Volkswagen Beetle 1

Volkswagen Beetle

Volkswagen Type 1

Manufacturer Volkswagen

Also called Beetle,[1] Super Beetle,[1] Käfer[1]

Nicknames: Bug, see also List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1.

Production 1938–200321,529,464 built(of which 15,444,858 in Germany, incl. 330,251 Cabriolets,[2]

and ≈ 3,350,000 in Brazil)

Assembly Wolfsburg, Hanover, Emden, Ingolstadt, Osnabrück, GermanyMelbourne, AustraliaBrussels, BelgiumSão Bernardo do Campo, BrazilJakarta, IndonesiaDublin, IrelandPuebla, Puebla, MexicoAuckland, New ZealandLagos, NigeriaManila, PhilippinesUitenhage, South AfricaSarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR YugoslaviaValencia, Venezuela[3]

Successor Volkswagen Group A platform series(Golf/Jetta/New Beetle)

Class SubcompactEconomy car

Body style 2-door saloon2-door convertible

Layout RR layout

Engine 1.1 L H41.2 L H41.3 L H41.5 L H41.6 L H4

Transmission 4-speed manual transaxle,3-speed clutchless manual ("Autostick")

Volkswagen Beetle 2

The Volkswagen Beetle, officially called the Volkswagen Type 1 (or informally the Volkswagen Bug), is aneconomy car produced by the German auto maker Volkswagen (VW) from 1938 until 2003. With over 21 millionmanufactured[4] in an air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive configuration, the Beetle is the longest-running andmost-manufactured car of a single design platform anywhere in the world.

OverviewAlthough designed in the 1930s, the Beetle was only produced in significant numbers from 1945 onwards, when themodel was internally designated the Volkswagen Type 1, and marketed simply as the "Volkswagen". Later modelswere designated VW 1200, 1300, 1500, 1302 or 1303, the former three indicating engine displacement and the lattertwo being derived from the type number and not indicative of engine capacity. The model became widely known inits home country as the Käfer (German for "beetle") and was later marketed as such in Germany,[1] and as theVolkswagen Beetle in other countries.[][]

In the 1950s, the Beetle was more comfortable and powerful than most European small cars, having been designedfor sustained high speed on the Autobahn. It remained a top seller in the U.S., owing much of its success to highbuild-quality and innovative advertising, ultimately giving rise to variants, including the Volkswagen Karmann Ghiaand the Volkswagen Type 2 bus.Along with cars including the Morris Minor, Fiat 500, Renault 4CV and Dauphine, and Citroën 2CV, the Beetlepioneered the modern continental economy car and later served as the benchmark for the initial two generations ofNorth American compact cars, including the Chevrolet Corvair and Ford Falcon, as well as later subcompact carssuch as the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto.The Beetle had marked a significant trend led by Volkswagen, Fiat, and Renault whereby the rear-engine, rear-wheeldrive layout had increased from 2.6 percent of continental Western Europe's car production in 1946 to 26.6 percentin 1956.[5] The 1948 Citroën 2CV and other European models marked a later trend to front-wheel drive in theEuropean small car market, a trend that would come to dominate that market. In 1974, Volkswagen's ownfront-wheel drive Golf model succeeded the Beetle. In 1994, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a"retro"-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Beetle, and in 1998 introduced the "New Beetle", builton the Golf platform with styling recalling the original Type 1.In a 1999 international poll for the world's most influential car of the 20th century, the Type 1 came fourth, after theFord Model T, the Mini, and the Citroën DS.[6]

Design overview

Illustration of the Beetle's engine cooling andexhaust systems

The Beetle featured a rear-located, rear-wheel drive, air-cooledfour-cylinder, boxer engine in a two-door bodywork featuring a flatfront windscreen, accommodating four passengers and providingluggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seat – andoffering a coefficient of drag of 0.41. The bodywork attached witheighteen bolts to its nearly flat chassis which featured a centralstructural tunnel. Front and rear suspension featured torsion bars alongwith front stabilizer bar – providing independent suspensions at allwheels. Certain initial features were subsequently revised, includingmechanical drum brakes, split-window rear windows, mechanicaldirection-indicators and the non-synchronized gearbox. Other features,including its distinctive overall shape, endured.

Its engine, transmission, and cylinder heads were constructed of light alloy. An engine oil cooler (located in the engine fan's shroud) ensured optimal engine operating temperature and long engine life, optimized by a thermostat

Volkswagen Beetle 3

that bypassed the oil cooler when the engine was cold. Later models of the carburetor featured an automatic choke.Engine intake air passed through a metallic filter, while heavier particles were captured by an oil bath. After 1960,steering featured a hydraulic damper that absorbed steering irregularities.Indicative of the car's simple, no-nonsense design, the interior featured painted metal surfaces, a metal dashconsolidating instruments in a single, circular binnacle, adjustable front seats, a fold-down rear seat, optionalswing-out rear windows, front windows with pivoting vent windows, heating via air-to-air exchange manifoldsoperating off the engine's heat, and a windshield washer system that eschewed the complexity and cost of anadditional electric pump and instead received its pressurization from the car's spare tire (located in the front luggagecompartment) which was accordingly overinflated to accommodate the washer function.While the overall appearance of the Beetle changed little over its life span, it received over 78,000 incrementalchanges during its production.[7]

History

"The People's Car"

Dr. Ing. (h.c.) Ferdinand Porsche

A reconstruction of the Porsche Type 12 (1932)

In 1931, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Porsche Type 12, or "Autofür Jedermann" (car for everybody) for Zündapp. Porsche alreadypreferred the flat-four engine, and selected a swing axle rearsuspension (invented by Edmund Rumpler), while Zündapp insisted ona water-cooled five-cylinder radial engine. In 1932, three prototypeswere running.[8] All of those cars were lost during World War II, thelast in a bombing raid in Stuttgart in 1945.

The Zündapp prototypes were followed by the Porsche Type 32,designed in 1933 for NSU Motorenwerke AG, another motorcyclecompany. The Type 32 was similar in design to the Type 12, but had aflat-four engine. NSU's exit from car manufacturing resulted in theType 32 being abandoned at the prototype stage.[9]

In 1933, Adolf Hitler gave the order to Ferdinand Porsche to develop aVolkswagen (literally, "people's car" in German, pronounced[ˈfɔlksvaːɡən]). The epithet Volks- literally, "people's-" had beenpreviously applied to other Nazi sponsored consumer goods such as theVolksempfänger ("people's radio"). Hitler required a basic vehiclecapable of transporting two adults and three children at 100 km/h(unknown operator: u'strong' mph). The "People's Car" would beavailable to citizens of the Third Reich through a savings scheme, orSparkarte (savings booklet),[10] at 990 Reichsmark, about the price of asmall motorcycle (an average income being around 32RM a week).[11]

Volkswagen Beetle 4

KdF Propaganda – "A family playing by a riverwith a KdF-Wagen and radio receiver"

Development

1938 German stamp showing the vehicle.

Initially designated the Porsche Type 60 by Ferdinand Porsche, thedesign team included Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe. In October 1935the first two Type 60 prototypes, known as the V1 and V2 (V forVersuchswagen, or "test car"), were ready.[12] In 1936, testing of threefurther V3 prototypes,[12] built in Porsche's Stuttgart shop,[13] began. Abatch of thirty W30 development models, produced for Porsche byDaimler-Benz,[12][14] underwent 1800000 mi (unknown operator:u'strong' km)[14] of further testing in 1937. All cars already had thedistinctive round shape and the air-cooled, rear-mounted engine.Included in this batch was a rollback soft top called the CabrioLimousine.[15] A further batch of 44 VW38 pre-production carsproduced in 1938 introduced split rear windows; both the split window

and the dash were retained on production Type 1s until 1953.[14] The VW38 cars were followed by another batch of50 VW39 cars, completed in July 1939.[16]

The car was designed to be as simple as possible mechanically, so that there was less to go wrong; the aircooled25 hp (unknown operator: u'strong' kW) 995 cc (unknown operator: u'strong' cu in)[17] motors provedespecially effective in actions of the German Afrika Korps in Africa's desert heat. This was due to the built-in oilcooler and the superior performance of the flat-four engine configuration. The suspension design used compacttorsion bars instead of coil or leaf springs. The Beetle is nearly airtight and will float for a few minutes on water.[18]

The Volkswagen was officially named the KdF-Wagen by Hitler when the project was officially announced in1938.[19] The name refers to Kraft durch Freude ('Strength Through Joy'), the official leisure organization of theThird Reich. The model village of Stadt des KdF-Wagens was created near Fallersleben in Lower Saxony in 1938for the benefit of the workers at the newly built factory. After World War II, it was known as the Volkswagen Type1, but became more commonly known as the Beetle.

Volkswagen Beetle 5

Standard Superior

First model of the Standard Superior, as introduced at the IAMA inBerlin in 1933

Historian Paul Schilperoord argued in his 2011biography of Josef Ganz that Hitler stole the idea forthe Volkswagen Beetle from Ganz's "May Bug," whichhe saw in 1933 at an auto show.[20] There is a strongresemblance to the Standard Superior, an automobileproduced from 1933-1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrikof Ludwigsburg, Germany, founded by motorcyclemaker Wilhelm Gutbrod and unrelated to the StandardMotor Company of England. These small cars weredesigned according to the patents by Josef Ganz andfeatured mid-mounted two-stroketwo-cylinder engines.

Influence of Tatra

Tatra V570 prototype (1933)

The Austrian car designer Hans Ledwinka was a contemporary ofPorsche working at the Czechoslovakian company Tatra. In 1931,Tatra built the V570 prototype, which had a air-cooled flat-twin engineengine mounted at the rear.[7] This was followed in 1933 by a secondV570 prototype with a streamlined body similar to that of the PorscheType 32.[21] The rear-engine, rear-wheel drive layout was a challengefor effective air cooling, and during development of the much largerV8 engined Tatra T77 in 1933 Tatra registered numerous patentsrelated to air flow into the rear engine compartment.[22] The use of

Tatra's patented air cooling designs later became one of ten issues for which Tatra filed suit against VW.

Both Hitler and Porsche were influenced by the Tatras.[7] Hitler was a keen automotive enthusiast, and had ridden inTatras during political tours of Czechoslovakia.[7] He had also dined numerous times with Ledwinka.[7] After one ofthese dinners Hitler remarked to Porsche, "This is the car for my roads".[7][23] From 1933 onwards, Ledwinka andPorsche met regularly to discuss their designs,[21] and Porsche admitted "Well, sometimes I looked over his shoulderand sometimes he looked over mine" while designing the Volkswagen.[7][23] The Tatra T97 of 1936 had a 1,749 cc,rear-located, rear-wheel drive, air-cooled four-cylinder boxer engine.[19] It cost 5,600 RM and accommodated fivepassengers[19] in its extensively streamlined four-door body, which provided luggage storage under the front bonnetand behind the rear seats. It also featured a similar central structural tunnel found in the Beetle.[21]

Just before the start of the Second World War, Tatra had ten legal claims filed against VW for infringement ofpatents.[21] Although Ferdinand Porsche was about to pay a settlement to Tatra, he was stopped by Hitler who saidhe would "solve his problem".[21] Tatra launched a lawsuit, but this was stopped when Germany invadedCzechoslovakia in 1938, resulting in the Tatra factory coming under Nazi administration in October 1938.[19] TheT97, along with the T57, were ordered by Hitler to be removed from the Tatra display at the 1939 BerlinAutosalon[21] and Tatra was later directed to concentrate on heavy trucks and diesel engines, with all car models,except for the V8-engined Tatra T87, being discontinued.[19] The matter was re-opened after World War II and in1961 Volkswagen paid Ringhoffer-Tatra 3,000,000 Deutsche Marks in an out of court settlement.[7][23]

Volkswagen Beetle 6

Wartime production

Front view of military Type 82E

The factory had only produced a handful of cars by the start of the warin 1939; the first volume-produced versions of the car's chassis weremilitary vehicles, the Type 82 Kübelwagen (approximately 52,000built) and the amphibious Type 166 Schwimmwagen (about 14,000built).

A handful of Beetles were produced specifically for civilians, primarilyfor the Nazi elite, in the years 1940 to 1945, but production figureswere small. Because of gasoline shortages, a few wartime"Holzbrenner" Beetles were fueled by wood pyrolysis gas producersunder the hood. In addition to the Kübelwagen, Schwimmwagen, and ahandful of others, the factory managed another wartime vehicle: the Kommandeurwagen; a Beetle body mounted onthe Kübelwagen chassis. 669 Kommandeurwagens were produced up to 1945, when all production was haltedbecause of heavy damage to the factory by Allied air raids. Much of the essential equipment had already been movedto underground bunkers for protection, which let production resume quickly after hostilities ended.

Post-war production and boom

1949 Volkswagen Type 1

1949 Volkswagen Type 1 interior

In occupied Germany, the Allies followed the Morgenthau plan toremove all German war potential by complete or partialpastoralization. As part of this, in the Industrial plans for Germany, therules for which industry Germany was to be allowed to retain were setout. German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936car production numbers.[24]

Mass production of civilian VW cars did not start until post-waroccupation. The Volkswagen factory was handed over by theAmericans to British control in 1945; it was to be dismantled andshipped to Britain.[25] Thankfully for Volkswagen, no British carmanufacturer was interested in the factory; "the vehicle does not meetthe fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car ... it is quiteunattractive to the average buyer ... To build the car commerciallywould be a completely uneconomic enterprise."[25] The factorysurvived by producing cars for the British Army instead.[25] Allieddismantling policy changed in late 1946 to mid 1947, although heavyindustry continued to be dismantled until 1951. In March 1947,Herbert Hoover helped change policy by stating

"There is the illusion that the New Germany left after theannexations can be reduced to a 'pastoral state'. It cannot be doneunless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it."[26]

The re-opening of the factory is largely accredited to British Army officer Major Ivan Hirst (1916–2000).[27] Hirstwas ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured. His first task was toremove an unexploded bomb that had fallen through the roof and lodged itself between some pieces of irreplaceableproduction equipment; if the bomb had exploded, the Beetle's fate would have been sealed. Hirst persuaded theBritish military to order 20,000 of the cars,[11] and by March 1946 the factory was producing 1,000 cars a month,

Volkswagen Beetle 7

which Hirst said "was the limit set by the availability of materials". During this period, the car reverted to its originalname of Volkswagen and the town was renamed Wolfsburg. The first 1,785 Type 1s were made in 1945.

The jeweled one-millionth VW Beetle

Following the British Army-led restart of production, former Opelmanager (and formerly a detractor of the Volkswagen) Heinz Nordhoffwas appointed director of the Volkswagen factory.[11] Under Nordhoff,production increased dramatically over the following decade, with theone-millionth car coming off the assembly line by 1955. During thispost-war period, the Beetle had superior performance in its categorywith a top speed of 115 km/h (unknown operator: u'strong' mph)and 0–100 km/h (0–60 mph) in 27.5 seconds with fuel consumption of6.7 l/100 km (36 mpg) for the standard 25 kW (unknown operator:u'strong' hp) engine. This was far superior to the Citroën 2CV which

was aimed at a low speed/poor road rural peasant market and Morris Minor that was designed for a market that hadno motorways / freeways, and even competitive with more advanced and small wheeled city cars like the AustinMini.

In Small Wonder, Walter Henry Nelson wrote:"The engine fires up immediately without a choke. It has tolerable road-handling and is economical tomaintain. Although a small car, the engine has great elasticity and gave the feeling of better output than itssmall nominal size."

Opinion in the United States was not flattering, however, perhaps because of the characteristic differences betweenthe American and European car markets. Henry Ford II once described the car as "a little box." The Ford companywas offered the entire VW works after the war for free. Ford's right-hand man Ernest Breech was asked what hethought, and told Henry II, "What we're being offered here, Mr. Ford, isn't worth a damn!"During the 1950s, the car was modified progressively: the obvious visual changes mostly concerned the rearwindows.[28] In March 1953, the small oval two-piece rear window was replaced by a slightly larger single-piecewindow. More dramatically, in August 1957 a much larger full width rear window replaced the oval one. 1964 sawthe introduction of a widened cover for the light over the rear licence plate. Towards the end of 1964, the height ofthe side windows and windscreen grew slightly, giving the cabin a less pinched look: this coincided with theintroduction of a very slightly curved ("panoramic") windscreen, though the curve was barely noticeable. The samebody appeared during 1966, with a 1,300 cc engine in place of the 1,200 cc engine: it was only in the 1973 modelSuper Beetle that the Beetle acquired an obviously curved windscreen. The flat windscreen remained on the standardBeetle.There were also changes under the bonnet. In 1954, Volkswagen added 2 mm to the cylinder bore, increasing thedisplacement from 1,131 cc to 1,192 cc.[29] This coincided with upgrades to various key components including aredesign of the crankshaft. This increased power from 33 bhp to a claimed 40 bhp and improved the engine's freerevving abilities without compromising torque at lower engine speeds.[29] At the same time, compression ratios wereprogressively raised as, little by little, the octane ratings of available fuel was raised in major markets during the1950s and 1960s.[29]

There were other, less-numerous models, as well. The Hebmüller cabriolet (officially Type 14A), a sportytwo-seater, was built between 1949 and 1953; it numbered 696. The Type 18A, a fixed-top cabriolet, was producedby Austro-Tatra as a police and fire unit; 203 were assembled between January 1950 and March 1953.[30]

Volkswagen Beetle 8

Beetle police car in Iran

Beetle sales boomed in the 1960s, thanks to clever advertisingcampaigns, and the Beetle's reputation for reliability and sturdiness. On17 February 1972, when Beetle No. 15,007,034 was produced, Beetleproduction surpassed that of the previous record holder, the FordModel T. By 1973, total production was over 16 million, and by 23June 1992, over 21 million had been produced.

Diesel

In 1951, Volkswagen prototyped a 1.3 L diesel engine. Volkswagenmade only 2 air-cooled boxer diesel engines that were not turbocharged, and installed one engine in a Type 1 andanother in a Type 2. The diesel Beetle was time tested on the Nürburgring and achieved 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in60 seconds.[31]

Introduction to IrelandVolkswagen began its involvement in Ireland when in 1949, Motor Distributors Limited, founded by StephenO'Flaherty secured the franchise for the country at that year’s Paris Motor Show.[32][33] In 1950, Volkswagen Beetlesstarted arriving into Dublin packed in crates in what was termed "completely knocked down" (CKD) form ready tobe assembled. The vehicles were assembled in a former tram depot at 162 Shelbourne Road in Ballsbridge. This isnow the premises for Ballsbridge Motors who are still a Volkswagen dealer. The first Volkswagen ever assembledoutside Germany was built here.[34] This vehicle is now on display at the Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg.[35]

Introduction to the UKThe first Volkswagen Beetle dealer in the UK was J.Gilder & Co. Ltd. in Sheffield, which began sellingVolkswagens in 1953.[36] Jack Gilder had been fascinated by both the design and engineering of the Beetle when hecame across one in Belgium during the war. He applied for the franchise as soon as the opportunity presented itselfand became Volkswagen's representative in the North of England.

VW Beetle 1953–1957

1956 Volkswagen

During this period, the rear window of the VW Beetle evolved from adivided or "split" oval, to a singular oval. Steel used for the bodyworkwas at its best quality, and the Wolfsburg emblem at the tip of the frontof the bonnet was a complex fabrication (subsequent models deletedthe emblem). The rear 'W' decklid was hand-fabricated. The front winghad a particular 'flare out'.

Volkswagen Beetle 9

VW Beetle 1967

1967 Volkswagen Beetle

Engine 1,500 cc OHV H4, 40 kilowatts (unknown operator: u'strong' hp) @ 4,200 rpm, 105 N·m (unknown operator: u'strong' lb·ft)@ 2,600 rpmbore 83 mm,stroke 69 mm,comp ratio 7.5:1

Transmission 4-speed manual

Wheelbase 2400 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' in)

Length 4079 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' in)

Width 1539 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' in)

Curb weight 840 kg (unknown operator: u'strong' lb)

The Beetle underwent significant changes for the 1967 model. While the car appeared similar to earlier models,much of the drivetrain was noticeably upgraded. Some of the changes included a larger-displacement engine for thesecond year in a row. Horsepower had been increased to 37 kW (unknown operator: u'strong' hp) the previousyear, and for 1967 it was increased even more, to 40 kW (unknown operator: u'strong' hp).On U.S. models, the output of the electrical generator was increased from 180 to 360 watts, and upgraded from a6-volt to a 12-volt system. The clutch disc also increased in size, and changes were made to the flywheel, brakingsystem, and rear axle. New standard equipment included two-speed windscreen wipers, reversing lights, a driver'sarmrest on the door, locking buttons on the doors, and a passenger's side exterior mirror.The 1967 model weighed 840 kg (unknown operator: u'strong' lb), which was a typical weight for a European carat this time.That same year, in accord with the newly enacted U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, the clear glassheadlamp covers were deleted; the headlamps were brought forward to the leading edge of the front fenders, and thesealed-beam units were exposed and surrounded by chrome bezels. For the 1968 model year, Beetles sold outsideNorth America received the same more upright and forward headlamp placement, but with replaceable-bulbheadlamps compliant with ECE regulations rather than the U.S. sealed beams.

The Super Beetle and final evolution

VW 1303 (1973)

In 1971, alongside continued production of the "standard" Beetle, aType 1 variant which featured MacPherson strut front suspension and aredesigned front end. Officially known (and marketed in Europe) as theVW 1302 from 1971 to 1972, and VW 1303 from 1973 onwards, butcommonly called Super Beetle, the new stretched nose designreplaced the dual parallel torsion bar beams which had compromisedtrunk space and relocated the spare tire from a near vertical to a lowhorizontal position. The redesign resulted in a tighter turning radiusdespite a 20 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' in) longer wheelbase,and a doubling of the front compartment's cargo volume. As withprevious models, air pressure from the spare tire pressurized the windshield washer canister, in lieu of an electricpump.

1972 Super Beetles had an 11% larger rear window (4 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' in) taller), larger front brakes, four rows of vents (versus two rows previously) on the engine deck lid, tail lights incorporating reverse

Volkswagen Beetle 10

lights, a four-spoke energy-absorbing steering wheel and steering column, and an engine compartment socket for aproprietary VW Diagnosis system.In 1973, the VW 1303 introduced a curved windscreen, pushed forward and away from the passengers, allowing aredesigned, padded dashboard to replace the pre-1973 vertical dash. A two-speed heater fan, higher rear mudguards,and larger tail lights were added. The changes to the heater/windshield wiper housing and curved windshield resultedin slight redesign of the front hood, making the 1971 and 1972 Super Beetle hoods unique.For 1974, the previous flat steel bumper mounting brackets were replaced with tubular "self restoring energyabsorbing" attachments, effectively shock absorbers for the bumpers, on North American market Beetles. These carsalso got stronger "5 mph" bumpers that added an inch to the length of the car. The steering knuckle and consequentlythe lower attachment point of the strut was redesigned to improve handling and stability in the event of a tireblowout. This means struts from pre-1974 Super Beetles are not interchangeable with 1974–79s.[37]

1975 models featured Air Flow Control (AFC) Fuel Injection on U.S., Canadian, and Japanese Beetles, a derivativeof the more complex Bosch fuel injection system used in the Volkswagen Type III – and equivalent to BoschL-Jetronic. The fuel-injected engine also received a new muffler and the option of an upstream catalytic converterrequired on some models (e.g. California), necessitating a bulge in the rear apron sheet metal directly under the rearbumper, and replacing the distinctive dual "pea shooter" pipes with a single offset tailpipe – making fuel-injectedmodels identifiable at a glance. Other changes were rack and pinion steering replacing the traditional worm androller gearbox on Super Beetles, and a larger license plate lamp housing below the engine lid. The front turnindicators were moved from the top of the fenders into the bumper bars on European models.In 1976, the optional "Auto-stick" transmission and the Super Beetle sedan were discontinued, with VW continuingto market the standard sedan and VW 1303 convertible. 1976-on convertibles received no significant engineeringchanges, only a few cosmetic touches and new paint options, including the "Champagne Edition" models (white onwhite was one example) to the final 1979 "Epilogue Edition" black on black, in salute to the first Beetles produced inthe 1930s. 1977 model sedans received front seats with separate head restraints.

Beetle cabriolet

VW 1303 Cabriolet

The Beetle Cabriolet began production in 1949 by Karmann inOsnabrück. It was in 1948 when Wilhelm Karmann bought a VWBeetle sedan and converted it into a four-seated convertible. Aftersuccessfully presenting it at VW in Wolfsburg, production started in1949. After a number of stylistic and technical alterations made to theKarmann cabriolet,[38] (corresponding to the many changes VW madeto the Beetle throughout its history), the last of 331,847 cabrioletscame off the conveyor belt on 10 January 1980.

Decline

Though extremely successful in the 1960s, the Beetle was faced with stiff competition from more modern designs.The Japanese had refined rear-wheel-drive, water-cooled, front-engine small cars to where they sold well in theNorth American market, and Americans introduced their own similarly sized rear-wheel-drive Chevrolet Vega, FordPinto and AMC Gremlin in the 1970s. The superminis in Europe adopted even more efficient transverse-enginefront-wheel-drive layouts, and

Volkswagen Beetle 11

VW 1300 (1972) with an aftermarket rain shieldover the engine hatch air vents.

sales began dropping off in the mid 1970s. There had been severalunsuccessful attempts to replace or supplement the Beetle in the VWproduct line throughout the 1960s; the Type 3, Type 4, and theNSU-based K70 were all less successful than the Beetle, though aimedat more upscale markets for which VW lacked credibility. Theover-reliance on the Beetle meant that Volkswagen was in financialcrisis by 1974. It needed German government funding to produce theBeetle's replacement. Only when production lines at Wolfsburgswitched to the new watercooled, front-engined, front-wheel drive Golfdesigned by Giorgetto Giugiaro in 1974, (sold in North America as the"Rabbit") did Volkswagen produce a car as successful as the Beetle.The Golf would be periodically redesigned over its lifetime – entering its sixth generation in 2008 – with only a fewcomponents carried over between generations, while the Beetle used only minor refinements of its original design.

The Golf did not kill Beetle production, which continued in smaller numbers at other German factories until 19January 1978, when mainstream production shifted to Brazil and Mexico, markets where low operating cost wasmore important. It is important to note that the Beetle Cabriolet was still produced for the North American andEuropean markets in Germany until 10 January 1980. The last Beetle was produced in Puebla, Mexico, in July2003.[39] The final batch of 3,000 Beetles were sold as 2004 models and badged as the Última Edición, withwhitewall tires, a host of previously discontinued chrome trim, and the choice of two special paint colors taken fromthe New Beetle. Production in Brazil ended in 1986, then started again in 1993 and continued until 1996.Volkswagen sold Beetle sedans in the United States until August 1977 (the Beetle convertible/Cabriolet was solduntil January 1980) and in Europe until 1985, with private companies continuing to import cars produced in Mexicoafter 1985.The Beetle outlasted most other cars which had copied the rear air-cooled engine layout such as those by Subaru,Fiat, Renault and General Motors. Porsche's sport coupes which were originally based on Volkswagen parts andplatforms continue to use the classic rear engine layout (which later became water-cooled) in the Porsche 911 series,which remains competitive in the second decade of the 21st century.

Worldwide end of production

"Última Edición" (Final Edition) in AquariusBlue (2003)

By 2002, over 21 million Type 1s had been produced, but by 2003,annual production had dropped to 30,000 from a peak of 1.3 million in1971. VW announced the end of production in June 2003, citingdecreasing demand, and the final original Type 1 VW Beetle (No.21,529,464) rolled off the production line at Puebla, Mexico, on 30July 2003[39] – 65 years after its original launch and unprecedented58-year production run (counting from 1945, the year VW recognizesas the first year of non-Nazi funded production). This last Beetle,nicknamed El Rey (Spanish for "The King" after a legendary Mexicansong by José Alfredo Jiménez) was delivered to the company'smuseum in Wolfsburg, Germany.

To celebrate the occasion, Volkswagen marketed a final special series of 3,000 Beetles marketed as "ÚltimaEdición" (Final Edition) in light blue (Aquarius Blue) or beige (Harvest Moon Beige). Each car included the 1.6engine, whitewall tires, a CD player with four speakers, chrome bumpers, trim, hub caps and exterior mirrors, aWolfsburg emblem above the front trunk's handle, chrome glove box badge, body coloured wheels, tinted glass, arear parcel shelf, and VW Ultima Edicion plaque.

Volkswagen Beetle 12

A mariachi band serenaded production of the last car. In Mexico, there was also an advertising campaign as agoodbye for the Beetle. For example, in one of the ads was a very small parking space on the street, and many bigcars tried to park in it, but could not. After a while, a sign appears in that parking space saying: "Es increíble que unauto tan pequeño deje un vacío tan grande" (It is incredible that a car so small can leave such a large void). Anotherdepicted the rear end of a 1954 Beetle (year in which Volkswagen first established in Mexico) in the left side of thead, reading "Erase una vez..." (Once upon a time...) and the last 2003 Beetle in the right side, reading "Fin" (Theend). There were other ads with the same nostalgic tone.[40] The Volkswagen Sedan will be used as a taxi in MexicoCity until 2013. The Mexican government is removing this type of taxi and already made the green colours changeinto red-gold.• Engine: Fuel-injected (Bosch Digifant) four-cylinder horizontally opposed, 1584 cc, 50 hp (unknown operator:

u'strong' kW), 98.1 N·m (unknown operator: u'strong' lb·ft) @ 2,200 rpm, three-way catalytic converter• Rated fuel milage: 32.5 mpg-US (unknown operator: u'strong' L/100 km; unknown operator:

u'strong' mpg-imp)• Max cruising speed: 130 km/h (unknown operator: u'strong' mph)•• Brakes: front disc, rear drum•• Passengers: Five• Tank: 40 L (unknown operator: u'strong' US gal; unknown operator: u'strong' imp gal)•• Colours: Aquarius blue, Harvest Moon beige.

The Beetle in other countriesOther countries produced Beetles from CKD (complete knockdown kits): Ireland, Thailand, Indonesia, South Africa,Australia, and Nigeria have assembled Beetles under license from VW.[41]

Beetles produced in Mexico and Brazil had several differences:

Brazil

1969 Brazilian 1300 Sedan (Fusca)

Brazilian assembly of the Beetle, where it is called "Fusca", started in1953, with parts imported from Germany. By 1959, the cars were100% Brazilian made. Production continued until 1986. In 1993production resumed and continued to 1996. The Brazilian versionretained the 1958–1964 body style (Europe and U.S. version) with thethick door pillars and smaller side windows. This body style was alsoproduced in Mexico until 1971. Around 1973, all Brazilian Beetles(1300 and 1500 series) were updated with the 1968-up sheet metal,bumpers, and four-lug rims; although the five-stud rims and "bugeye"headlights were produced as late as 1972 (the base VW 1200 and 1300manufactured in Brazil was similar to the 1964 European/U.S. 1200 until the 1970 model year but came with ventedwheels since the mid-1960s). The 1971 and 1972 1200 and 1300s had the 1964-era taillights and headlights, fueltank, but fitted with the 1968-up raised bumpers. Brazilian CKD kits were shipped to Nigeria between 1975 and1987 where Beetles were locally produced. The Brazilian-produced versions have been sold in neighboring SouthAmerican nations bordering Brazil, including Argentina, Uruguay, and Peru.

The Brazilian Type 1s have four different engines: 1,200 cc, 1,300 cc, 1,500 cc, and 1,600 cc. In the 1970s,Volkswagen made the SP-2 (derived from the Type 1 pan and powertrain) with a 1,700 cc engine (a bored-out1,600 cc). In Brazil, the Type 1 never received electronic fuel injection, instead retaining carburetors (one or twoone-barrels) throughout its entire life, although the carburetion differs from engines of different years andspecification.

Volkswagen Beetle 13

The production of the air-cooled engine finally ended in 2006, after more than 60 years. It was last used in theBrazilian version of the VW Bus, called the "Kombi", and was replaced by a 1.4 L water-cooled engine with afront-mounted cooling system.

1995 Mexican Volkswagen Beetle, the last onewith chrome moldings

2003 Mexican Volkswagen Beetle

Southern Rhodesia

The Volkswagen Type 1 chassis was used as the basis for anmine-protected APC called the Leopard security vehicle and thePookie demining vehicle, fielded by the Republic of Rhodesia duringthe Rhodesian Bush War.

Mexico

Mexican production began in 1955 because of agreements withcompanies such as Chrysler in Mexico and the Studebaker-PackardCorporation which assembled cars imported in CKD form. In 1964,they began to be locally produced. These models have the largerwindshield, rear window, door and quarter glass starting in 1971; andthe rear window from 1965 to 1971 German built models was used onthe Mexican models from 1972 to 1985, when it was replaced with thelarger rear window used on 1972 and later German built Beetles. Thisversion, after the mid-1970s, saw little change with the incorporationof electronic ignition in 1988, an anti-theft alarm system in 1990, acatalytic converter in 1991 (as required by law), as well as electronicDigifant fuel injection, hydraulic valve lifters, and a spin-on oil filter in1993. The front turn signals were located in the bumper instead of theBeetle's traditional placement on top of the front fenders from the 1977model year on, as they had been on German Beetles sold in Europe ofthe same time period. Starting in 1995, the Mexican Beetle included front disc brakes, an alternator instead of agenerator, and front automatic seat belts. Starting with the 1996 model, the chrome moldings disappeared leavingbody colored bumpers and black moldings instead. By the end of the 1996 model year, exterior chrome or mattmoldings were dropped altogether and for model year 1997 Volkswagen de Mexico (VWdM) dropped the Sedan'sflow-through ventilation system with all its fittings, notably the exterior crescent-shaped vents behind the rear sidewindows.

In mid-1996, front drum brakes and fixed front seat belts were re-launched in a new budget version called the"Volkswagen Sedán City", which was sold alongside the upscale version "Volkswagen Sedán Clásico" which hadfront disc brakes, automatic seat belts, right side mirror, velour upholstery, optional metallic colors and wheel coversin matte finish (also found on some 1980s Beetles and Buses). These two versions were sold until 1998. From late1998–2003, The Sedán Clásico was discontinued and the Sedán City lost its prefix and gained disc brakes, automaticseat belts and optional metallic colors. This last version was named the "Volkswagen Sedán Unificado" or simply the"Volkswagen Sedán".

Volkswagen Beetle 14

A Beetle decorated in the Huichol style ofbeading now on display at the Museo de Arte

Popular in Mexico City

Independent importers continued to supply several major countries,including Germany, France, and the UK until the end of production in2003. Devoted fans of the car even discovered a way to circumvent USsafety regulations by placing more recently manufactured MexicanBeetles on the floorpans of earlier, US-registered cars. The MexicanBeetle (along with its Brazilian counterpart) was on the US DOT's(Department of Transportation) hot list of grey market imports after1978 as the vehicle did not meet safety regulations.

In the Southwest US (Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas),Mexican Beetles (and some Brazilian T2c Transporters) are a fairlycommon sight since Mexican nationals can legally operate the vehiclein the United States, provided the cars remain registered in Mexico.

The end of production in Mexico can be attributed primarily to Mexican political measures: the Beetles no longermet emissions standards for Mexico City, in which the ubiquitous Beetles were used as taxicabs; and the governmentoutlawed their use as taxicabs because of rising crime rates, requiring only four-door vehicles be used. The lastVocho taxis in Mexico City are set to be retired at the end of 2012.[42] In addition, Volkswagen (now Germany'slargest automaker) has been attempting to cultivate a more upscale, premium brand image, and the humble Beetleclashed with this identity, as seen in the Touareg and Passat luxury vehicles. In the late 1990s consumers stronglypreferred more modern cars such as the Mexican Chevy, the Nissan Tsuru, and the Volkswagen Pointer and Lupo.

AustraliaOfficial importation of the Volkswagen Beetle into Australia began in 1953, with local assembly operationscommencing the following year. Volkswagen Australia was formed in 1957, and by 1960 locally produced panelswere being used for the first time. Australian content had reached almost 95% by 1967; however, declining sales sawthe company revert to using imported components the following year. In 1976, Volkswagen ceased Australianassembly operations, their factory in Clayton, Victoria was sold to Nissan Australia (which is now occupied byHolden Special Vehicles), and all Volkswagens were once again fully imported.[43]

Beetle customizationThe Beetle is popular with customizers throughout the world, not only because it is cheap and easy to work on, butbecause its iconic looks can be personalised and the flat-four motor is so tunable. Its very ubiquity makes even subtlechanges noticeable.

Exterior

Beetle 1968 restored (USA)

Customized Beetle styles include the Volksrod and Cal Look whichevolved during its lifespan. Customisation includes lowering the car'ssuspension, altering the wheels, removing or replacing the bumpers, aswith pushbar. The stock bumpers are usually chromed or polished,sometimes painted or powder coated. Clubs dedicated to 'Cal Look'occur worldwide.

Volkswagen Beetle 15

VW Beetle modified in 70s California Look style

Customizing may also include smoothing or shaving the body(removing trim and other parts, including door handles, badges anddriprails), frenching or tunnelling the headlights, lowering, customhood and trunk hinging, chopping the top, and replacing taillights andfront indicators with smaller, simpler units.

Interior

Many owners try to keep their Beetle interiors stock. Others will fit asound system, which usually consists of a head unit and possibly somespeakers and a subwoofer (usually mounted in the front of the car). Aftermarket steering wheels can be added alongwith auxiliary gauges. For a true race look, the interior can be stripped and a full roll cage installed, along withbucket seats and race harnesses although bucket seating is already the default seating for a Beetle.

The VW Type 1 pan, being easily separated from its original body without removal of engine, transmission, orsuspension, has provided the basis for countless custom re-bodyings, usually of fiberglass and usually replicatingother, less humble vehicles. Mercedes, MG, and Porsche replicas are among the popular choices. The moresuccessful being the Sterling sports car in the 1970s Fiberglass body kits [44] with its all original body styling. These"kit cars", although derided by many for their lack of authenticity, provide to their owners a much cheaper, oftenmore-reliable means of enjoying a dream vehicle.

Power

Volvo B18/B20 engine fitted to VW Beetle forracing.

Because most parts of the flat-four engine other than the crankcase arebolted on, they are easily exchanged with larger or morehigh-performance items. The standard VW engine has been modifiedfrom 1600 cc (the largest factory-produced Type 1 engine) toconfigurations well over 2,400 cc using larger piston/cylinder kitsand/or long-stroke crankshafts. Various performance-enhancing parts,from cylinder heads to superchargers (such as that offered by Judsonfor the Type 1 as early as 1952)[45] to turbochargers, are available. Avariety of other powerplants, including the VW Type 4 (also used inthe Porsche 914) 2 L flat four, Chevy Corvair and Porsche 911 flatsixes have been used; some hot rodders even occasionally fitted ChevyV8s. Turbocharged flat-four engines from Subaru or Alfa Romeo have been used as well. Kits for installing RoverV8 engines have also been available. These variants tend to be mated to the stronger Type 2 (Bus, Combi)transmission. Dual carb setups are very common on Beetles (especially the 1600 cc dual port engine) as well as EFI.Also a wide range of exhaust systems are available. Four-into-one headers are very popular, and are often used witha stinger, glasspack, or more modern "quiet pack" mufflers.

Volkswagen Beetle 16

Motorsport

Drag racingThe Beetle is widely used in drag racing; its rearward (RR layout) weight distribution keeps the weight over the rearwheels, maximizing grip off the starting line. The car's weight is reduced for a full competition drag Beetle, furtherimproving the grip and also the power-to-weight ratio. Combined with the Beetle's RR layout, wheelies can beachieved easily, but time "in the air" worsens 1/4 mile time. To prevent this, "wheelie bars" are added.

Formula VeeThe Beetle is also used as the basis for the Formula Vee open-wheel racing category – specifically, the frontsuspension crossmember assembly (the shock absorber mounts are sometimes removed, depending on regulations inthe class), and the engine and transaxle assembly (usually the earlier swing-axle type, not the later double-jointedaxle). In original 1,200 cc Formula Vee spec, upgrades to the cars would only be allowed sparsely, so that thewheels, tyres and engines didn't differ very much from the original Beetle. At the end of the 1960s, Vee Beetleengine output on a single carburetor would reach up to 70 BHP; top speeds would gradually rise to nearly 200 km/h(unknown operator: u'strong' mph). In this configuration, FV would become one of the most popular entry-levelmotorsports classes of its time.Later on, double carbs and more extensive modification would be allowed, leading to the more powerful Super Veeclass featuring wings for downforce and 123 bhp (unknown operator: u'strong' kW; unknown operator:u'strong' PS) engines, which in the end had fairly little in common with the original VW Bug. Around 2000,worldwide Vee racing had re-established itself as a 1,200/1,300 cc beginner class with wingless cars and VWengines outputting about 60 bhp (unknown operator: u'strong' kW; unknown operator: u'strong' PS), butincorporating more modern chassis and tyres.

Uniroyal Fun CupVolkswagen Beetle-style bodies are fitted to space frame racing chassis, and are used in the Uniroyal Fun Cup,which includes the longest continuous motor-race in the world, the 25 Hours of Spa. It is an affordable entry-levelseries that gentleman drivers race.

Rally and RallycrossEspecially the Austrian sole distributor Porsche Salzburg (now Porsche Austria) seriously entered the Volkswagen inlocal and European contests in the 1960s and early 1970s. Starting with the VW 1500, in the mid 1960s the peak oftheir racing performance was achieved with the VW 1302S and VW 1303S (known as the Salzburg Rally Beetle)from 1971 to 1973. The vehicles were entered in such famous races as TAP (Portugal), Austrian Alpine, Elba,Acropolis etc. Drivers were top performers such as Tony Fall (GB), Guenter Janger (AUT), Harry Källström (S),Achim Warmbold (D), Franz Wurz (A), etc. The engines were highly modified 1600's delivering 125 hp (unknownoperator: u'strong' kW), later on mated to a Porsche 914 five-speed manual gearbox. Victories were achieved in1973 on Elba for overall and class, Acropolis for class (5th overall), Austrian championship 1972, 1973 JanuaryRallye for overall and class. Rally of 1000 minutes for overall 2nd (1st in class).The fuel crisis, along with the arrival of the Volkswagen Golf (Rabbit), put an end to the days of unofficiallysupported rallying in 1974. All vehicles either used for training or actual racing were sold off to privateers, manykept racing with noticeable results until the early 1980s.

Volkswagen Beetle 17

Trans Am SeriesBeetles were used in The Trans-Am Series for the two-liter class from 1966 to 1967 and again in 1972.

Baja 1000

Baja Bug-style modified Beetle

The Baja 1000 off-road race in the Baja California Peninsula, Mexicoincludes specific vehicle classes for both standard Beetles and BajaBugs. These can be seen in the documentary movie Dust to Glory.

The classes are as follows :•• Class 5: Unlimited Baja Bugs•• Class 5-1600: 1,600 cc Baja Bugs•• Class 11: Stock VW Sedans

Beetle Challenge

The Beetle Challenge is a UK-based circuit racing championship forclassic aircooled Volkswagen Beetles. The general concept is to take any Beetle, of any age or model from the 40sthrough to 1303s, and with minimal restrictions, allowing parts from various years to be interchanged, and of coursethe cars being prepared to the MSA safety requirements (cage, restraints, fire system etc.) Essentially the cars mustbe aircooled Beetles (any age and parts can be swapped between years and models), with a 15-inch x 6-inch maxwheel size with a control tyre. Engines must be based on a Type 1 engine case, with no electronic fuel injection orignition and no forced induction, with an unlimited capacity. Other regulations apply.[46]

In popular cultureLike its contemporaries, the Mini, the Citroën 2CV, and the Fiat 500, the Beetle has long outlasted predictions of itslifespan. It has been regarded as something of a "cult" car since its 1960s association with the hippie movement andsurf culture; and the obvious attributes of its unique and quirky design. (For example, the Beetle could float on waterthanks to its sealed floor pans and overall tight construction, as shown in the 1972 Volkswagen commercial).[18]

In the United States, Volkswagen enthusiasts frequent large Volkswagen-themed car shows, especially in thesummer months. Many of these shows feature camping, a car show called a "show 'n' shine", drag racing, parts swapmeet, raffles, burnout contests, and other events. Die-hard and loyal "VW-heads" or "Dubbers" attend these showsregularly, often traveling 500 miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km) or more (even abroad) to attend theirfavorite event.Much like their Type 2 counterparts, Beetles were psychedelically painted and considered an ancestor of art cars.One of the logos used by the Houston Art Car Klub incorporated a Beetle with a cowboy hat. Texas artist Bob"Daddy-O" Wade transformed a Beetle into a New Orleans Saints helmet [47]. Currently, there are a wide array ofclubs that are concerned with the Beetle. The fans are quite diverse. Looks include the resto-look, Cal Look,German-look, resto-Cal Look, buggies, Baja Bugs, old school, Disney's Herbie the Love Bug replicas, ratlook, etc.Part of their cult status is attributed to being one of a few cars with an air-cooled, horizontally opposed enginedesign, and the consequent ease of repair and modification, as opposed to the more conventional and technicallycomplex watercooled engine design. The original flat-four boxer design had fewer than 200 moving parts.The Beetle has made numerous appearances in Hollywood films, most notably (Disney's) The Love Bug comedy series from 1968 to 2005, starring as "Herbie", a pearl-white, fabric-sunroofed 1963 Beetle—racing number 53. In the plot of the 1973 Woody Allen film Sleeper, Allen's character was able to instantly start a Beetle which lay hidden and unused in a cave for 200 years, leading to the punchline "Wow, they really built these things, didn't they?". The race cars in the 1975 action-comedy film Death Race 2000 were actually VWs with outlandish customized bodies. In

Volkswagen Beetle 18

the 1984 series The Transformers, key Autobot character Bumblebee transformed into a Beetle, as well fellowAutobot Glyph and the Decepticon Bugbite. In Cars (2006), every bug or insect is represented by a VW Beetle.

Gallery

Flower Covered Beetle in the greenhouseof Montreal Botanical Gardens

VW-Vincent, 1999, ARTwork byHeikenwaelder Hugo

Notes[1] "1970 Canadian Full line Brochure" (http:/ / www. thesamba. com/ vw/ archives/ lit/ 70cdnfullline. php). Thesamba.com. . Retrieved 1 June

2011.[2] Oswald, Werner (2003). Deutsche Autos 1945–1990, Band 3. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 39. ISBN 3-613-02116-1.[3] "1973 Volkswagen Super Escarabajo (VE)" (http:/ / dkarros. com/ es/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&

id=522:1973-volkswagen-super-escarabajo-& catid=14:1970& Itemid=15). Dkarros.com. . Retrieved 30 September 2010.[4] Clodfelter, Tim (2 March 2010). "The Bug Doctor: Former dealership mechanic opened a shop to work on VWs in 1973 and never looked

back" (http:/ / www2. journalnow. com/ content/ 2010/ mar/ 02/ the-bug-doctor-former-dealership-mechanic-opened-a/ news-regional/ ).Winston-Salem Journal. . Retrieved 2 March 2010.

[5] "BMC's Mini: The Background story: Part one: The Volkswagen cometh". Small Car: 42–47. January 1965.[6] Cobb, James G. (December 24, 1999). "This Just In: Model T Gets Award" (http:/ / query. nytimes. com/ gst/ fullpage.

html?res=9E02E1DF1439F937A15751C1A96F958260). The New York Times. .[7] Willson, Quentin The Ultimate Classic Car Book. New Your, New York: DK Publishing Inc., 1995. ISBM 0-7894-0159-2. Pages 214–215[8] "Thesamba.Com" (http:/ / www. thesamba. com/ vw/ forum/ album_search. php?search_keywords=porsche+ type12& search_terms=all).

Thesamba.Com. 2003-08-15. . Retrieved 2011-12-03.[9] "The History of the Beetle-The Earliest Beginnings pt.1" (http:/ / www. ltv-vwc. org. uk/ wheelspin/ Ws_dec_2002/ Beetle-early-history.

htm). Wheelspin. London & Thames Valley VW Club. December 2002. . Retrieved 1 November 2010.[10][10] Gilmore, p.45.[11] "Volkswagen Beetle History 1938 to 2003 (abridged)" (http:/ / www. lasteditionbeetle. com/ history. php). Lasteditionbeetle.com. .

Retrieved 30 September 2010.[12] Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: the development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche. Haynes Publishing.

ISBN 1-85960-959-7.[13] Gilmore, Bob. "The KdF Brochure", in VW Trends, 4/85, p.45.[14][14] Gilmore, p.47.[15] Gilmore, pp.45 & 47.[16] Sloniger, Jerry (1980). The VW Story. Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-441-3.[17][17] Gilmore, p.46.[18] 1972 Volkswagen commercial at Youtube (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=1qB0lb401ZU). Retrieved 9 July 2009.[19] Ludvigsen, Karl (2000). Battle for the Beetle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: R. Bentley. ISBN 0-8376-0071-5.[20] "Hitler stole Beetle design from a Jew" (http:/ / books. hindustantimes. com/ 2012/ 01/ hitler-stole-beetle-design-from-a-jew/ ). Hindustan

Times. 16 January 2012. . Retrieved 16 January 2012.[21] "Brief History of Tatra" (http:/ / www. ukcar. com/ history/ Tatra/ index. html). UKCAR. . Retrieved 27 January 2011.[22] "Tatra oldtimer:T77" (http:/ / www. volny. cz/ tatra. oldtimer/ t77. htm). . Retrieved 17 May 2010.[23][23] Car Wars, Jonathan Mantle, Arcade Publishing, 1997[24] "Draft, The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3, March, 1947; OF 950B: Economic Mission as to Food…;

Truman Papers" (http:/ / www. trumanlibrary. org/ whistlestop/ study_collections/ marshall/ large/ documents/ index. php?pagenumber=10&documentid=22& documentdate=1947-03-24& studycollectionid=mp& nav=OK). Truman Library. . Retrieved 30 September 2010.

Volkswagen Beetle 19

[25] "Ivan Hirst, News" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ news/ 2000/ mar/ 18/ guardianobituaries). The Guardian (UK). 18 March 2000. .Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[26] "UN Chronicle, A magazine for the United Nations" (http:/ / www. un. org/ Pubs/ chronicle/ 2008/ webarticles/ 080103_marshallplan. html).United Nations. . Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[27] "The Sun newspaper online" (http:/ / www. thesun. co. uk/ article/ 0,,2003260000-2003330476,00. html). The Sun (UK). 18 July 2003. .Retrieved 30 September 2010.

[28] Gloor, Roger (1. Auflage 2007). Alle Autos der 50er Jahre 1945–1960. Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-613-02808-1.[29] "Knowing your Volkswagen". Practical Motorist 7 (nbr 81): 943. May 1961.[30] Hot VWs, 7/84, p.38.[31] "The Diesel Beetle" (http:/ / www. ltv-vwc. org. uk/ wheelspin/ ws_aug-sept-2003/ diesel-beetle. html). ltv-vwc.org.uk. . Retrieved 3 April

2008.[32] Brian Carey (14 September 2003). "Motor moguls facing end of an era" (http:/ / www. tribune. ie/ archive/ article/ 2003/ sep/ 14/

motor-moguls-facing-end-of-an-era/ ). Sunday Tribune. . Retrieved 6 November 2009.[33] "The Motor Moguls" (http:/ / www. independent. ie/ business/ the-motor-moguls-955766. html). Irish Independent. 5 July 2007. . Retrieved

6 November 2009.[34] "Rich List 2003 – Michael and Nigel O'Flaherty" (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ richlist/ person/ 0,,22800,00. html). Sunday Times

(UK). 2003. . Retrieved 11 June 2003.[35] "Speech by Minister Cowen in Frankfurt" (http:/ / foreignaffairs. gov. ie/ home/ index. aspx?id=26513). Dept of Foreign Affairs. 6 March

2001. . Retrieved 6 November 2009.[36] "Gilder Group Company History" (http:/ / www. gildergroup. co. uk/ pages/ company-history). Gildergroup.co.uk. . Retrieved 30 September

2010.[37][37] Volkswagen "Bentley" Official Service Manual[38] Jon Gilbert (2008-10-31). "volksworld.com" (http:/ / www. volksworld. com/ news/ cars/ 279437/ 1963-vw-beetle-cabriolet. html).

volksworld.com. . Retrieved 2012-01-15.[39] "Am 9. Juli wird die Produktion des VW Kaefer in Mexiko eingestellt...". Auto Motor u. Sport Heft 13 2003: Seite 10. 11 June 2003.[40] "Mexican VW Beetle TV Ad" (http:/ / video. google. com/ videoplay?docid=5829730936290376436). Google. . Retrieved 30 September

2010.[41][41] Volkswagens of the World[42] Shea, Terry (June 2012). "Vochos No Mas". Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car (Bennington, VT: Hemmings Motor News) 7 (10): 48.

ISSN 1555-6867.[43][43] Tony Davis, Aussie Cars, 1987, page 80[44] http:/ / www. SterlingSportsCars. com[45] Hot VWs, 7/84, p.43.[46] "Beetle Challenge" (http:/ / www. beetlechallenge. com). Beetle Challenge. . Retrieved 30 September 2010.[47] http:/ / www. anomalymagazine. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ shoalcreeksaloon. jpg

ReferencesThis article incorporates information from the revision as of 2008-02-29 of the equivalent article on theGerman Wikipedia.

Further reading• Hiott, Andrea, Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=yTBx13OJ9msC&

printsec=frontcover), NYC : Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-0-345-52142-2 (hardback); ISBN978-0-345-52144-6 (ebook)

• Nelson, Walter Henry, Small Wonder: The Amazing Story of the Volkswagen, Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.

Volkswagen Beetle 20

External links• Volkswagen Beetle (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Recreation/ Autos/ Makes_and_Models/ Volkswagen/ Air_Cooled/

Beetle/ / ) at the Open Directory Project• Vintage Volkswagen Club of America (http:/ / www. vvwca. com/ )• Volkswagen Super Beetle History (http:/ / www. superbeetles. com/ )• Beetle Belgrade Serbia Club (http:/ / www. buba-beograd. com)• Air-Cooled Volkswagens (http:/ / www. allaircooled. com)• History of VW manufacturing in Ireland (http:/ / www. vwmadeinireland. com)• The Beetle: From Hitler to Hippies (http:/ / www. life. com/ image/ first/ in-gallery/ 35382/

the-beetle-from-hitler-to-hippies) – slideshow by Life magazine

Article Sources and Contributors 21

Article Sources and ContributorsVolkswagen Beetle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=498601755  Contributors: 1963 empi radar, 1966batfan, 2004-12-29T22:45Z, 25, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 328cia,68AUTOBUG, 842U, 9Nak, A little insignificant, AEMoreira042281, AGToth, AbsolutDan, Acidjzaz, Acidophilusrex, Acroterion, Adamandbrad, Adavidw, Addhass, AdjustShift, Aetil,Ahoerstemeier, Ahunt, Airkewld, Akadruid, Akshaysrinivasan, Alainr345, Alaniaris, Alansohn, Alborzagros, Aldis90, Alfacevedoa, Aloishochwald, Alphachimp, Alt.dev, Alx 91, Alygator,Amaur123, Amberroom, American Eagle, Anclation, Andre Engels, Angr, ApolloBoy, Aquarelle, Areaseven, Arpingstone, Arturo57, Asestar, Asfarer, AuburnPilot, Aurokaos, Authalic,Awhisperinthewind, Aziz1005, BalkanFever, Barnstarbob, Barrackodama, Bboy405, Beatlemania823823823, Beeblebrox, Beetlenut, Beetstra, Before My Ken, Belovedfreak, Berkbs, BerndB,Bgpaulus, Biker Biker, Billfred, Biosketch, Bjankuloski06en, Bjørn Clasen, Blanchardb, Blbachman, Bob1370, Bobblewik, Bogey97, Boinger, Boivie, Bojan, Boofhead185, Boothy443, Boxstaa,Bradkay, Brian8710, British crazy tomtom, Brossow, BrotherFlounder, BryanFrazar, Bstarkie, Bugo, Bull-Doser, Bumm13, CMG, CWY2190, CZmarlin, Cabinscooter, Cadsuane Melaidhrin,Camulodunum, Capricorn42, Captain Caveman, CaptainCookie, Carbonite, Carlosvigopaz, Castletower, Cbnowhere, Ccconant, CeeWhy, Chacha15, Charger06, Charles01, Charliland, ChesterMarkel, ChicosBailBonds, Chignecto, ChircoPerformance, Chochopk, Chris the speller, ChrisCork, Cimmerian praetor, Clamster5, Cloudless sky, Coconino, Colonies Chris, Commanderraf,CommonsDelinker, Conch Shell, Confused coyote, Conscious, Contrivance, CoolGasur101, CopperSquare, Cornsyrup1, Courcelles, Crjeanes, Csilllag, Cubs Fan, Cutlan, Cvold63, D-rector,D2Kvirus, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DH85868993, DJ Clayworth, DLLHell, DMacks, DMeyering, Dadude53, DaishiHarada, Daniel J. Leivick, Dankstick, Danlock2, Dantadd, Dark Shikari,Darklilac, Dave1185, Davewho2, Dcheng, DeFacto, Decembermouse, Delphii, Dennis Bratland, Derfowvayer, Derfowvayer1, Desmoh, Devoxo, Diablokrom, DieselBeetle, Dinkytown,DirkvdM, Dismas, Dlohcierekim, DocWatson42, Dominic the great, Domthedude001, Donnie Park, Doug4422, Dr.K., Dswaim, Dutchmonkey9000, ESkog, Edcolins, Eddie.willers, Editore99,Edolen1, Edward, Edward321, Egil, Elansey, Elnuko, EoGuy, Epbr123, Erik Pflueger, Eritain, Escape Orbit, Espoo, EvelinaB, Evgrready, Ewok Slayer, Father Goose, Favonian, Fehervari,Ffransoo, Filbranden, Fireaxe888, Firsfron, Flash-Gordon, Fluence, Flurry, Fourdee, Fourthords, Francvs, Frescard, G1500, GB fan, GCarty, GRAHAMUK, GTHO, GainLine, Ganz-volkswagen,Gavia immer, Gdr, GeeTeeBee, Ghewgill, Goeagles4321, Gogo Dodo, Graham87, Granf, Grouchy Chris, Grunt, Gryphon Hall, Guywitard, Gwafton, Haham hanuka, Hajor, Halsteadk, Haruo,Hashar, Hduckman, Heegoop, Heinrich L., HennessyC, Hephaestos, Hertog, Hmains, Hobo-john, Hondasaregood, HonestTom, Horkana, HotWheels53, Hotlorp, Howard81, Humpback,Hydrogen Iodide, I already forgot, IFCAR, Ian Dalziel, Ian Dunster, Ianthegecko, Ilia Kr., IllusionOfTruth, Improbcat, Imroy, IngerAlHaosului, Insane Burner, Interiot, Invmog, ItsGrimUpNorth,Iulius, J.delanoy, JHunterJ, JIP, Jack O'Neill, Jamesthelam, Japanese Searobin, Jaques O. Carvalho, Jason Quinn, JasonVogel, Javierito92, Jdoniach, JeLuF, Jeff G., Jeffrey Mall, Jenniferra3,Jerryb1961, Jimmy Classic, Jma2120, John Nevard, JonGilbert, JonJamesGilbert, Joseph Solis in Australia, JustAGal, Justsail, Jvanrassel, Jwhyte, Kar98, Karrmann, Ken Gallager, Ken keisel,KennyMillar, Kenshinflyer, Keyelpk, Khalid Mahmood, Khym Chanur, Kierant, Kiloco.u2, King of Hearts, Kirkesque, Kitch, Kiwi128, Knepflerle, Komowkwa, Kornatka, Kpalion, Kufat, Kuru,Kwamikagami, Kwertii, LG4761, Lairor, Lancenigel, Latitudinarian, Lavenderbunny, Leandrod, LeeseyBoy, LeonardoRob0t, Letdorf, Liftarn, Lightmouse, Limballanwe, Llort, Lollygag123,Lotje, LoyaltyCard, Ltlbitgood, MER-C, Macedonian, Magus732, Maher27777, Maltmomma, MarcGushwa, Marcipangris, Marcy Gimena, Mareino, Marek69, Mariaoromanao, Mario Žamić,Markus flitch, MartinDK, Master Scott Hall, Matharvest, Mathewignash, MattJones1512, MauriceJFox3, Mav, Max Schwarz, Mboverload, McNeight, Mcpusc, Mdotley, Meaglin, Merceris,Mhiji, Michael Zimmermann, Mieciu K, Mighty Antar, Mikehussey, Milkmandan, Minesweeper, Mjb59, Mjpieters, Mlpearc, Modulatum, Moncrief, Monni1995, Montrose Patriot, Moogyboy,Morio, Morwen, Mr Larrington, Mr. Neutron, Mr.choppers, MrBeast, MrHank, Mrceleb2007, Mrees1997, Mtaylor848, Muad, Mulad, Mulen, Mwanner, Mygerardromance, Myscrnnm, N328KF,N433M, N5iln, NANWIZ, NaBUru38, Naddy, Naniwako, Neodarkshadow, Neschek, Nesnad, Neuralshock, NeuroMan, Nickersonl, Nihiltres, Niknafs, Noraron, Norm, Norm mit, Nsaa, Ntsimp,NuclearWarfare, Nummer29, O, Oaktree b, Oanabay04, Oatmeal batman, Off2riorob, Ohconfucius, Olaversterk, Orioane, PBCNX, PStatic, Pablovw, Packergreg, Palfrey, Paris By Night,Parkerd, Patrick, Patrick-br, PaulHammond2, Pavelow235, Pch058, Persian Poet Gal, PetardoMavriti, Peter S., Petri Krohn, Pfan70, Pharos, Phil Boswell, Philip Trueman, Piano non troppo,Pibwl, Pigman, Pil56, Pineapple fez, Piperh, Pjbflynn, Pmlineditor, Polluxian, Porsche997SBS, Prayalone, Prgrmr@wrk, ProhibitOnions, Prolog, Pronsias, Psyoptix, Pufferling, Quota, Qwertyus,Qworty, R'n'B, RBBrittain, RHaworth, RTC, RVJ, Ragemanchoo, Rama, RapidAssistant, Red Raevyn, RedRollerskate, Redeagle688, Redthoreau, Region357, Registreernu, Regulus, Regushee,Rent A Troop, ResIpsa, Resuna, Retran, Rhindle The Red, Rich Farmbrough, Richard n, Ricky81682, Ricroz, Riflemantheevilfishface, Rightleftright, Rjwilmsi, RobC, Robert, Robert Clausen,Robert K S, Robertnjane, Robin Scagell, Rockfang, Roger Pilgham, Roguegeek, Roke, Royboycrashfan, Rrburke, Rrostrom, Rsduhamel, Ryangibsonstewart, S3123954, SDC, ST47, Sable232,Sadads, Salmonroe, Sam Korn, Sandstein, Sardanaphalus, SayWhatRollerCoasterUhUhUh, Scheinwerfermann, Schonbrunn, SchuminWeb, Schwingaling, Scjessey, Scoutersig, Search4Lancer,Sergant spamblocker, Sfoskett, Shadowjams, Shaunguyver, SidP, Siggi, Simon london, SimonTrew, Simonmackinlay, SlamDiego, Smith2006, Snori, Sondermodelle, Sp, Spotteddogsdotorg,Spurzem, Sribanda, Stang456, Stevage, Stombs, Stone, StoneProphet, Stor stark7, Stuffed coyote, Subversive.sound, Suffusion of Yellow, Sugarcaddy, Sweldeu, Synyan, T700, TBustah, TX55,Tanya Stuart, Tapir Terrific, Techman224, Template namespace initialisation script, Terence, Tero virta, Teutonic Tamer, TexasAndroid, That Guy, From That Show!, Thatdog,Thatguyoverthere12345678910, The Bushranger, The Grot, The PIPE, The Thing That Should Not Be, The stuart, TheAutoJunkie, TheClerksWell, TheParanoidOne, Thegreenj, Thejeshgn,Thomas Blomberg, Thomas Larsen, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tim Starling, Tocharianne, TomTheHand, Tournesol, Towsonu2003, Trader391, Travelbird, Treekids, Trekphiler, Tripod86,Trounce, TruckMatt, TutterMouse, Typ932, Tyrol5, Tyveron, UmIsThisThingOn, Urchin, VWphaetonfan, VXRacing, Vancouverguy, Vanished User 4517, Vchimpanzee, Victorgrigas, Vidor,Vjsuez, Volksweddings, VonShroom, Vossanova, Waltloc, Ward3001, Wavelength, Why Not A Duck, Wickamouse, WiiKiBoyz, Wik, WikiPro1981X, Wikiklrsc, Wikiliki, William Leadford,Willirennen, Wimt, WinTakeAll, Wjl2, Wmahan, Woohookitty, Writegeist, X96lee15, XTaran, Yellow Evan, Yonatan, Yrithinnd, ZekeMacNeil, Zell65, Zigamorph, Zlatan Zakić, Zscout370, Îleflottante, 1460 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: RobertCouse-Baker from Sacramento, CaliforniaFile:Käferkühlung.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Käferkühlung.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: BukkFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2005-1017-525, Dr. Ferdinand Porsche.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-1017-525,_Dr._Ferdinand_Porsche.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany Contributors: Fallschirmjäger, High Contrast, Morio, RosenzweigFile:Porsche Typ12 Model2 Nuremberg.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Porsche_Typ12_Model2_Nuremberg.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Mb1302File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146II-732, Erholung am Flussufer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146II-732,_Erholung_am_Flussufer.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Germany  Contributors: Duch.seb, PibwlFile:DR 1939 688 Automobilausstellung Volkswagen Käfer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DR_1939_688_Automobilausstellung_Volkswagen_Käfer.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: scanned by NobbiPImage:Standard Superior 1933.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Standard_Superior_1933.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Ganz-volkswagenFile:V570a.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:V570a.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UnknownFile:VW "Käfer" 82 E Military vehicle, frontal.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VW_"Käfer"_82_E_Military_vehicle,_frontal.JPG  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:NeodarkshadowFile:1949 VW Beetle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1949_VW_Beetle.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Pfan70 at en.wikipediaFile:1949 VW dash .jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1949_VW_dash_.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Pfan70 at en.wikipediaFile:1000000th beatle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1000000th_beatle.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MewtuFile:EX-CAR-POLICE-IRAN.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EX-CAR-POLICE-IRAN.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Alborzagros, 1 anonymous editsFile:VW Käfer blue 1956 vr TCE.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VW_Käfer_blue_1956_vr_TCE.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:StahlkocherFile:Volkswagen Beetle .jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volkswagen_Beetle_.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IFCARFile:2005-09-17 VW 1303 Cabriolet Karmann.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2005-09-17_VW_1303_Cabriolet_Karmann.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: User:SpurzemFile:Beetle 1300.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beetle_1300.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: IuliusFile:Volkswagen Bubbla sista bilen.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volkswagen_Bubbla_sista_bilen.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:User Hasse A on sv.wikipedia

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 22

File:1969 Volkswagen 1300.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1969_Volkswagen_1300.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:JasonVogelFile:Volkswagen Sedán 1995.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volkswagen_Sedán_1995.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlfacevedoaFile:Volkswagen Sedán Unificado 2003.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volkswagen_Sedán_Unificado_2003.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AlfacevedoaFile:Vochol09MAP.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vochol09MAP.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:FæFile:CobaltBlueBeetle1968Auro.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CobaltBlueBeetle1968Auro.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AurokaosFile:CalLookVolkswagenKurtVanPerre.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:CalLookVolkswagenKurtVanPerre.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Originaluploader was Tero virta at en.wikipediaFile:Volvoinbeetle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Volvoinbeetle.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User Svennex on en.wikipediaFile:Rebelbaja.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rebelbaja.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Beeblebrox (talk) 06:25, 18December 2008 (UTC). Original uploader was Beeblebrox at en.wikipediaFile:Flower Beetle.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flower_Beetle.JPG  License: Copyrighted free use  Contributors: User Ewok Slayer on en.wikipediaFile:VW-Vincent.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VW-Vincent.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Heikenwaelder Hugo,heikenwaelder@aon.at, www.heikenwaelder.at

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/