bee stressed? health the bees. · most counties in pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with...

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Bee Stressed? One Health & The Bees. Dr. Tracy Farone Objectives How bees are affected by their environment How the environment is affected by bees How we(humans) and other animals are affected by bees 2 7/13/2019 Colony Lifecycle Winter/Early Spring Cluster Normal homeostatic measures Randy Oliver Scientific Beekeeping.com 3 Colony lifecycle and season (weather, temperature, environment) determine… Age, number, and types of bees present When to do hive inspections What normal should be at that time of the year When to test and treat for mites and some other diseases/medications When and what to feed the bees When to collect honey and other hive products When to manage colony populations, make splits, manage queens 4 Colony Lifecycle – Spring/Summer/Fall/Winter Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com 5 Colony LifecycleBees Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com 6

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Page 1: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

Bee Stressed? One Health & The Bees.Dr. Tracy Farone

Objectives 

• How bees are affected by their environment

• How the environment is affected by bees

• How we(humans) and other animals are affected by bees

2 7/13/2019

Colony LifecycleWinter/Early Spring Cluster

Normal homeostatic measures

Randy Oliver Scientific Beekeeping.com3

Colony lifecycle and season (weather, temperature, environment)

determine…

• Age, number, and types of bees present

• When to do hive inspections

• What normal should be at that time of the year

• When to test and treat for mites and some other diseases/medications

• When and what to feed the bees

• When to collect honey and other hive products

• When to manage colony populations, make splits, manage queens

4

Colony Lifecycle – Spring/Summer/Fall/Winter

Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com5

Colony Lifecycle‐ Bees

Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com6

Page 2: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

Environmental stressors of bees• Diseases

• Nutrition

• Environmental conditions: climate, season, weather, exposures

• Intoxications:

Toxic Plants

Pesticides

Medications (side effects)

• Pests 

Beekeepers

What this means to us and the environment…

7 7/13/2019

Bee Diseases & Nutrition Summary

• No bee diseases are considered zoonotic

However:

• Bee diseases can have a serious impact on honey production and pollination

• Economic & psychological losses

• Antibiotic resistance and residues in products are health concerns

• Medications can have side effects on bees

• Poor nutrition due to reduced forage/habitat/diversity can be a direct reflection of the health of the environment

8 7/13/2019

Natural forage

9 7/13/2019 Add a footer

Environment

• Unusual weather patterns, wind, cold, heat, humidity, climate change, migrations

Shortened flowering & foraging times

Can increase confinement and disease

Decreased nutrition

However, bees rarely collapse due to a harsh winter or weather

alone….

”winter losses”

10 7/13/2019 Photo credit Alex Wild Photography

“Chilled” brood

11 7/13/2019

Shelter from wind…

12 7/13/2019 ENZO CAMPAGNOLO PHOTO CREDIT

Page 3: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

Toxic Plants

• Plants‐ varies by area

Some ornamentals like azaleas and rhododendron 

Tropicals

https://beekeep.info/a‐treatise‐on‐modern‐honey‐bee‐management/managing‐nutrition/poisonous‐plants/

13 7/13/2019

Pesticides…Are• More or less but they are in our environment

Insecticides (organophosphates, neonicotinoids, synthetic pyrethroids)

GMO’s 

Fungicides

Herbicides

Miticides

Antibacterials

Synergistic effects…

• Politics mixed with science‐various opinions

• Very concerned in Europe, persist in wax

14 7/13/2019

“Good” wax vs. “bad” wax

15 7/13/2019

Clinical Look at Intoxications• Modes of exposure: forage of pollen, water, contact, dust, respiratory, larval feeding, wax

• Acute –death, neurologic

• Sub‐lethal‐ behavioral changes, impaired physiology, immunity=weak colony

• Chronic‐larval development, queen reproduction = weak colony

• Difficult to Dx & Tx, rule out other causes, know history

• Labs can analyze dead bee samples?

• Prevent by using less pesticides/drugs, be aware of neighbors activities/movebees out of spray area, use new wax/equipment

16 7/13/2019

Pests

• Wax moths• Mice• Bears• Skunks, opossums, raccoons• Small Hive Beetle

Other insects: Ants, wasps, & other bees

17 7/13/2019

Wax moths –Galleria mellonella & Achroia grisella

18 7/13/2019 Randy Oliver scientificbeekeeping.com  & Steve Repasky photo credits

“Greater and lesser”Larvae tunnel and destroy combs Produce silkActive and stored comb affectedCan cause bald brood

Prevention: Air & lightFreezing stored combInsecticide pre‐treatment of supersStrong colonies

Page 4: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

The Small Hive Beetle -Aethina tumida

Common, not considered a big problem by US

beekeepers, except in weak hives or abandoned

equipment

7/13/2019 Slide credit Maryann Fraser19

Adults are good flyers–Attracted to hives (weak hives)–Lay eggs in colonies (in mass)

• Larvae feed on pollen, eggs and brood

• Leave colonies to pupate in the soil and emerge as adults

•Traps available, keep brood frames out of the honey house, queen excluders, quick extraction

7/13/2019Slide credit Maryann Fraser

20

The Small Hive Beetle

BEARS, skunks, raccoons

- PA Fish and Game Commission

Mice

22 7/13/2019 PSU Maryann Frazer Photo credit

Colony Lifecycle & the Environment

Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com23

IPM = Integrated Pest Management

Multiple tactics

Mechanical

Chemical; soft/hard

7/13/2019 Photo credit Mary Ann Frazer Penn State Extension24

Combines biological, chemical, physical, biotechnical, monitoring, social/cultural (sanitary beekeeping practices), andgenetic control approaches

Page 5: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

Bee Myths in One‐Health

• Honey bees are going extinct…

First ‐honey bees are not native to the western hemisphere

“Save the Bees”

This “cool” trend caused inexperienced people jump on the bandwagon

Political motivations

• https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/rn301137d?locale=enUSDA surveys?

Population is holding steady in more recent years, various opinions here… honey bee beekeepers canmakemore bees

• However…

Overwintering colony losses % are increasing‐ beekeeping is getting harder.

Attention is needed for 4000 native bees(US) and other pollinators’‐ hundreds are becoming extinct or endangered.

https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf

25 7/13/2019

Native Pollinators Importance

26 7/13/2019

How About Us…

• One third of the food we eat can be attributed to pollination by honey beesand nearly 85% of all fruits and vegetables are pollinated by honey bees.

• Economic impact worldwide: 100’s billions $, 15‐20$ in US alone (supersedes cattle, chicken, or hog values)

• Tetracycline – antibiotic resistance, bees and humans

• Pesticide & antibiotic residues in bee products

• Bee gut microbiota as research model for humans, bee venom

“Because honey bee colonies entirely depend on their surrounding environment, they are considered a primary indicator of the health of the 

environment.” (Vidal‐Naquet, 2018)

27 7/13/2019

Bee Products

28 7/13/2019 Alex Wild Photography photo credit

Opportunities for Vets to Help

• Get educated and educate others.

• Help sort through all the information… The internet? Be aware of pre‐1987,2007 &2017 info.

• Listen, ask why, and then ask about/investigate if there are studies.

• Reduce antibiotic and other drug resistance and residues.

• Plant pollinator friendly gardens.

• Mow – less.

• Pesticides‐ less.

• Buy true, local honey‐ ask questions/visit their facility.

• Don’t get a hive until you have at least a half a clue.

29 7/13/2019

Happy Gardenshttps://ento.psu.edu/pollinators/public‐outreach/cert

30 7/13/2019 PSU extension photo credit

Page 6: Bee Stressed? Health The Bees. · Most counties in Pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and

Some PA Stats

• In PA, there are over 5,400 beekeepers managing nearly 55,000 colonies in 7500 different yards. 85% of those beekeepers manage 10 or fewer colonies. Less than 1% manage 500 or more colonies.

• Pennsylvania has one the most diverse, and pollinator dependent, agricultural economies in the United States. Most counties in Pennsylvania grow at least 7crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and 12 species of crops (Aguilar et al. 2015) 

• Annually, Pennsylvania growers obtain approximately $250,000,000 in economic value from crops where pollination increases fruit and vegetable production, and an approximately $9,300,000 in value from crops wherepollination produces seeds.

• In PA, most pollination is accomplished by the 85% of stationary backyard beekeepers’ bees.

31 7/13/2019 Information provided by Steve Repasky

Some Other Bee Surveys

• https://beeinformed.org/2019/03/31/now‐live‐the‐2018‐2019‐colony‐loss‐and‐management‐survey/

• https://bip2.beeinformed.org/loss‐map/

• https://bip2.beeinformed.org/survey/

Winter loss, annual loss, anticipated losses by state. Voluntary reporting, 10%.

• https://app.beescape.org/ ‐analysis of your apiary area in PA

32 7/13/2019

References• A Field Guide to Honey Bees and their Maladies, The Mid‐Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension

Consortium (MAAREC) with USDA cooperation, 2015.

• Honey Bees: A Guide for Veterinarians. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 2017.

• Milbrath, Meghan, instructor, “Bees and Veterinary Medicine 2018”, VIN on‐line course completedApril 2018.

• Ritter, Wolfgang, ed. OIE: Bee Health and Veterinarians, 2014.

• Sammataro, Diana and Avitabile, Alphonse. The Beekeeper’s Handbook, 4th ed. Cornell University Press, 2011.  

• Shimanuki, Hachiro and Knox, David. USDA – Diagnosis of Honey Bee Diseases, Agricultural Handbook, #690, 2000.

• Vidal‐Naquet, Nicolas. Honeybee Veterinary Medicine: Apis mellifera L., 5m Publishing, 2015.

• http://scientificbeekeeping.com/

• Honey Bee Diseases & Pests, 3rd Ed., Stephen Pernal and Heather Clay eds., Canadian Assoc. ofProfessional Apiculturists, 2013.

• Sallmann, Ben, Snyder, Rob. Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Honey Bee Diseases. BeeInformed Partnership.

33 7/13/2019

Questions –Thank you!

34 7/13/2019 Photo credit Enzo Campagnolo

Dr. Tracy [email protected]

https://pabeevet.com