Participation in formal politics

• Less likely to vote

• De-aligned with political parties

Attitudes towards formal politics

• Lacking interest

• Not satisfied with the way political system works

• Lower levels of political knowledge

• Lacking trust in political organizations

• Turkey conforms to these trends..

Scholarly explanations/theoretical approaches

• 1.Mainstream political science: relying on theories of political participation

• 2. new/emerging approaches among political scientists

-generational effect

-alternative forms of participation

• 3. Sociological approaches

• Changing nature of adulthood transitions

• Negative perceptions of formal politics