bee stressed? health the bees. · most counties in pennsylvaniagrowast at le 7 crop species, with...
TRANSCRIPT
Bee Stressed? One Health & The Bees.Dr. Tracy Farone
Objectives
• How bees are affected by their environment
• How the environment is affected by bees
• How we(humans) and other animals are affected by bees
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Colony LifecycleWinter/Early Spring Cluster
Normal homeostatic measures
Randy Oliver Scientific Beekeeping.com3
Colony lifecycle and season (weather, temperature, environment)
determine…
• Age, number, and types of bees present
• When to do hive inspections
• What normal should be at that time of the year
• When to test and treat for mites and some other diseases/medications
• When and what to feed the bees
• When to collect honey and other hive products
• When to manage colony populations, make splits, manage queens
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Colony Lifecycle – Spring/Summer/Fall/Winter
Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com5
Colony Lifecycle‐ Bees
Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com6
Environmental stressors of bees• Diseases
• Nutrition
• Environmental conditions: climate, season, weather, exposures
• Intoxications:
Toxic Plants
Pesticides
Medications (side effects)
• Pests
Beekeepers
What this means to us and the environment…
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Bee Diseases & Nutrition Summary
• No bee diseases are considered zoonotic
However:
• Bee diseases can have a serious impact on honey production and pollination
• Economic & psychological losses
• Antibiotic resistance and residues in products are health concerns
• Medications can have side effects on bees
• Poor nutrition due to reduced forage/habitat/diversity can be a direct reflection of the health of the environment
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Natural forage
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Environment
• Unusual weather patterns, wind, cold, heat, humidity, climate change, migrations
Shortened flowering & foraging times
Can increase confinement and disease
Decreased nutrition
However, bees rarely collapse due to a harsh winter or weather
alone….
”winter losses”
10 7/13/2019 Photo credit Alex Wild Photography
“Chilled” brood
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Shelter from wind…
12 7/13/2019 ENZO CAMPAGNOLO PHOTO CREDIT
Toxic Plants
• Plants‐ varies by area
Some ornamentals like azaleas and rhododendron
Tropicals
https://beekeep.info/a‐treatise‐on‐modern‐honey‐bee‐management/managing‐nutrition/poisonous‐plants/
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Pesticides…Are• More or less but they are in our environment
Insecticides (organophosphates, neonicotinoids, synthetic pyrethroids)
GMO’s
Fungicides
Herbicides
Miticides
Antibacterials
Synergistic effects…
• Politics mixed with science‐various opinions
• Very concerned in Europe, persist in wax
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“Good” wax vs. “bad” wax
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Clinical Look at Intoxications• Modes of exposure: forage of pollen, water, contact, dust, respiratory, larval feeding, wax
• Acute –death, neurologic
• Sub‐lethal‐ behavioral changes, impaired physiology, immunity=weak colony
• Chronic‐larval development, queen reproduction = weak colony
• Difficult to Dx & Tx, rule out other causes, know history
• Labs can analyze dead bee samples?
• Prevent by using less pesticides/drugs, be aware of neighbors activities/movebees out of spray area, use new wax/equipment
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Pests
• Wax moths• Mice• Bears• Skunks, opossums, raccoons• Small Hive Beetle
Other insects: Ants, wasps, & other bees
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Wax moths –Galleria mellonella & Achroia grisella
18 7/13/2019 Randy Oliver scientificbeekeeping.com & Steve Repasky photo credits
“Greater and lesser”Larvae tunnel and destroy combs Produce silkActive and stored comb affectedCan cause bald brood
Prevention: Air & lightFreezing stored combInsecticide pre‐treatment of supersStrong colonies
The Small Hive Beetle -Aethina tumida
Common, not considered a big problem by US
beekeepers, except in weak hives or abandoned
equipment
7/13/2019 Slide credit Maryann Fraser19
Adults are good flyers–Attracted to hives (weak hives)–Lay eggs in colonies (in mass)
• Larvae feed on pollen, eggs and brood
• Leave colonies to pupate in the soil and emerge as adults
•Traps available, keep brood frames out of the honey house, queen excluders, quick extraction
7/13/2019Slide credit Maryann Fraser
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The Small Hive Beetle
BEARS, skunks, raccoons
- PA Fish and Game Commission
Mice
22 7/13/2019 PSU Maryann Frazer Photo credit
Colony Lifecycle & the Environment
Photo credit Randy Oliver/Scientificbeekeeping.com23
IPM = Integrated Pest Management
Multiple tactics
Mechanical
Chemical; soft/hard
7/13/2019 Photo credit Mary Ann Frazer Penn State Extension24
Combines biological, chemical, physical, biotechnical, monitoring, social/cultural (sanitary beekeeping practices), andgenetic control approaches
Bee Myths in One‐Health
• Honey bees are going extinct…
First ‐honey bees are not native to the western hemisphere
“Save the Bees”
This “cool” trend caused inexperienced people jump on the bandwagon
Political motivations
• https://usda.library.cornell.edu/concern/publications/rn301137d?locale=enUSDA surveys?
Population is holding steady in more recent years, various opinions here… honey bee beekeepers canmakemore bees
• However…
Overwintering colony losses % are increasing‐ beekeeping is getting harder.
Attention is needed for 4000 native bees(US) and other pollinators’‐ hundreds are becoming extinct or endangered.
https://plants.usda.gov/pollinators/Native_Pollinators.pdf
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Native Pollinators Importance
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How About Us…
• One third of the food we eat can be attributed to pollination by honey beesand nearly 85% of all fruits and vegetables are pollinated by honey bees.
• Economic impact worldwide: 100’s billions $, 15‐20$ in US alone (supersedes cattle, chicken, or hog values)
• Tetracycline – antibiotic resistance, bees and humans
• Pesticide & antibiotic residues in bee products
• Bee gut microbiota as research model for humans, bee venom
“Because honey bee colonies entirely depend on their surrounding environment, they are considered a primary indicator of the health of the
environment.” (Vidal‐Naquet, 2018)
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Bee Products
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Opportunities for Vets to Help
• Get educated and educate others.
• Help sort through all the information… The internet? Be aware of pre‐1987,2007 &2017 info.
• Listen, ask why, and then ask about/investigate if there are studies.
• Reduce antibiotic and other drug resistance and residues.
• Plant pollinator friendly gardens.
• Mow – less.
• Pesticides‐ less.
• Buy true, local honey‐ ask questions/visit their facility.
• Don’t get a hive until you have at least a half a clue.
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Happy Gardenshttps://ento.psu.edu/pollinators/public‐outreach/cert
30 7/13/2019 PSU extension photo credit
Some PA Stats
• In PA, there are over 5,400 beekeepers managing nearly 55,000 colonies in 7500 different yards. 85% of those beekeepers manage 10 or fewer colonies. Less than 1% manage 500 or more colonies.
• Pennsylvania has one the most diverse, and pollinator dependent, agricultural economies in the United States. Most counties in Pennsylvania grow at least 7crop species, with the most diverse counties in the eastern part of the state growing between 9 and 12 species of crops (Aguilar et al. 2015)
• Annually, Pennsylvania growers obtain approximately $250,000,000 in economic value from crops where pollination increases fruit and vegetable production, and an approximately $9,300,000 in value from crops wherepollination produces seeds.
• In PA, most pollination is accomplished by the 85% of stationary backyard beekeepers’ bees.
31 7/13/2019 Information provided by Steve Repasky
Some Other Bee Surveys
• https://beeinformed.org/2019/03/31/now‐live‐the‐2018‐2019‐colony‐loss‐and‐management‐survey/
• https://bip2.beeinformed.org/loss‐map/
• https://bip2.beeinformed.org/survey/
Winter loss, annual loss, anticipated losses by state. Voluntary reporting, 10%.
• https://app.beescape.org/ ‐analysis of your apiary area in PA
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References• A Field Guide to Honey Bees and their Maladies, The Mid‐Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension
Consortium (MAAREC) with USDA cooperation, 2015.
• Honey Bees: A Guide for Veterinarians. American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 2017.
• Milbrath, Meghan, instructor, “Bees and Veterinary Medicine 2018”, VIN on‐line course completedApril 2018.
• Ritter, Wolfgang, ed. OIE: Bee Health and Veterinarians, 2014.
• Sammataro, Diana and Avitabile, Alphonse. The Beekeeper’s Handbook, 4th ed. Cornell University Press, 2011.
• Shimanuki, Hachiro and Knox, David. USDA – Diagnosis of Honey Bee Diseases, Agricultural Handbook, #690, 2000.
• Vidal‐Naquet, Nicolas. Honeybee Veterinary Medicine: Apis mellifera L., 5m Publishing, 2015.
• http://scientificbeekeeping.com/
• Honey Bee Diseases & Pests, 3rd Ed., Stephen Pernal and Heather Clay eds., Canadian Assoc. ofProfessional Apiculturists, 2013.
• Sallmann, Ben, Snyder, Rob. Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Honey Bee Diseases. BeeInformed Partnership.
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Questions –Thank you!
34 7/13/2019 Photo credit Enzo Campagnolo
Dr. Tracy [email protected]
https://pabeevet.com