be0898 2014:15 tan
DESCRIPTION
BE0898 2014/15 TanTRANSCRIPT
Faculty of Engineering and Environment
Advanced Measurement and Technology
Module Number: BE0898
Student ID: 13022981
Coursework Title: Building Design and Performance Critique
Name of Chosen Study Building: Ellison Building
Programme: BSc (Hons) Quantity Surveying
Date of Submission: 10th February 2015
Module Tutor: Alan Davies
2614 Words
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Table of Contents Section 1 : Introduction ............................................................................................................ 3
Driver for refurbishment ................................................................................................................... 6 Refurbishment or New Build ............................................................................................................. 6 Proposed Refurbishment Period ....................................................................................................... 7
Section 2: Body ......................................................................................................................... 8 Heating .............................................................................................................................................. 8 Window ........................................................................................................................................... 11 Ventilation ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Revolving Door ................................................................................................................................ 16 Toilet ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Increasing thermal mass .................................................................................................................. 20
Section 3: Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 23
Section 4: Reference ............................................................................................................... 24
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Section 1: Introduction The report provides a critical analysis of the design and identifies possible improvement in usability and environmental performance of Ellison Building, Northumbria University.
Figure 1: Ellison Building Plan View. Source: Google Map, (2015).
Newcastle Polytechnic was originally established in 1969. It was known as Rutherford College of Technology before changing its name to University of Northumbria in 1992. George Kenyon, City Architect, built a few building including Library, Lipman Building and the Ellison Building in the year 1949-‐65 for the Rutherford College of Technology (Pevsner et. al, 1992).
Ellison building consist of 5 blocks of building which is Block A, B, C D and E. It has a total usable floor area of 19,674.6m2 (Landmark, 2010). It is home to the faculty of Health and Life Sciences, and the faculty of Engineering and Environment. There are a total of over 20 laboratories for students of Applied Sciences courses on the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th floors.
Labs including wet bench style labs for investigating a range of environmental issues are located in Block A and Grographical Information System Computer Laboratory in Block D are built for students of Geography and Environment.
There are Virtual Reality Suite in Block B and Architecture Studios in Block C for students of Built Environment. Facilities for computing, engineering and information science related programmes and in particular industry standard engineering equipment are located in Block E (Northumbria University, 2010).
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Client University of Northumbria
Programme Offsite prior to commencement: 3 weeks Onsite: 21 weeks - 5 weeks ahead of programme (Aug 2007 to Dec 08).
Contract Value £922k
Scope of Work Existing and occupied teaching block that required panel stabilisation and concrete repair prior to aluminium cladding and window replacement. The whole project was carried out from cradle access due to very difficult site conditions.
Table 1: Refurbishment of Ellison Building Block E. Source: D+B Facades (2008).
Ellison Building Block E has been refurbished on the year 2008. Refurbishment works include fitting aluminium rainscreen, insulation, window replacement, concrete repairs, recoating existing stair tower, tiling ground floor and restraint existing panel. This project took 21 weeks, which is 5 weeks ahead of programme to complete work onsite and the refurbishment cost £922,000.
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Figure 2: Display Energy Certificate (DEC) showing energy performance operational rating of Ellison Building. Source: 13022981 (2015).
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Display Energy Certificate (DEC) reveals the energy consumption of a building. DEC was introduced in 2008 and it is compulsory to have this certificate for buildings more than 1000m2 used by public authorities or institutions that provide service to public (Baker, 2009). Rating A means that the building is very energy efficient which should have the lowest fuel bills and G means the opposite. Ellison Buildings are currently in band D. Besides that we can see that the annual energy use of electricity 98 kWh/m2/year is higher than the typical energy use of 85 kWh/m2/year with 0% use of renewable energy.
Driver for refurbishment Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) in the UK was recognised by the construction sector as accepted benchmark for assessing the environmental sustainability of non-‐domestic buildings and has been a powerful driver for improvement. Most of the company including government body have environmental policies and on every occasion report on their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Carbon emissions play an important role in this. The energy efficiency achievement generally emphasized as a guideline of responsible approach in the community. Refurbishment of existing building was a regular approach in decreasing carbon emission and often found in this report (Baker, 2009).
Refurbishment or New Build
Figure 3: Different colour illustrating comparison as in refurbishment or New Build? Source: David (2015)
Refurbishment will have less environmental impact than demolition and new build. This is because energy is used to manufacture building components and by replacing them means introducing new carbon emissions. Also, the process of knocking down and getting rid of waste produces carbon emission. One may argue that a new building will use less energy than refurbish building but new building generally have not operate as good as estimated. Refurbishment by means of replacing and upgrading finishes and components in improving environmental quality is considered a better choice (Baker, 2009).
Besides, it should be consider that Ellison Buildings are university building. Students all year long besides summer will use Ellison Building. If demolition and new build were to happen, it may be uneconomic and inconvenient because temporary buildings have to be constructed. Therefore, low energy refurbishment that is much greener is proposed (Baker, 2009).
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Proposed Refurbishment Period The project is proposed to be on site in the summer 2015 and completely ready for the start of the 2015/2016 academic year, in order to reduce any possible effect on the regular study life of student in September. Contractor is proposed to work on site from 19th May 2015 to 8th September 2015 before the new term starts.
Figure 4: Northumbria University Term Dates. Source: Northumbria University (2014)
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Section 2: Body
Heating Ellison buildings are heated via radiator by 10 condensing boiler located in a boiler house. They are heated by burning gas or oil. Biomass boilers burning wood chips/pallets are proposed to replace the current condensing boiler.
Figure 5: Biomass boiler. Source: Jones (2011)
Biomass boiler burns biomass such as wood chips, pallets or logs to provide heating and hot water. It is categorise as carbon-‐neutral renewable energy as it releases the same quantity of carbon dioxide as is used while the plants were growing (Baxi, 2015).
Table 2: Savings from a wood pellet boiler used for central heating. Source: Thorpe, (2013)
According to theecoexpert (2015), although it may initially cost about 10 times more but long term saving accounts more. They added that large organisations may notice a drastic decrease of £60,000 bill saving and 2,500 tonnes reduction of carbon emissions per year.
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Table 3: Tariff classification of Renewable Heat Incentive. Source: Rameha, (2015)
A government fund, Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) was established in 2011 to provide support and encourage the use sustainability and greener product. These funds will help with the huge price needed (Great Britain. Department of Energy & Climate Change, 2015).
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Figure 6: Map showing proposed storage hut and car park extension. Source: Google Map, (2015).
A new storage hut would be needed to store the wood chips/pallets. This would be a small ordinary form of building propose to be construct using car park space beside boiler house. Lorry transportation of wood chips/pallets to storage hut will need to enter through College St. The car park adjacent to sports central is suggested to extend using the green field to accommodate shortage of car park.
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Window Double glazed window is proposed to replace the current single glazed window.
Figure 7: Typical double glazing glasses. Source: South Coast Glazing (no date)
Air is catch in the middle of two panels of glasses. This forms as an insulation fence that will prevent heat from being lost. Besides, this also prevents water droplets appearing at the windows. Furthermore, this prevents transmission of noise from the outside (Fenn, 2014). 57w
The case study done by Saint-‐Gobain Group (1999), who is one of the UK’s top glazing company, found that after replacing single glazing with A-‐rated double glazing one could see that it will save approximately £8,211 and 22 tonnes of CO2 in an ordinary detached house. The similar study was conducted on an ordinary semi-‐detached house and the result were a saving of £5,855 and 16 tonnes of CO2. The studies were measured by using the Glass and Glazing Federation’s (2015) energy saving and carbon calculator.
Energy Saving Trust (2014) states that a regular house fixing double glazing window will usually reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about ¾ of a tonne per year. This is an important saving as heat lost from an ordinary home through the windows account to around 23%.
Evidence from British Fenestration Rating Council (2008) shows that a saving of household bills up to $461 per year can be achieved by fixing double glazing windows.
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U values express the thermal transmittance of a particular product. This is calculated by the amount of heat that will transmit past a square metre of a product when one of the side vary by one degree. The higher the values, the higher the heat lost of that product. The values (W/m2 deg K) are expressed in units of watts per square metre per degree of temperature difference (English Heritage, 2012).
Figure 8: A diagram showing U-‐value of single-‐glazed and double-‐glazed window. Source: English Heritage (2012).
The diagram above shows a decrease of U value will be achieved after replacing double glazed window.
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Ventilation Concurrent Mix Mode ventilation is proposed in relation to the current ventilation system.
Many argue that it feels very stuffy in most of the lecture theatre particularly in EBA002. Even though 3 extract fans were installed in EBA002 but it still feels warm. One of the reasons may be that the fans emit much noise while operating and so most decided to switch it off while having a lecture. Heat will pretty much be felt by students sitting furthest from the windows, if not all. This may be cause by lack of air circulation to the middle of the building. One may experience nausea, bloody noses and even headache if ventilation problem were not handled properly (Torres, 2014). 118
Figure 9: A right study environment is crucial in developing good students. Source: Dudley (2014)
Concurrent mixed mode ventilation is proposed. For a big building like Ellison Building, natural ventilation is not enough to provide comfortable condition for the occupant in the middle of the building; therefore mechanical ventilation needs to be fixed there (Brager and Lehrer, 2013).
Figure 10: A concurrent mix mode ventilation system in a typical office. Source: Brager and Lehrer (2013)
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Another reason that makes it feels stuffy may be the closure of window most of the time. The installation of carbon dioxide sensor with light indicator is proposed.
Table 4: Representation of physiological effects to the room CO2 concentration. Source: Enocean (2011)
The indoor air quality is indicated by the concentration of carbon dioxide in a room. A room is considered as well ventilated when the carbon dioxide concentration is between 800 to 1200 ppm. If the ppm falls below that 800ppm, more energy will be required for heating and cooling. At the same time if the ppm rises above 1200ppm, it may cause the occupant to be drowse Enocean (2011).
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How it works
Two carbon dioxide sensors will need to be placed, one in the return radiator ductwork and one in the lecture theatre. Once the lecture theatre is in use, the sensor will detect the rise of CO2 from occupants and guide the heater to reduce and ventilation to include more usage of outside air. In contrast, when occupants leave the theatre and a fall of CO2 detected, the usage of outside air will be reduced. There will be less amount of energy required to keep the building warm or chill (OSEH, 1998).
Figure 11: LCD Display Guide of a Carbon Dioxide Sensor Source: Omni (2009)
Displaying green under normal condition, the colour will raise to yellow and then to red upon higher concentration of CO2. Under normal situation the sensor will be in green and the colour will step up to yellow and then to red when it detects more concentration of CO2. This sensor is popular for offices and schools in which will direct the occupant to open windows and fans once the indicator hits red so that more air will flow and thus reduces carbon dioxide concentration (Euro-‐gas, no date).
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Revolving Door Revolving doors are proposed to replace all automatic sliding doors.
A difference in air pressure basically causes air to move in and out of a building. Warm air rises to the ceiling of a building during the winter and as long as there is any opening on the ground floor, chill air tends to move in and substitute them. In contrast, warm air move in during the summer to substitute chill air (Heerwagen, 1996).
Figure 12: Typical revolving doors. Source: Whibley (2015)
This is a problem to engineers to think of a way to allow individual to enter and exit the building on the same time decreasing unwanted air movement. Over 100 years ago before anyone was talking about carbon emission or environmental impact, the revolving door was introduced as a solution to this problem. A revolving door is not airtight as some air will exit and some will enter the building whenever the door spins however not so much air flows compared to a sliding door (Stromberg, 2014).
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Besides, additional revolving door is proposed to construct on the entrance of Block A. Many students were seen to be queuing to enter and exit Block A during peak hours and most of the time swinging door, adjacent to the revolving door have to be used.
Figure 13: Students queuing to exit Block A. Source: 13022981 (2015)
A case study on the usage of revolving door was done by a group of Massachusetts Institute of Technology students in one building on campus, E25. They found that only 23% of students make use of the revolving doors. Based on their calculation, a swinging door allowed as much as 8 times more air to flow into the building compared to a revolving door. The group of students state that if the average local weather were applied to the equation and everyone were to use the revolving doors it would have saved more than 75,000 kilowatt-‐hours of energy which is about 1.5% of the total required to energy heat and cool the building and prevent 14.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide from being emitted (Cullum et al., 2006).
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Toilet
Figure 14: Block A, 1st Floor Man’s Toilet. Source: 13022981 (2015)
Toilets particularly Man toilet in Block A, 1st floor if not all is currently using compression washer taps. Spray taps with Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor are proposed to replace them.
Figure 15: Traditional tap in man toilet. Source 13022981 (2015)
According to Higher Education Statistic Agency (2013), Northumbria University generally have 147,295 m3 of total water consumption on the year 2012-‐2013. This is relatively high compared to other universities.
The amount of water used as cleaning hands by washbasin and sinks accounts for about 8%. Traditional taps need about 4 litres of water per hand wash, which can be reduced to 2 litre of less by installing water efficiency taps (Gray, 2012).
Case study done by South West Tourism (2009) shows that more than 100 litres of water saved per guest night by fixing spray tap. It was added that the saving significantly reduces the cost of heating hot water. Spray tap can save about 75% of water compared to normal taps. Besides, it can be installed into existing tap head (Buckle, 2015).
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Figure 16: PIR sensor tap. Source: Sadoo (2010)
However, a lot of water will be wasted when a tap is left dripping after using. Therefore it is not recommended to keep the compression washer taps. By installing PIR sensor tap, the flow of water will start and stop automatically as it detects. Also, bacteria does not transmit as it is touch free whereby placing hands will automatically turn on tap. This does control the infection among toilet users (Pearson, 2013).
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Increasing thermal mass Thermal mass of Ellision Building is proposed to increase by adding insulation on the outside of the building.
Thermal mass means the ability of particular material to absorb and store heat energy. It acts as a thermal battery (Reardon,2013).
Figure 17: Thermal mass during the summer. Source: Reardon (2013)
During the summer, a particular material absorbs heat during the day and releases it by night to cooling breezes, keeping the house comfortable (Reardon,2013).
Figure 18: Thermal mass during the winter. Source: Reardon (2013)
While in winter, the material can store heat from the sun or heaters helping the building to stay warm and releases the heat by night (Reardon,2013).
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Internal or External Insulation
Figure 19: Internal wall insulation. Source: Bere Architects (2011)
According to Bere Architects (2011), internal insulation is not a good choice as it will have higher thermal bridges, loss of internal thermal mass and naturally results in higher u-‐ values therefore lower energy savings. The internal insulation in the above figure shows a weighty thermal bridge of 0.16 W/mK. The dew point in case is in side of the external wall around 12degree line. This face a significant risk of condensation within internal insulation and this can result in damage to internal floor finishes and on serious occasion, a risk of structural failure.
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Figure 20: External wall insulation. Source: Bere Architects (2011)
In contrast, the external insulation is a better choice for an occupier as it keeps the brickwork warm. The thermal bridge value for the above figure is 0 W/mK which means there will be no thermal bridge and risk of condensation and so no damage of the internal finishes. The most important of all, thermal mass can be fully utilised on the inside of the house.
A case study was conducted by Kingspan (2010) where 631 flats in Scholes Village were extensively refurbished with external wall insulation u-‐value of 0.28 W/m2 K. The result shows estimate savings of 1136 tonnes of carbon dioxide emission per year with fuel saving of £300 per household per year.
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Section 3: Conclusion In conclusion, Ellison building is proposed to refurbish in order to be more energy efficient. Biomass boilers, which are more eco-‐friendly, suggested. Besides that, double glazing windows are proposed. To improve ventilation, concurrent ventilation system is suggested. In addition, carbon dioxide sensor with light indicator will lead the occupier to either open or close the window. Revolving door are also suggested. Taps in the toilet are to be replaced and finally increasing thermal mass of Ellison Building are proposed. The suggested refurbishment could provide improvement in the building environmental performance and usability of the building.
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13022981 (2015) Ellison Building. [Photograph]. Newcastle upon Tyne