf kgff{m d syjkm pgjkg zjmhe{ gj`gmy syfnju( i}u j{ afu {}ym

uf kgff{m ugm bf{u syfnjudihm syjkm! Ugj{ bfemh am{u{ ugm n}hhz ydujfadh bfemh dae d bfemh

pjug s}ymhz ydaefb imgd~jfy d{ {smkjdh kd{m{!* Pgjhm ugm emudjh{ fn ugm mt}jhjiyjd ja ugm upf

bfemh{ fn if}aeme ydujfadhjuz ejnnmy( ugm iyfde kfakh}{jfa{ " ugdu syjkm{ dym dif~m kf{u(

syfnju{ dym sf{juj~m( dae syfnju{ ndhh pjug bfym yj~dh{ " kfjakjem! Idzm dae Bfy`da y}a

hdifydufyz mwsmyjbmau{ uf `mamydum edud( dae ugma m{ujbdum pgjkg bfemh fn njyb imgd~jfy im{u

nju{ ugm edud! M{smkjdhhz nfy e}fsfhz( ugmz njae ugdu ifug ugm "mt}jhjiyj}b dae ugm t}daudh"ym{sfa{m mt}jhjiyj}b bfemh nju ugm edud imuumy ugda mjugmy fn ugm mwuymbm n}hhz"ydujfadh fy

n}hhz"ydaefb bfemh{! Ugmym efm{ afu {mmb uf im b}kg uf kgff{m imupmma ugm upf if}aemehz

ydujfadh bfemh{( gfpm~my!*

>! Fugmy Ufsjk{

F~my"Fsujbj{b< D{ j{ pmhh"efk}bmaume ja ugm s{zkgfhf`z hjumydu}ym( f~my"fsujbj{b fy f~my"

kfanjemakm* dif}u fam'{ fpa dijhjuz fy dif}u ugm syfidijhjuz fn nd~fydihm f}ukfbm{ j{

dssdymauhz kfbbfa ja ugm sfs}hdujfa!=;

Dedb [bjug pyfum< )ugm kgdakm fn `dja j{ iz m~myz

bda bfym fy hm{{ f~my"~dh}me( dae ugm kgdakm fn hf{{ j{ iz bf{u bma }aemy"~dh}me)! Ugmym

=4[mm Mhhj{fa 933>( sd`m{ 403"404*! Afum ugdu jn ugmym dym a njyb{ ja{umde fn l}{u upf( ugm bfafsfhz f}ukfbm

kda im jbshmbmaume d{ da "mt}jhjiyj}b syf~jeme ugdu 1 a"4*9&4>a9*( dae {f pjug bfym njyb{ ju efm{ imkfbm

gdyemy uf {}{udja ugm bfafsfhz f}ukfbm pjug {duj{njkja` imgd~jfy! Ymhdumehz( dssyfwjbdumhz fsujbdh imgd~jfy iz

njyb{ kda {}{udja udkju kfhh}{jfa pgma ugmz jaumydku fahz njajumhz fnuma( du hmd{u nfy ugm mdyhz smyjfe{ fn ugm

jaumydkujfa! Ja {jbshm bfemh{( n}hhz ydujfadh njyb{ kdaafu {}{udja daz kfhh}{jfa pgma ugmz bmmu d oafpa( njajum

a}bimy fn ujbm{!* [mm Ydeafy 4:73* nfy n}yugmy emudjh{!=9[mm BkOmh~mz dae Sdhnymz 4::=* nfy n}yugmy emudjh{ fn ugj{ nfyb fn dssyfwjbdumhz fsujbdh imgd~jfy!

=;Nfy mwdbshm( [~ma{fa 4:74* njae{ ugdu :;- fn ym{sfaemau{ ymsfyu ugdu ugmz dym dif~m ugm bmejda ja umyb{ fn

eyj~ja` dijhjuz!


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dym `ffe ymd{fa{ nfy ugjaoja` ju j{ {ujhh bfym kfbbfa dbfa` i}{jam{{smfshm ugda ugm

sfs}hdujfa d{ pgfhm! Ugmym j{ d )pjaamy'{ k}y{m) d{smku uf hd}akgja` d amp i}{jam{{< ju j{

hjomhz ugdu fugmy{ gd~m dhymdez ugf}`gu dif}u hd}akgja` d {jbjhdy syfe}ku im ju d amp

ym{ud}ydau ja d sdyujk}hdy hfkdhm( fy {fbmugja` bfym dbijujf}{*( dae ugm mauymsymam}y pgf

dku}dhhz emkjem{ uf {udyu ugm amp i}{jam{{ j{ hjomhz uf im bfym fsujbj{ujk ugda fugmy{! D{ dym{}hu( m~ma jn imhjmn{ dif}u ugm hjomhz ymu}ya nyfb ugm ja~m{ubmau dym }a"ijd{me fa d~myd`m(

ugm mauymsymam}y pjhh uzsjkdhhz im f~myhz fsujbj{ujk! ]ahm{{ mauymsymam}y{ ydujfadhhz udom n}hh

dkkf}au fn ugm ndku ugdu fugmy{ gd~m emkjeme afu uf maumy ugj{ bdyomu( pm mwsmku uf {mm< j* gj`g

ndjh}ym ydum{ nfy amp i}{jam{{m{( dae jj* kymeju ydujfaja`( fy hfda{ imja` fnnmyme fahz pjug

kfhhdumydh!=5

Jaumyadh syfbfujfa syfkme}ym{ bdz dh{f gd~m d umaemakz uf nd~f}y ugm f~my"fsujbj{ujk( {f ugdu

KMF{ d{ pmhh d{ mauymsymam}y{ bdz im ej{syfsfyujfadumhz f~my"fsujbj{ujk! Kfa{jemy d

{ju}dujfa pgmym bdad`mbmau syfbfujfa{ dym eyj~ma ugyf}`g ydao"fyemy uf}yadbmau{( d{ ja

Hd|mdy dae Yf{ma 4:74*! Uf im syfbfume uf d gj`gmy hm~mh( bdad`my{ umae uf ymt}jym ifug

{ojhh dae h}ko! Ja Hd|mdy dae Yf{ma{ fyj`jadh bfemh h}ko pd{ mwf`maf}{ afj{m( i}u ugm

bfemh kda im mwumaeme {f ugdu bdad`my{ kda dnnmku ugm yj{ojam{{ fn syflmku{ ugmz }aemyudom!

Ugm kfa{mt}makm j{ ugdu ugdu ugm im{u smynfybja` bdad`my ja d uf}yadbmau j{ hjomhz uf gd~m

gj`g {ojhh dae uf gd~m kgf{ma d yj{oz {mu fn syflmku{! F~myfsujbj{b ja d bdad`my bj`gu bmda

ugdu ugdu bdad`my efpashdz{ ugm uy}m yj{ojam{{ fn syflmku{! Ja ugj{ {muuja`( bdad`my{ pgf yj{m

uf ugm ufs fn d njyb dym hjomhz uf im ugm gj`ghz"{ojhhme fsujbj{u{ pgf pmym h}koz!==

]{ja` d bfym di{uydku {mhmkujfa bmkgdaj{b( Gmjnmu|( [gdaafa dae [sjm`mh 9330* dh{f dy`}m

ugdu fsujbj{u{ pjhh {z{umbdujkdhhz f}usmynfyb ymdhj{u{ ja kfbsmujuj~m ma~jyfabmau{( dae {f pjhhsymefbjadum ja ugm sffh fn {}kkm{{n}h d`mau{! Ugm omz jau}jujfa j{ ugdu fsujbj{b kda {my~m d{

d kfbbjubmau em~jkm jn fi{my~me iz yj~dh{ b}kg d{ bdoja` d bdad`my bdwjbj|m ymhduj~m

syfnju{ efm{ ja ^jkomy{ 4:7=**! Uyda{hdume jauf d bdyomu kfaumwu( Gmjnmu| mu dh!{ dadhz{j{

{}``m{u{ ugdu sdyujk}hdy nfyb{ fn bdad`myjdh f~my"fsujbj{b bdz {fbmujbm{ dku uf {fnuma

kfbsmujujfa! Nfy ja{udakm( kfa{jemy d Imyuydae fhj`fsfhz pjug ejnnmymaujdume syfe}ku{ pgmym

ugmym j{ {fbm }akmyudjauz dif}u embdae! Ugm bfym fsujbj{ujk d bdad`my j{ " {dz( dif}u ugm

{kdhm fn embdae( fy ugm mwumau fn syfe}ku ejnnmymaujdujfa imupmma {}sshjmy{ " ugm gj`gmy ugm

syjkm {gm pjhh kgdy`m! Jn d bdad`my{ fsujbj{b j{ fi{my~dihm fy jn kfbsmujufy{ du hmd{u gd~m

{fbm janfybduj~m {j`adh dif}u gmy em`ymm fn fsujbj{b( ugmz pjhh ydujfadhhz daujkjsdum ugm{m

gj`gmy syjkm{ dae fsujbdhhz del}{u ugmjy fpa syjkm{ }spdye{ d{ pmhh! Gmakm( fam fsujbj{u j{

maf}`g uf jakymd{m ugm syjkm{ kgdy`me iz dhh njyb{! Dae ky}kjdhhz ugm fsujbj{u pjhh mdya bfym

=5[mm Em Bm|d dae [f}ugmz 4::>* nfy mbsjyjkdh m~jemakm dae d bfemh pgjkg symejku{ ugdu mauymsymam}y{ dym

bfym fsujbj{ujk ugda ugm `mamydh sfs}hdujfa! Kdbmymy dae Hf~dhhf 4:::* efk}bmau ja da mwsmyjbmaudh {u}ez

{gfpja` ugdu mwkm{{j~m mauyz kda im eyj~ma iz f~mykfanjemakm ja fpa dijhjuz! [mm Ufy 9339* nfy da mwumaeme

ej{k}{{jfa fn imgd~jfydh mkfafbjk{ dae mauyz emkj{jfa{( dae ugm jbshjkdujfa{ nfy kfbsmujujfa sfhjkz!==[mm @fmh dae Ugdofy 9333* nfy d bfemh dhfa` ugm{m hjam{!


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bfamz nfy gmy njyb ugda ugm ymdhj{u pf}he gd~m efam dhugf}`g gmy yj~dh{ pjhh mdya {ujhh

bfym*!=>

Ja pgdu j{ smygds{ ugm im{u"oafpa sdsmy dif}u bdad`myjdh jyydujfadhjuz( Yfhh 4:7>* {}``m{u{

ugdu mwkm{{j~m bmy`my dkuj~juz bdz im `mamydume iz bdad`myjdh f~my"kfanjemakm! Ja gj{ugmfyz( d KMF j{ uff kfanjemau ja ugm dkk}ydkz fn gj{ janfybdujfa dif}u ugm sfumaujdh

syfnjudijhjuz fn d udomf~my( dae {f pjhh im uff t}jko uf hd}akg d udomf~my ije! Symejkujfa{ fn

ugj{ ugmfyz dym ugdu ugm kfbijame `dja uf ijeemy dae udy`mu pjhh im |myf( dae ugdu ugm ijeemy'{

~dh}m pjhh ndhh fa daaf}akmbmau fn ugm ije! Yfhh {}``m{u{ ugdu ugm d~djhdihm mbsjyjkdh

m~jemakm efm{ afu ymlmku ugm{m symejkujfa{! F~mykfanjemakm iz KMF{ ja ugmjy dijhjuz uf kgff{m

ja~m{ubmau syflmku{ dae bmy`my fssfyu}ajujm{ gd{ imma emumkume iz Bdhbmaejmy dae Udum

933=( 9337*! KMF{ pjhh ejnnmy ja ugm mwumau fn ugmjy f~mykfanjemakm( dae Bdhbmaejmy dae

Udum jemaujnz d{ f~mykfanjemau ugf{m KMF{ pgf gfhe fa uf ugmjy {ufko fsujfa{ }aujh ugmz

mwsjym! Ugmz jaumysymu ugj{ d{ m~jemakm fn ugm KMF'{ f~my"m{ujbdujfa fn ugmjy njyb'{ n}u}ym

smynfybdakm! Ugmz {gfp ugdu ugj{ `yf}s fn KMF{ dym ==- bfym hjomhz uf }aemyudom d

bmy`my!=0

Bdad`myjdh f~mykfanjemakm kf}he ugmymnfym im fam mwshdadujfa nfy pgz kfbsdajm{

pgjkg }aemyudom bmy`my{ {mmb uf }aemy"smynfyb!

Ugmym j{ dh{f d yjkg hjumydu}ym ja njadakm dif}u pgmugmy f~mykfanjemau {mk}yjujm{ uydemy{ kda

{}y~j~m ja ugm hfa` umyb( fy pgmugmy( d hd Nyjmebda 4:=;*( ugmz dym eyj~ma f}u iz bfym

ydujfadh uydemy{! Jn da f~mykfanjemau uydemy }aemym{ujbdum{ ugm yj{ojam{{ fn da d{{mu( {gm pjhh

i}z bfym fn ugm d{{mu ugda ydujfadh uydemy{! Jn ugm yj{oz d{{mu dh{f gd{ gj`gmy mwsmkume ymu}ya(

ugma ugm f~mykfanjemau uydemy{ kda imkfbm pmdhugjmy ugda bfym ydujfadh ja~m{ufy{ dhugf}`g

ugmjy mwsmkume }ujhjuz j{ hfpmy*!=7

Jn da f~mykfanjemau uydemy imhjm~m{ ugdu gmy m{ujbdum fn ugmmwsmkume ymu}ya fn d yj{oz d{{mu j{ bfym symkj{m ugda ju ymdhhz j{( {}kg d uydemy pjhh uydem bfym

d``ym{{j~mhz ugda da }aijd{me uydemy( dae {jakm {gm uydem{ id{me fa }{mn}h janfybdujfa( gmy

mwsmkume pmdhug j{ gj`gmy ugda }aijd{me uydemy{ dhugf}`g gmy mwsmkume }ujhjuz j{ hfpmy*! D{ d

ym{}hu( f~mykfanjemau uydemy{ kda smy{j{u ja( dae m~ma efbjadum( ugm bdyomu!=:

Ozhm dae Pda`

4::0* sym{mau d bfemh pjug l}{u upf uydemy{( fam fn pgfb j{ f~mykfanjemau dae oafpa uf im

{f iz ugm ydujfadh uydemy! Ugmz {gfp( ja d ~myz {jbjhdy bdaamy uf f}y sym~jf}{ ej{k}{{jfa

dif}u Gmjnmu| mu dh!( ugdu ugm f~mykfanjemau uydemy `dja{ {uydum`jk de~daud`m iz imja` oafpa uf

uydem d``ym{{j~mhz( pgjkg jae}km{ ugm ydujfadh uydemy uf {kdhm idko gmy fpa uydem{! Ugm ym{}hu

j{ ugdu ugm f~mykfanjemau uydemy smynfyb{ imuumy ugda ugm ydujfadh uydemy!

=>[mm Ma`hbdjmy 9330* nfy {}kg d bfemh! Ja d Kf}yafu bdyomu( gjyja` d bdad`my pgf j{ f~myfsujbj{ujk {dz(

dif}u ugm {kdhm fn bdyomu embdae* d`dja kfanmy{ {uydum`jk de~daud`m uf ugm njyb( i}u jn dhh njyb{ ef ugj{ ugmz pjhh

dhh im pfy{m fnn ymhduj~m uf ugm {ju}dujfa pjug }aijd{me bdad`my{!=0Ugj{ kfyymhdujfa imupmma gfheja` fauf {ufko fsujfa{ dae kfysfydum imgd~jfy kf}he dh{f im e}m uf ugm KMF'{

ja{jem janfybdujfa! Gfpm~my( Bdhbmaejmy dae Udum dy`}m ugdu ugj{ j{ }ahjomhz uf im ugm mwshdadujfa {jakm ugm

KMF{ pgf gfhe fauf ugmjy {ufko fsujfa{ ef afu `dja bfamz nyfb efja` {f!=7

[mm Em Hfa` mu dh! 4::4* nfy bfym emudjh{!=:[mm Gjy{ghmjnmy dae H}f 9334*!


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Dkkf}auja` Dafbdhjm{< Ju j{ d n}aedbmaudh umamu fn syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` imgd~jfy ugdu njwme dae

{}ao kf{u{( pgjhm ugmz dym jbsfyudau nfy mauyz dae mwju emkj{jfa{( {gf}he afu shdz d yfhm nfy

emumybjaja` syjkm{ uf k}{ufbmy{! Gfpm~my( ugj{ sfhjkz j{ pjemhz nhf}ume iz bdad`my{! Hfa`

d`f( Gdhh dae Gjukg 4:;:* jaumy~jmpme ;7 i}{jam{{ mwmk}uj~m{ dif}u ugmjy bmugfe{ nfy {muuja`

syjkm{! Ja{umde fn mt}duja` bdy`jadh ym~ma}m uf bdy`jadh kf{u( ugmz kfakh}eme ugdu< ) ugmymj{ d {uyfa` umaemakz dbfa` i}{jam{{ bma uf njw syjkm{ ejymkuhz du d hm~mh pgjkg ugmz ym`dye d{

ugmjy 'n}hh kf{u'!) Dh"Adlldy( Idhj`d( dae Im{daof 9337* em{kyjim d a}bimy fn bfym ymkmau

{}y~mz{ pgjkg ymsfyu {jbjhdy duuju}em{ dbfa`{u bdad`my{( ugm bdlfyjuz fn pgfb khdjb uf udom

njwme dae {}ao kf{u{ jauf dkkf}au pgma {muuja` syjkm{! Ugmz dh{f ymsfyu d bdad`myjdh

dkkf}auja` umwuiffo pgjkg dy`}m{ d`dja{uid{ja` syjkm{ fa bdy`jadh kf{u{!*

Mwsmyjbmaudh pfyo kfanjyb{ ugdu {}ssf{mehz jyymhm~dau {}ao kf{u{ kda gd~m da jbsdku fa

gfp syjkm{ dym dku}dhhz kgf{ma! Fnnmybda dae Sfuumy{ 933>* kfae}ku da mwsmyjbmau uf

ja~m{uj`dum syjkja` ja d Imyuydae"uzsm e}fsfhz bdyomu pjug syfe}ku ejnnmymaujdujfa! Ja fam

uymdubmau( ugmym dym af {}ao kf{u{ dae syjkja` imgd~jfy j{ fi{my~me uf kfa~my`m uf ugm

Imyuydae mt}jhjiyj}b! Ja d {mkfae uymdubmau( sdyujkjsdau{ b}{u sdz d {}ao mauyz nmm uf lfja ugm

bdyomu! Ugj{ j{ em{j`ame uf bfemh d}kujfaja` d hjkmakm nfy ugm yj`gu uf maumy d bdyomu!* Ja ugj{

{mkfae uymdubmau( ugm d~myd`m bdyo"}s fn syjkm{ f~my bdy`jadh kf{u j{ {}i{udaujdhhz gj`gmy

;3- gj`gmy* ugda ja ugm njy{u uymdubmau! Jaumym{uja`hz( pgma ugmz smynfyb ugm {dbm sdjy fn

mwsmyjbmau{ i}u pjug bfafsfhz ja{umde fn fhj`fsfhz( ugmym j{ af jbsdku fn {}ao kf{u{ fa ugm

kgf{ma bfafsfhz syjkm pgjkg j{ fi{my~me uf im khf{m uf ugm syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` hm~mh*! Ugj{ j{

{fbmpgdu ymbjaj{kmau fn f}y ej{k}{{jfa fn kfbb}ajkdujfa kf{u{ ja {mkujfa 9( pgmym pm {dp

ugdu njyb{ pmym bfym jakhjame uf {ujko uf d afa"ijaeja` kfhh}{j~m d`ymmbmau jn ugmz jak}yyme

{}i{udaujdh kf{u{ uf ymdkg ugdu d`ymmbmau!

Ugj{ fi{my~dujfa j{ kfa{j{umau pjug Dh"Adlldy mu dh!( pgf sym{mau d ugmfymujkdh bfemh uf {gfp

gfp ugm }{m fn n}hh"kf{u syjkja` sfhjkjm{ bj`gu smy{j{u ja ugm hfa`"y}a ja fhj`fsfhz bdyomu{!

Ugm bdja ym{}hu j{ iz afp d ndbjhjdy fam ja ugj{ {}y~mz< iz jauyfe}kja` d imgd~jfydh ijd{ ja

bdad`myjdh emkj{jfa"bdoja` d njyb kda `dja {uydum`jk de~daud`m! Ja bfym emudjh( Dh"Adlldy mu

dh! {}ssf{m ugdu njyb{ kfbsmum ja d Imyuydae bdyomu pjug syfe}ku ejnnmymaujdujfa! Ja {}kg d

bdyomu( jn d bdad`my {fbmgfp kfbbju{ uf {mu d gj`g syjkm( ju{ yj~dh{ pjhh dh{f {mu d gj`g syjkm(

dae dhh njyb{ pjhh bdom gj`gmy syfnju{!>3

Ugm mnnmku j{ doja uf gjyja` da f~myfsujbj{ujk

bdad`my( fy shdkja` d {}judihm jakmauj~m {kgmbm fa ugm bdad`my( d{ sym~jf}{hz ej{k}{{me!*

I}u d bdad`my pgf id{m{ syjkm{ ja sdyu fa njwme dae {}ao kf{u{ ja mnnmku kfbbju{ uf {mu d

>3D a}bmyjkdh mwdbshm bdz gmhs uf njw jemd{! [}ssf{m ugmym j{ d e}fsfhz pjug ejnnmymaujdume syfe}ku{ pgmym ugm

upf njyb{ kgff{m syjkm{ dae pgmym d njyb'{ embdae j{ `j~ma iz mwsym{{jfa 4* d{ ja {mkujfa ;! I}u ja{umde fn

syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` imgd~jfy( {}ssf{m ugdu njyb j 2 4(9 imgd~m{ d{ jn ju{ bdy`jadh kf{u j{ kj ydugmy ugda ugm uy}m

kf{u pgjkg j{ |myf*! [}ssf{m ugdu ndy"{j`gume {gdym"gfhemy{ fn njyb j fy {fbm nfyb fn m~fh}ujfadyz sym{{}ym{*

kgff{m {f d{ uf bdwjbj|m ugmjy uy}m syfnju{ d kfysfydum k}hu}ym {}kg ugdu ugmjy bdad`my imgd~m{ d{ jn gmy kf{u pd{

kj( dae ifug `yf}s{ fn {gdym"gfhemy{ ef ugj{ imnfym syjkm kfbsmujujfa {udyu{! Ugma fam kda {gfp ugdu ugm

mt}jhjiyj}b )kf{u{) dym k4 2 k9 2 4&44( dae kf{u{ dym dyujnjkjdhhz iff{ume {f d{ uf ydj{m mt}jhjiyj}b syjkm{! Ja ugj{

mwdbshm( syjkm{ yj{m iz dssyfwjbdumhz 43- ymhduj~m uf ugm {ju}dujfa ja pgjkg bdad`my{ id{m ugmjy syjkm{ fa ugm

uy}m bdy`jadh kf{u{!


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gj`g syjkm( dae {f gjyja` d bdad`my pgf sydkujkm{ ugj{ )ad~m) syjkja` sfhjkz fy ja{ujhhja` d

kfysfydum k}hu}ym pgmym ugj{ nfyb fn syjkja` j{ }{me* iff{u{ ugm njyb'{ syfnju{!>4

Ugm mnnmku j{

doja uf ugm {uydum`jk udw sfhjkz dadhz|me iz Mdufa dae @yf{{bda 4:7>*( pgmym d kf}auyz gd{

da jakmauj~m uf udw ugm f}us}u fn d gfbm njyb ja fyemy uf ymhdw kfbsmujujfa pjug d nfymj`a

yj~dh!

Fugmy dhhm`me dkkf}auja` )dafbdhjm{) bj`gu im mwshdjame iz {jbjhdy bzfsjk hmdyaja` fy

m~fh}ujfadyz sym{{}ym{( fy ymd{fa{ fn {uydum`jk emhm`dujfa! Nfy ja{udakm( d njyb bj`gu im

fy`daj|me jauf {msdydum syfnju kmauym{( mdkg fn pgjkg j{ `j~ma ugm ud{o fn bdwjbj|ja` ju{ fpa

syfnju em{sjum ugm kfbsmujuj~m fy kfauydkuja` mwumyadhjujm{ pgjkg bj`gu mwj{u imupmma ugm{m

syfnju kmauym{*! Ug}{( d bda}ndku}ymy bj`gu kgff{m uf {}sshz ju{ syfe}ku{ ugyf}`g da

jaemsmaemau ymudjhmy ydugmy ugda {mhh ejymkuhz uf kfa{}bmy{ ~jd da jaum`ydume ymudjhmy! Uf {mm

fam ymd{fa pgz ugj{ bj`gu im {f( em{sjum ugm dssdymau eda`my{ fn ef}ihm bdy`jadhj|dujfa(

{}ssf{m ugdu upf bda}ndku}ymy{ dym kfbsmuja` uf {mhh uf kfa{}bmy{! Jn ugmz {mhh ejymkuhz uf

kfa{}bmy{( ugma ja ugm di{makm fn kfhh}{jfa pm mwsmku uf {mm ugm Imyuydae mt}jhjiyj}b

mbmy`m! Gfpm~my( jn mdkg njyb emhm`dum{ ju{ ymudjhja` fsmydujfa uf d {msdydum ej~j{jfa dae

mdkg ymudjhja` ej~j{jfa {mm{ ugm umyb{ du pgjkg ugm yj~dh ymudjhmy {f}ykm{ ju{ syfe}ku*( ugma iz

{muuja` d pgfhm{dhm syjkm dif~m ju{ syfe}kujfa kf{u d njyb kda jae}km ju{ ymudjhja` ej~j{jfa uf

syjkm gj`g( pgjkg {fnuma{ kfbsmujujfa dae iff{u{ syfnju{!>9

]akmyudjauz dif}u ugm Ydujfadhjuz fn Yj~dh{< M~ma jn d njyb j{ ju{mhn n}hhz ydujfadh( ju{ imgd~jfy

pjhh im dnnmkume pgma ju imhjm~m{ ugdu ju{ yj~dh{ bdz afu im ydujfadh! Imkd}{m fn ugj{( d ydujfadh

njyb bdz gd~m da jakmauj~m uf bjbjk afa"ydujfadh imgd~jfy {f d{ uf bdom ju{ yj~dh ugjao ju

bdz im d afa"ydujfadh uzsm fn njyb! Kfa{mt}mauhz( m~ma ugm sfumaujdh nfy imgd~jfydh ijd{m{ kdagd~m d {}i{udaujdh mnnmku fa bdyomu f}ukfbm{!

D{ pm gd~m ej{k}{{me dhymdez( jn upf ydujfadh njyb{ pgf oafp nfy {}ym ugdu mdkg fugmy j{

ydujfadh* shdz d Syj{famy'{ Ejhmbbd `dbm nfy d oafpa njajum a}bimy fn yf}ae{( pjug ugm upf

dkujfa{ )kfhh}em) dae )kfbsmum)( ugmym j{ af pdz uf {}{udja kfhh}{jfa m~ma du ugm {udyu! I}u jn

fam njyb j{ }a{}ym dif}u ugm ydujfadhjuz fn ju{ yj~dh( ju bdz im }apj{m uf )kfbsmum) ja mdkg

yf}ae! Nfy ja{udakm( {}ssf{m ugm yj~dh j{ nfy {fbm ymd{fa imhjm~me uf im }{ja` ugm {uydum`z fn

)uju"nfy"udu)( j!m!( ugj{ yj~dh {udyu{ fnn kfhh}eja`( dae ugm ja mdkg {}i{mt}mau yf}ae ju jbjudum{ ugm

sym~jf}{ dkujfa fn ugm yj~dh! Afum ugdu ugm )uju"nfy"udu) {uydum`z kdaafu im d ydujfadh {uydum`z

nfy d syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` njyb( {jakm ja ugm njadh yf}ae ju j{ d efbjadau {uydum`z uf )kfbsmum)

ym`dyehm{{ fn ugm yj~dh'{ sma}hujbdum dkujfa!* Jn fam njyb ugjao{ ju j{ shdzja` d`dja{u d )uju"nfy"

udu) njyb( ju pjhh uzsjkdhhz im fsujbdh uf kfhh}em nfy jajujdh smyjfe{ {f d{ uf jae}km ugm yj~dh uf

kfauja}m pjug kfhh}{jfa! Fahz ufpdye ugm maesfjau pjhh ugm ydujfadh njyb {udyu uf kfbsmum!

Afum ugdu ju bdz ugmymnfym im syfnjudihm nfy fam njyb uf kfbbju uf shdz )uju"nfy"udu) d`dja{u d

>4Dh"Adlldy mu dh! {}ssf{m ugdu ugm fhj`fsfhj{u{ ymdkg mt}jhjiyj}b syjkm{ ~jd d bzfsjk del}{ubmau syfkm{{( dae

ugj{ bmda{ ugdu yj~dh{ ef afu amme uf fi{my~m ugm )ijd{) fn ugm bdad`my! Ja deejujfa( ugmz d{{}bm ugdu mdkg njyb

fi{my~m{ fahz ju{ fpa syfnju{ dae afu ugm syfnju{ fn ju{ yj~dh{( dae dym bfym hjomhz uf kgff{m kf{u bmugfefhf`jm{

pgjkg dym smynfybme pmhh nfy ju ja ugm sd{u!>9[mm Ifadaaf dae ^jkomy{ 4:77* nfy ugj{ bfemh!


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9:

syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` fssfamau( jn nmd{jihm( {f d{ uf malfz {fbm yf}ae{ fn kfhh}{jfa! Gfpm~my( ju

bdz afu im sf{{jihm uf kfbbju uf da jyydujfadh {uydum`z! Da dhumyaduj~m j{ nfy fam fy ifug

shdzmy{ uf bjbjk ugm imgd~jfy fn )uju"nfy"udu)( {f d{ uf jae}km ugm yj~dh uf imhjm~m {gm j{ bfym

hjomhz uf im ugj{ jyydujfadh uzsm! Ugj{ uff pjhh jae}km kfhh}{j~m imgd~jfy nfy {fbm yf}ae{!>;

Ug}{( ugm smygds{ {bdhh* sf{{jijhjuz ugdu fam fy ifug d`mau{ j{ jyydujfadh kda jae}km shdzpgjkg j{ imuumy nfy ifug d`mau{ dae pfy{m nfy kfa{}bmy{*!>5

Dafugmy pdz ja pgjkg d ydujfadh njyb bj`gu pj{g uf bjbjk da jyydujfadh njyb j{ ja ugm kfaumwu

fn symedufyz syjkja`! Jn da bfafsfhz jak}bimau ndkm{ d {mt}makm fn sfumaujdh mauydau{ uf ju{

bdyomu( ju bdz pj{g uf m{udihj{g d yms}udujfa nfy )nj`guja`) mauyz pgmam~my ju fkk}y{( m~ma

pgma )nj`guja`) j{ dku}dhhz bfym kf{uhz ugda )dkkfbbfeduja`) mauyz!>=

Ugm symejkujfa{ fn ugm

Oyms{"Pjh{fa bfemh fn symedufyz syjkja` dym iyfdehz j* ugmym j{ hjuuhm mauyz ja ugm mdyhz

smyjfe( jj* pgma ugmym j{ mauyz ja mdyhz smyjfe{( ugm jak}bimau )nj`gu{) m~ma jn ju j{ d ydujfadh

njyb( dae jjj* ufpdye{ ugm maesfjau ugmym j{ bfym mauyz dae hm{{ pjhhja`am{{ uf nj`gu fa ugm

sdyu fn ugm ydujfadh jak}bimau! Ugj{ bfemh( pgjkg ja~fh~m{ gj`ghz {fsgj{ujkdume ymd{faja` fa

ugm sdyu fn njyb{( j{ um{ume ja da mwsmyjbmau iz L}a` mu dh! 4::5*! Ugm mwsmyjbmau nf}ae

pjem{symde symedufyz syjkja` " emnjame uf im mjugmy af mauyz ja ugm mdyhz {ud`m{( fy d ydujfadh

jak}bimau nj`guja` mauyz jn ju efm{ fkk}y ja ugm mdyhz {ud`m{ " dhugf}`g {fbm fn ugm bfym

emudjhme symejkujfa{ fn ugm Oyms{"Pjh{fa bfemh eje afu nju ugm edud! Nfy ja{udakm(

mwsmyjbmaudh {}ilmku{ eje afu maumy bfym nymt}mauhz jn ugmym gde imma af sym~jf}{ mauyz

kfbsdyme uf jn ugmym gde imma mauyz pgjkg gde imma nf}`gu( pgmymd{ ugm Oyms{"Pjh{fa bfemh

symejku{ ugmym {gf}he im bfym mauyz ja ugm nfybmy kd{m!*

0! Ej{k}{{jfaUgj{ sdsmy gd{ ej{k}{{me d a}bimy fn ymd{fa{ pgz njyb{ bj`gu afu s}y{}m bdwjb}b syfnju{;[mm Oyms{ mu dh! 4:79* nfy ugj{ bfemh!

>5Gfpm~my( afum ugdu jn ugm sfumaujdh jyydujfadhjuz uffo d ejnnmymau nfyb ugma kfhh}{jfa bj`gu afu im {}{udjame!

Nfy ja{udakm( jn ugm jyydujfadh shdzmy gd{ d {uydum`z fn dhpdz{ kfhh}eja`( ugma d ydujfadh shdzmy'{ im{u ym{sfa{m uf

ugj{ j{ uf dhpdz{ emnmku l}{u d{ jn {gm pmym shdzja` d`dja{u d ydujfadh d`mau*!>= [mm Oyms{ dae Pjh{fa 4:79* nfy ugj{ bfemh!


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KMF{( fy imkd}{m njyb{ pgjkg djb uf bdwjbj|m ugmjy ymhduj~m {udaeja` dku}dhhz fiudja

`ymdumy di{fh}um syfnju{ ugda ugmjy syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` yj~dh{*( fy imkd}{m syfnju"

bdwjbj|ja` syjakjsdh{ kgff{m uf `j~m ugmjy bdad`my{ ej{ufyume jakmauj~m{ uf `dja

{uydum`jk de~daud`m!

;!

)[fkjdh) symnmymakm{ fugmy ugda kdyja` dif}u ymhduj~m syfnju d{ dif~m* bdz shdz d yfhm(dae d njyb bj`gu s}aj{g d yj~dh jn ugdu yj~dh fiudja{ da )}andjy) {gdym fn syfnju{!

Dhumyaduj~mhz( ndkm"uf"ndkm kfbb}ajkdujfa imupmma njyb{ bdz `mamydum {fhjedyjuz

dbfa`{u kfa{sjydufy{ pgjkg bdom{ ju gdye uf kgmdu fa kfhh}{j~m d`ymmbmau{!

Ja {fbm {ju}dujfa{( bdyomu{ dym bfym kfbsmujuj~m pgma njyb{ kdaafu " fy ef afu djb uf "

bdwjbj|m ugmjy syfnju{! Nfy mwdbshm( jn njyb{ ja d bdyomu bzfsjkdhhz jbjudum ugm dkujfa fn ugm

bf{u syfnjudihm yj~dh( ugma ugm bdyomu bdz sdydefwjkdhhz bf~m ufpdye{ d gj`ghz kfbsmujuj~m

f}ukfbm! Dhumyaduj~mhz( pm {dp du hmd{u ja hdifydufyz {muuja`{ ugdu njyb{ pmym fnuma }adihm uf

dkgjm~m udkju kfhh}{jfa( em{sjum ugj{ imja` da mt}jhjiyj}b fsujfa nfy syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` njyb{!

[fbm fn ugm bfym kfbshmw {uydum`jm{ ugdu nf{umy kfhh}{jfa ja ugmfyz dym smygds{ uff {}iuhm uf

bduumy mbsjyjkdhhz!

Ja fugmy {ju}dujfa{( pgma njyb{ kdaafu " fy ef afu djb uf " bdwjbj|m syfnju{( ugmjy ymdhj{me

syfnju{ dym dku}dhhz jakymd{me! Ugj{ kda im khmdyhz {mma ja ugm kd{m fn {udujk Imyuydae

kfbsmujujfa pjug gfbf`maf}{ syfe}ku{! Gmym( ugm fahz mt}jhjiyj}b ja~fh~m{ njyb{ {muuja`

syjkm{ mt}dh uf bdy`jadh kf{u{( hmd~ja` ugmb pjug af syfnju{! I}u jn {duj{njkja` njyb{ dym

kfaumau uf kgff{m dkujfa{ pgjkg dym fahz dssyfwjbdumhz fsujbdh( ugma ugmz bdz dhh im dihm uf

malfz {}i{udaujdh syfnju{! Hjompj{m( pgma {duj{njkja` njyb{ dhumy ugmjy dkujfa{ fahz pgma ugmz

}aemy"smynfyb ymhduj~m uf d~myd`m smynfybdakm( ugm ym{}hu bdz im d{ jn njyb{ pmym{}kkm{{n}hhz kfhh}eja`!

Ja {fbm kd{m{( jn d njyb defsu{ d afa"{udaedye filmkuj~m( ju pjhh `dja {uydum`jk de~daud`m ja ugm

bdyomu! Nfy ja{udakm( d njyb pgjkg djb{ uf bdwjbj|m ju{ ymhduj~m syfnju{ bdz ef imuumy ja

mt}jhjiyj}b ugda d syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` yj~dh! Fy d njyb pgjkg kgff{m{ uf id{m ju{ syjkm fa )n}hh

kf{u{) ydugmy ugda bdy`jadh kf{u{ bdz ef imuumy ugda jn ju nfhhfpme umwuiffo syfnju"bdwjbj|ja`

symkmsu{! Ugyf}`g kfbbjubmau{ uf em~jdum nyfb syfnju bdwjbj|dujfa( kfbsmujufy{ imgd~jfy

pjhh kgda`m ja d em{jydihm pdz! Ugm{m afa"{udaedye filmkuj~m{ kf}he im s}u ja shdkm iz ndy"

{j`gume syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` {gdymgfhemy{ d{ mbsgd{j|me ja ugm {uydum`jk emhm`dujfa hjumydu}ym*

fy( bfym ymhm~dau nfy ugm s}ysf{m{ fn ugj{ {}y~mz( ugmz kf}he dyj{m bzfsjkdhhz e}m uf

m~fh}ujfadyz {mhmkujfa fn imuumy smynfybja` bdad`my{ dae&fy njyb{!>>

Ug}{ pm {mm ugmym dym {m~mydh {ju}dujfa{ ja pgjkg Nyjmebda'{ 4:=;* kyjujt}m fn afa"syfnju

bdwjbj|ja` imgd~jf}y dssmdy{ uf ndjh! Am~myugmhm{{( ugmym dym d a}bimy fn {ju}dujfa{ ja pgjkg

bdyomu kfbsmujujfa dae bdyomu mwsmyjmakm {mmb uf ejbjaj{g ugf{m imgd~jfydh ijd{m{ pgjkg

ef afukfanmy m~fh}ujfadyz de~daud`m! Nfy ja{udakm( pm {dp ugdu kfbsmujuj~m ~my{jfa{ fn ugm

>> Gfpm~my( d{ ej{k}{{me ja {mkujfa ;( ugm mnnmku bdz im hjbjume jn yj~dh{ ymdku s}ajuj~mhz pgma fam njyb s}u{ ja

shdkm da d``ym{{j~m bdad`my fy da jakmauj~m {kgmbm pgjkg jae}km{ d``ym{{j~m imgd~jf}y iz ju{ bdad`my!


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}hujbdu}b `dbm dssmdy ja mwsmyjbmau{ uf kfanfyb uf bfym fyugfefw bfemh{ fn {mhnj{g

imgd~jfy! Ja deejujfa( d{ {gfpa ja ugm pfyo fn Hj{u 933;( 9335*( bdyomu mwsmyjmakm kda

edbsma ugm ijd{ oafpa d{ ugm maefpbmau mnnmku( pgmym ugm ~dh}dujfa fn d `ffe jakymd{m{

pgma ju j{ fpame! [}kg d ijd{ kdaafu md{jhz jbsyf~m fpa smynfybdakm ja bdyomu{ pjug bdaz

uydemy{ ydugmy ju gjaemy{ d`mau{ nyfb bdoja` fugmypj{m imamnjkjdh uydem{*! Hjompj{m( pm dymafu dpdym fn bdaz {ju}dujfa{ ja pgjkg syfkyd{ujadujfa dae&fy {mhn"kfauyfh syfihmb{ shdz d

bdlfy yfhm ja njyb imgd~jfy( dhugf}`g ugm{m imgd~jfy{ dym syfbjamau ja ej{k}{{jfa{ imgd~jfydh

mkfafbjk{ d{ dsshjme uf kfa{}bmy{!

Pm gd~m {mma d a}bimy fn ymd{fa{ pgz njyb{ bdz afu bdwjbj|m ugmjy syfnju{( dae gj{

sfumaujdhhz gd{ jbshjkdujfa{ nfy mbsjyjkdh {u}ejm{ fn bdyomu{! Mbsjyjkdh bdyomu {u}ejm{ fnuma

d{{}bm syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` imgd~jf}y fa ugm sdyu fn njyb{ uf syfe}km ugmjy m{ujbdum{ fn( {dz(

bdy`jadh kf{u{! Ja {}kg kd{m{( ugm dadhz{j{ bdz hmde uf ijd{me m{ujbdum{ fn ugm pmhndym jbsdku

fn d bmy`my jn ja ndku njyb{ pmym afu syfnju"bdwjbj|my{! Uf jhh}{uydum( kfa{jemy ugm bmy`my

{ju}dujfa ja G}komu dh! 9330* pgjkg pm ej{k}{{me ja {mkujfa =! Jn fam uffo ugm edud nyfb ugj{

mwsmyjbmau sym" dae sf{u"bmy`my dae( ja hjam pjug ugm {uy}ku}ydh dssyfdkg( d{{}bme ugm{m edud

pmym `mamydume iz syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` njyb{( fam pf}he kfakh}em ugdu ugm bmy`my b}{u gd~m

jae}kme {}i{udaujdh {zamy`jm{! Fahz pjug yme}kme kf{u{ pf}he ju im sf{{jihm nfy ugm bmy`me

njyb uf gd~m gj`gmy f}us}u{ ugda ugm f}u{jemy{! Ugj{ pf}he dnnmku m{ujbdum{ fn ugm bmy`my{

pmhndym kfa{mt}makm{! Pgjhm ugm uy}m kfa{mt}makm{ dym }adbij`}f}{hz am`duj~m dnumy dhh( ja

ugm mwsmyjbmau ugm bmy`me njyb {ujhh efm{ fsmydum pjug ugm {dbm kf{u{*( {}nnjkjmauhz ij`

{zamy`jm{ kf}he fnn{mu ugm hf{{ ja kfa{}bmy pmhndym! Gmakm( jn ugmym dym {z{umbdujk em~jdujfa{

nyfb fyugfefw syfnju"bdwjbj|ja` d{{}bsujfa{( {uy}ku}ydh dssyfdkgm{ ugdu d{{}bm syfnju"

bdwjbj|dujfa bj`gu emumku jakymd{m{ ja pmhndym pgma( ja ndku( pmhndym pd{ yme}kme!

Njadhhz( pgjhm ugj{ dyujkhm gd{ {}y~mzme imgd~jfydh mkfafbjk{ d{ ju dsshjm{ uf njyb{( ja n}u}ym ju

pf}he im jaumym{uja` uf ja~m{uj`dum gfp ju dsshjm{ dh{f uf sfhjkz"bdomy{! Kfbsmujujfa

d}ugfyjujm{( hjom njyb{( fsmydum pjugja d kfbshmw dae {uydum`jk ma~jyfabmau( dae bdz amme uf

ym{fyu uf y}hm{"fn"ug}bi dae {duj{njkja` imgd~jfy! Nfy ja{udakm( ugmjy }{m fnsmy {m y}hm{( fy d

ymhjdakm fa ymhduj~mhz yj`je bdyomu emnjajujfa dae bdyomu {gdym ugym{gfhe{ kf}he im ja{udakm{

fn ugj{! Ju bdz dh{f im de~daud`mf}{ uf jae}km kfbsmujujfa d}ugfyjujm{ uf gd~m da filmkuj~m fy

ja{uju}ujfadh nfk}{ pgjkg ejnnmy{ nyfb {fkjdh pmhndym( ja fyemy uf dhumy ugm ym{sfa{m nyfb ugm

njyb{ {}ilmku uf ym`}hdujfa!>0

Jbjuduj~m {uydum`jm{ bdz {fbmujbm{ im mbshfzme( dae {dnmuz ja

a}bimy{ bdz im malfzme( d{ sfhjkz"bdomy{ hffo dyf}ae ugm pfyhe nfy k}yymau )im{u sydkujkm)!

Jaemme( ugm ymkmau mbsgd{j{ fa imgd~jf}ydh mkfafbjk{ bdz im da ja{udakm fn ugj{!*

Nyjmebda'{ sfjau dif}u kfbsmujuj~m sym{{}ym{ bdz gd~m hm{{ nfykm ja umyb{ fn kfa{uydjaja`

`ffe emkj{jfa bdoja` iz s}ihjk fnnjkjdh{( dae ugm ym{}hu bdz im ugdu imgd~jf}ydh ijd{m{ dym

bfym sym~dhmau dbfa` sfhjkz"bdomy{ ugda ja ugm njyb{ ugmz f~my{mm!

>0Nfy ja{udakm( Dyb{uyfa` dae ^jkomy{ 9343* {gfp gfp ju kda im fsujbdh nfy d kfbsmujujfa d}ugfyjuz uf smybju

fahz ugf{m bmy`my{ pgjkg ef afu gdyb kfa{}bmy{( m~ma jn {fkjmuz shdkm{ mt}dh pmj`gu fa syfnju dae kfa{}bmy

{}ysh}{! Ugm ymd{fa j{ ugdu d )kfa{}bmy {udaedye) dnnmku{ ugm bmy`my fssfyu}ajujm{ kfa{jemyme iz njyb{( ja d pdz

pgjkg magdakm{ ufudh pmhndym!


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Ymnmymakm{

Dhidmo( [~mae( Smumy Bfhh`ddye dae Smy F~my`ddye 4::0*( @f~myabmau"d{{j{ume fhj`fsfhz

kffyejadujfa6 D kfakymum kd{m(Lf}yadh fn Jae}{uyjdh Mkfafbjk{ 5=( 59:"55;!

Dhkgjda( Dybma 4:=3* ]akmyudjauz( m~fh}ujfa( dae mkfafbjk ugmfyz(Lf}yadh fn Sfhjujkdh

Mkfafbz =0( 944"994!

Dh"Adlldy( Adijh( [daemms Idhj`d dae Ed~je Im{daof 9337* Bdyomu nfykm{ bmmu imgd~jfydh

ijd{m{< Kf{u bj{dhhfkdujfa dae jyydujfadh syjkja`(YDAE Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{ ;:( 945"9;0!

Daemy{{fa( Fhd dae Myjo Pma`{uyfb 9330* Ef daujuy}{u hdp{ ndkjhjudum kfhh}{jfa6

Mwsmyjbmaudh m~jemakm fn kf{uhz kfbb}ajkdujfa ja e}fsfhjm{( [kdaejad~jda Lf}yadh fnMkfafbjk{ 43:( ;94";;:!

Dsm{um`}jd( Lf{m( Bdyuja E}npmaimy` dae Ymjagdye [mhuma 9330* Ihfpja` ugm pgj{uhm(

Mkfafbjk Ugmfyz ;4( 45;"4>>!

Dsm{um`}jd( Lf{m( [umnnma G}ko dae Lfy` Fmkg{{hmy 9330* Jbjudujfa< Ugmfyz dae

mwsmyjbmaudh m~jemakm(Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk Ugmfyz 4;>( 940"9;=!

Dyb{uyfa`( Bdyo 9337* Jaumydkujfa{ imupmma kfbsmujujfa dae kfa{}bmy sfhjkz( Kfbsmujujfa

Sfhjkz Jaumyadujfadh 5( :0"457!

Dyb{uyfa`( Bdyo dae Lfga ^jkomy{ 9343* D bfemh fn emhm`dume syflmku kgfjkm(

Mkfafbmuyjkd 07( 94;"955!

Dwmhyfe( Yfimyu 4:75* Ugm M~fh}ujfa fn Kffsmydujfa( Amp Zfyo< Id{jk Iffo{!

Idamylmm( Digjlju 4::9* D {jbshm bfemh fn gmye imgd~jfy( T}dyumyhz Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{

430( 0:0"740!

Idzm( Bjkgdmh dae Lfga Bfy`da 9335* Syjkm ej{smy{jfa ja ugm hdi dae fa ugm jaumyamu=!

Ifyo( Yfimyu 4:07* Ugm Daujuy}{u Sdydefw< D Sfhjkz du Pdy pjug Ju{mhn( Amp Zfyo< Id{jk

Iffo{!

I}yemuu( Omaamug dae Omaamug L}ee 4:7;* Mt}jhjiyj}b syjkm ej{smy{jfa(Mkfafbmuyjkd =4(

:==":>:!

Kdbmymy( Kfhja dae Eda Hf~dhhf 4:::* F~mykfanjemakm dae mwkm{{ mauyz< Da mwsmyjbmaudh

dssyfdkg(Dbmyjkda Mkfafbjk Ym~jmp 7:( ;3>";47!

Khdyo( Daeymp( Sd}h Nyjlumy{ dae Bjkgdmh [gjmhe{ 9337* Ymhduj~m jakfbm( gdssjam{{( dae

}ujhjuz< Da mwshdadujfa nfy ugm Md{umyhja Sdydefw dae fugmy s}||hm{(Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk

Hjumydu}ym 5>< :="455!

Kfahj{o( Lfga 4:73* Kf{uhz fsujbj|my{ ~my{}{ kgmds jbjudufy{(Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk

Imgd~jfy dae Fy`daj|dujfa 4( 90="9:;!

Kzmyu( Yjkgdye dae Ldbm{ Bdykg 4:=>* Fy`daj|dujfadh ndkufy{ ja ugm ugmfyz fn fhj`fsfhz(T}dyumyhz Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{ 03( 55">5!

EmLfa`( Ef}`hd{( Yfimyu Nfy{zugm dae Pjhnyme ]mkomy 4:77* D afum fa ugm }{m fn

i}{jam{{bma d{ {}ilmku{ ja {mdhme fnnmy bdyomu{(Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk Imgd~jfy dae

Fy`daj|dujfa :( 70"433!

Em Hfa`( Iydenfye( Daeymj [ghmjnmy( Hd}ymakm [}bbmy{( Yfimyu Pdhebdaa 4::4* Ugm

{}y~j~dh fn afj{m uydemy{ ja njadakjdh bdyomu{(Lf}yadh fn Sfhjujkdh Mkfafbz >5( 03;"0;7!

Em Bm|d( Ed~je dae Khj~m [f}ugmz 4::>* Ugm ifyyfpmy'{ k}y{m< Fsujbj{b( njadakm dae

mauymsymam}y{gjs(Mkfafbjk Lf}yadh 43>( ;0=";7>!

Emamkomym( Ydzbfae dae Kdyh Ed~je{fa 4:7=* Jakmauj~m{ uf nfyb kfdhjujfa{ pjug Imyuydae

kfbsmujujfa(Ydae Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{ 4>( 505"57>!

Ejwfa( G}p 9333* Ommsja` }s pjug ugm Lfam{'{< Kfbsmujujfa dae ugm m~fh}ujfa fn kfhh}{jfa(

Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk Imgd~jfy dae Fy`daj|dujfa 5;( 99;"9;7!

E}my{kg( Smumy( Lfy` Fmkg{{hmy( dae I}yogdye [kgjssmy 933:* ]aimdudihm jbjudujfa( bjbmf!


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E}npmaimy`( Bdyuja( dae ]yj @amm|z 9333* Syjkm kfbsmujujfa dae bdyomu kfakmauydujfa< Da

mwsmyjbmaudh {u}ez(Jaumyadujfadh Lf}yadh fn Jae}{uyjdh Fy`daj|dujfa 47( 0"99!

Mdufa( Lfadugda dae @mam @yf{{bda 4:7>* Fsujbdh uydem dae jae}{uyjdh sfhjkz }aemyfhj`fsfhz( T}dyumyhz Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{ 434( ;7;"53>!

Mhhj{fa( @hmaa 933>* If}aeme ydujfadhjuz ja jae}{uyjdh fy`daj|dujfa( ja49">5;!

Ma`hbdjmy( Nhfyjda 9330* D {uydum`jk ydujfadhm fn gd~ja` f~myfsujbj{ujk bdad`my{( bjbmf!

Nmgy( Mya{u dae Ohd}{ [kgbjeu 4:::* D ugmfyz fn ndjyam{{( kfbsmujujfa( dae kffsmydujfa(

T}dyumyhz Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk{ 445( 740"7>7!

Nmjaimy`( Yfimyu 4::=* Ja emnma{m fn kfysfydum bzfsjd(Bdad`myjdh dae Emkj{jfa

Mkfafbjk{ 4>( 93="943!

Nmjaimy`( Yfimyu dae Ugfbd{ G}{ume 4::;* Da mwsmyjbmaudh um{u fn ej{kf}au"ydum mnnmku{ fa

kfhh}{j~m imgd~jfy ja e}fsfhz bdyomu{(Lf}yadh fn Jae}{uyjdh Mkfafbjk{ 54( 4=;"4>3!

Nmy{gubda( Kgdjb dae Omaamug L}ee 4:70* Mt}jhjiyj}b jakmauj~m{ ja fhj`fsfhz(Dbmyjkda

Mkfafbjk Ym~jmp 00( :90":53!

Nfy{zugm( Yfimyu( Lfmh Gfyfpju|( AM [hd~ja dae Bdyuja [mnufa 4::5* Ndjyam{{ ja {jbshm

idy`djaja` mwsmyjbmau{( @dbm{ dae Mkfafbjk Imgd~jfy>( ;50";>:!

Nyjmebda( Bjhufa 4:=;*M{{dz{ ja Sf{juj~m Mkfafbjk{( ]aj~my{juz fn Kgjkd`f Sym{{!

@dhm( Ef}`hd{ dae Gdbje [dif}yjda 933=* Kfbshmwjuz dae kfbsmujujfa(Mkfafbmuyjkd 0;(

0;:"0>:!

@jiifa{( Yfimyu dae Om~ja B}ysgz 4::3* Ymhduj~m smynfybdakm m~dh}dujfa nfy kgjmn

mwmk}uj~m fnnjkmy{(Jae}{uyjdh dae Hdify Ymhdujfa{ Ym~jmp 5;( ;3"=4!

@fmh( Dadae dae Dalda Ugdofy 9333* Ydujfadhjuz( f~mykfanjemakm dae hmdemy{gjs( bjbmf!

@fmh( Dadae dae Dalda Ugdofy nfyugkfbja`* Ef ma~jf}{ KMF{ kd}{m bmy`my pd~m{6(

Ym~jmp fn Njadakjdh [u}ejm{!


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@fyefa( Y!D! 4:57* [gfyu"smyjfe syjkm emumybjadujfa ja ugmfyz dae sydkujkm(Dbmyjkda

Mkfafbjk Ym~jmp ;( 9>="973!

@yf{{bda( [danfye dae Lf{msg [uj`hju| 4:0>* Janfybdujfa dae kfbsmujuj~m syjkm {z{umb{(Dbmyjkda Mkfafbjk Ym~jmp >>( 95>"9=;!

@}ug( Pmyamy( Yfhn [kgbjuuimy`my dae Imyae [kgpdy|m 4:79* Da mwsmyjbmaudh dadhz{j{ fn

}hujbdu}b idy`djaja`(Lf}yadh fn Mkfafbjk Imgd~jfy dae Fy`daj|dujfa ;( ;>0";77!

Gdhh( Y dae Gjukg( K 4:;:* Syjkm ugmfyz dae i}{jam{{ imgd~jfy( Fwnfye Mkfafbjk Sdsmy{ 9(

49"5=!

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43:=!

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Jaumyadujfadh Lf}yadh fn Jae}{uyjdh Fy`daj|dujfa 47( ;:"=0!

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Fy`daj|dujfa =;( 5;="55>!

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[ufkogfhb< [pmej{g Kfbsmujujfa D}ugfyjuz!


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Ym~jmp >9( =:0">4:!


39/40

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[kghd`( Odyh 4:::* Pgjkg fam {gf}he J jbjudum6(Lf}yadh fn Bdugmbdujkdh Mkfafbjk{ ;4(

5:;"=99!


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[jbfa( Gmyimyu 4:==* D imgd~jfydh bfemh fn ydujfadh kgfjkm( T}dyumyhz Lf}yadh fn

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mwsmkudujfa{(Dbmyjkda Mkfafbjk Ym~jmp( nfyugkfbja`!

behavioral economics as applied to firms: a primer

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