bcon final

SITE INTRODUCTION

THE SITE THAT WE RESEARCH ON IS LOCATED AT THE CITY CENTRE OF BANTING .THE SITE IS CONNECTED WITH THE

KLANG BANTING HIGHWAY THAT PASS THROUGH MAJOR INTERSECTION OF JALAN BANTING-SEMENYIH .

THE ROADS SURROUNDING THE SITE

1. NORTH-JALAN BUNGA PEKAM

2. SOUTH-JALAN SUASA

3. EAST-JALAN BUNGA PEKAN 9

4. WEST-JALAN GANGSA

1. STATE

2. DISTRICT

3. CITY

4. NO.LOT

5. AREA

6. TYPE OF BUILDING

7. COMPANY

-SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN

-KUALA LANGAT

-BANTING

-PT 791, SEKSYEN 3

-21632 METER SQUARE

-SHOPLOTS

-EHSAN ISTIMEWA SDN.BHD.

DISTANCE BETWEEN THE SITE AND OTHER MAJOR DEVELOP CITY

• 30KM AWAY FROM KLIA (KULA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL

AIRPORT)

• 25KM AWAY FROM PUTRAJAYA

• 35KM AWAY FROM SHAH ALAM

• 60KM AWAY FROM KUALA LUMPUR

Building Construction Project 1

1


By yap chein wee

Index page

Introduction to site

topic 1 : site plan and site safety

Topic 2 : Earthwork

topic 3 : foundation

topic 4 : beams and column

topic 5 : floor system

topic 6 : wall system

topic 7 : staircase

topic 8 : door and window

topic 9 : roof system


2


1.0 Site plan


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By chua jiu xin

Site safety

1.0 site plan

1.1 Introduction to site safety

Construction sites contain many risks that faced by both

of the construction workers and the general public. A

construction site is legally required to follow the

regulations and guidelines set by the department of

occupational safety and Health and other government

agencies to ensure the safety of the workers and public.

These guidelines apply to all work areas with building

operations activities in Malaysia according to the

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the

Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (Act 199) and all

other relevant regulations.

1.2 SIGNAGE

The guideline dictates that every owner, developer,

main contractor and such contractor must take steps to

develop and promote safety and health programs to ensure

the safety and health of both his employees and the

general public. Safety signs are commonly found around

construction sites containing information, often symbols

relevant to site safety. Figure 1 shows symbols that

explain without the use of much words of what the workers

and public should and should not do around the

construction site. The use of simple universal symbols is

effective because in some cases the construction workers

or the public might be illiterate or might not be

familiar with the language used on signs.1.3 hoarding

Hoarding is a prerequisite for a construction site

because it is legally required to protect the general

public from the risks associated with construction sites.

Hoarding is temporary fencing which is laid out around

the site, defining its borders. Aside from safety,

hoarding is also used for security purposes, preventing

trespassing and theft in the construction site. The

construction site uses metal hoarding. Metal hoarding

usually uses corrugated metal sheets as temporary

fencing material. Figure 2 marks the borders of the

construction site where boarding is used.

Building Construction

Project 1

4

By Chua jiu

xin

2.0 Earthwork Introduction

DefinitionExcavation and piling of earth in connection with an engineering operation.

It involves movingpart of the earth to another location to create a

desired shape.

Machinery used:Much of the excavation is done with operated machines to ease work,

cost and also saves time. These equipment includes:-

Equipments Function

Wheel Loader Scoop up lose materials from the ground from one point to another without pushing the materials

across the ground

Back Hoes Dig up hard materials and trenches

Scrapers Machine to move earth over short distance (smoothen)

Excavators Digging, demolition, forestry work, grading, landscaping, heavy lifting and brush cutting

Motor Grader Finish grade the rought grading created by heavy vehivles (Created flat surface)

Rollers Use to compact the soil after grading


5

By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Machinery

Fork Lifter lifting bags of

CementCrane being used to lift materials Concrete mixer mixing cement

Using normal Truck to

Send scaffold

Backhoe excavating land for

foundation Using backhoe loader to

Transport steel bar


6

By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Excavation

Types of Excavation

There are different types of excavation and it is classified by the type of materials

Type of Excavation Description

Topsoil excavation Removal of the exposed layer of the earth’s surface, including vegetation. Contains more

moisture than that underneath.

Earth excavation removal of the layer of soil immediately under the topsoil and on top of rock. Used to

construct embankments and foundations

Rock excavation removal of a formation that cannot be excavated without drilling and blasting. Any boulder

larger than 1⁄2 yd3 generally is classified as rock.

Muck excavation removal of material that contains an excessive amount of water and undesirable soil.

Removal of water can be accomplished by spreading muck over a large area and letting it

dry, by changing soil characteristics, or by stabilizing muck with some other material,

thereby reducing the water content.

Unclassified excavation removal of any combination of topsoil, earth, rock, and muck. earthmoving must be done

without regard to the materials encountered. Much excavation is performed on an

unclassified basis because of the difficulty of distinguishing, legally or practically, between

earth, muck, and rock.


7

By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Soil Testing

The investigation of the geology and previous uses of any site,

together with the determination of its engineering, environmental

and contamination characteristics is fundamental to both safe and

economic development.

Introduction

Soil Investigation Techniques that are employed for the project

are as followed :

1. Boreholes 2. In-situ testing

1. Boreholes

Rotary Boring is

boring hole using

drilling fluid (water

or mud) pumped

down a rod fitted

at the bottom some

sort of cutting bit.

2. In-situ Testing

In-situ testing techniques, Standard Penetration Testing,

Permeability Testing and Borehole Vane Testing are carried out in

the boreholes in order to provide information for geotechnical

design. Disturbed and undisturbed samples are retrieved from the

boreholes for inspection and logging by engineers and subsequent

testing in our laboratories.

Standard Penetration test (SPT)

Hammer weight = 65kg

- Drop height = 760mm

- Total penetration is 450mm and the

number of blows for the last 300mm is

the SPT’ N’ value.

Care

- depth of test vs casing L

*site supervision

Laboratory Test

Triaxial test

common method to measure the mechanical properties of many

deformable solids, especially soil (e.g. sand, clay) and rock, and

other granular materials or powders.

Unconfined compression

The objective of the unconfined compression test is to

determine the UU (unconsolidated, undrained) strength of a

cohesive soil in an inexpensive manner.


8

By tsang hao ren

Earthwork Cut and Fill

Cut and fill

the process of constructing railway, road or

canal whereby the amount of material from cuts

roughly

matches the amount of fill needed to make

nearby embankments, so minimizing the amount of

construction labor.

Various sections of a roadway design will require

bringing in earth. Other sections will require earth to

be removed.

THE MASS DIAGRAM

The mass diagram is one method of analyzing

earthmoving operations. This diagram can tell the

engineer where to

use certain types of equipment, the quantities of

materials needed and the average haul distances etc.

The mass diagram has many limitations that preclude its use in all

earthmoving operations. At best, it is merely a

guide indicating the general manner in which the operations should be

controlled.


9

By tsang hao ren

3.0 Foundation

DEEP foundation

Deep foundations extend down through unsuitable or unstable soil to transfer building loads to a

more appropriate bearing stratum. The two principal types of deep foundations are pile

foundations and caisson foundations.

This is usually at depths more than 3 meters below the finished ground level.. If unsuitable soils

are found at the surface, Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more

competent strata at depth.

Caissons are a form of deep

foundation which are constructed

above ground level.. A DRILLED,

CYLINDRICAL FOUNDATION SHAFT

USED TO TRANSFER LOAD

THROUGH SOFT STRATA TO FIRM

STRATA. tHE SHAFT CAN BE

FILLED WITH EITHER REINFORCED

OR UNREINFORCED CONCRETE

Piles caissons

A SLENDER TIMBER, CONCRETE OR

STEEL STRUCTURAL ELEMENT,

DRIVEN, JETTED, OR OTHERWISE

EMBEDDED ON END IN THE

GROUND FOR THE PURPOSE OF

SUPPORTING A LOAD.


10

By Yap kar juen

Foundation

Pile cap foundation on site

Pile Cap foundations allows any type of structure to be supported

by layers of soil. When the upper layers of the ground are too soft,

Pile Cap Foundation is used to provide proper support to the weight

of the building. These piles will penetrate these 'soft' layers into the

stronger layers beneath..

At our site, deep foundation is applied. The building loads are

transferred to a better bearing stratum of rock or dense sands and

gravels below superstructure.

COLUMN

PILE

PILE CAP

Example of a 4-pile cap Photo of a 4-pile cap taken on

site 4-pile cap plan drawing


11

By Yap kar juen

Pile cap structureColumn load

Piles are usually driven in

clusters of two or more

The reinforced concrete pile

cap joins the heads of a

cluster of piles so that the

load can be distributed from

a column or grade beam

equally among the piles.

Piles are driven into earth

by pile driver, precast

concrete piles can be round,

square, or polygonal cross

sections or even an open

core. Precast piles are always

often prestressed.

Friction piles is used in our site. It

depends on the frictional resistance

of a surrounding earth mass for

support. The stiffness increases

when the the depth increases

A pile foundation is a system of end-

bearing or friction piles, pile caps and

also tie beams for transferring the

building loads to a more suitable bearing

stratum

Foundation


12

By Yap kar juen

Bars evenly distributed on the

bottom and top surfaces. No lacer

bars.

Bottom bars concentrated over the

piles, top bars under the column.

Two lacer bars.

Layout view Layout view

Foundation

concrete slab and bars in pile cap

superstructure

Reinforced concrete slab with one layer of damp

proof membrane to engr’s detail..

R.C SLAB

A cONCRETE SLAB IS PLACED AT OR NEAR GRADE

LEVEL TO SERVE AS A COMBINED FLOOR AND

FOUNDATION SYSTEM. The sUITABILITY OF the SLAB

has to depend on the geographic location, topography,

superstructure design and soil characteristic of site.


13

By Yap kar juen

The drop hammer friction piles are at this site. is the most commonly used method of insertion of

displacement piles. A pile, which is long with a cross section of circle, square or octagon and is usually made

out of either cement, wood or steel. It is forced vertically to pass through the soil using a pile driver.

The piles are grouped together and connected by a pile cap if the load is expected to be too large for the

foundation to take.

1) THE VIBROFLOT IS

USED TO PENETRATE THE

LOOSE SOILS TO CREATE

BORE HOLE

2) A cONCRETE PLUG IS

THEN FORMED AT THE

BASE OF THE BORE HOLE

TO SEAL CONTAMINANT

PATHWAYS

3) THE CONCRETE IS THEN

REPEATEDLY PENETRATED BY

THE VIBROFLOT TO COMPACT

INTO THE SURROUNDING SOILS

AND FORM AN ENLARGED TOE Image above shows a

pilling machine

drop hammer friction piles

Foundation

piling


14

By Yap kar juen

Column footings

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. The footing is the

bottom part of the foundation. A footing is typically concrete and typically

reinforced with steel. The usage of footings is to support the foundation and also

prevent settling. Footings are very important in areas, which have troublesome soils.

Placement of footings is very important so that it can provide the proper support

for the foundation and ultimately the whole structure.

Vertical reinforcement

steel dowels anchor column to footing

Lateral reinforcement

Critical section for two-

way shear

Reinforced concrete column

Two-way reinforcement uniformly

spaced

Foundation


15

By Yap kar juen

4.0 Beam and Columns Introduction

BeamsA beam is a horizontal structural

element that is capable of

withstanding load primarily by

resisting bending. The bending force

induced into the material of the

beam as a result of the external

loads, own weight, span and external

reactions to these loads is called

a bending moment.

Beams and Columns

Columnsa Vertical structural element that

transmits, through compression, the

weight of the structure above to

other structural elements below.

Structural SystemOur site uses a structural system for its building.

By using in-situ concrete to create the structural

System of the building.

Formwork

temporary or permanent molds into

which concretes are poured. In the

context of concrete construction,

the falsework supports the

shuttering moulds.


16

By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Structural System

After completing the footings of the structure, the next step is to create the structural

system of the building using beams and columns,

To create the columns,and the

beam they must firstidentify

its position according to the

construction drawings and also

their foundations


17

By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Structural System

1. Post Foundation work2. Creating Formwork in preparation

For cement 3. Poring Cement into formwork

4. Let Concrete dry and remove formwork5. Balance the soil and creating Reinforced

concrete columns

6. Create beam connected to column to

support the 2nd floor


18

By tsang hao ren

Beam and Columns Formwork

Column FormworkBeam Formwork

A 3-sided box propped in the desired

measurements. The beam form side have

to retain the wet concrete and able to

withstand initial hydrostatic presseure

of the wet concrete

This consists of a vertical mold

of the desired shape and

measurements. There will be

bracing, stakes and sole plate

to help straighten the

formwork.

A good formwork should satisfy the following

requirements:1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types

of dead and live loads.

2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently

propped and braced both horizontally and

vertically, so as to retain its shape.

3. The joints in the formwork should be tight

against leakage of cement grout.

4. Construction of formwork should permit removal

of various parts in desired sequences without

damage to the concrete.

5. The material of the formwork should be cheap,

easily available and should be suitable for reuse.

6. The formwork should be set accurately to the

desired line and levels should have plane surface.

7. It should be as light as possible.

8. The material of the formwork should not warp or

get distorted when exposed to the elements.

9. t should rest on firm base.


19

By tsang hao ren

5.0 Floor system introduction

A floor is a horizontal plane in a building that supports both living loads (people,

furniture/anything moveable) and dead loads (weight of the floor construction itself).

It acts as the lower enclosing surface of a room.

It transfers the load horizontally to the beam, column or load bearing wall...

floor system may composed of:-

• series of linear beams and joist overlaid with a plane of sheathing

• Homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete

Type of floorsMud floor

Brick floor

Tile floor

Flagstone floor

Concrete floor

Functional requirement of The floor: 1.Strength and Stability - able to withstand heavy weight of live and dead

loads, impact to the floor, without breaking/damaged.

2.Fire resistance - high fire insulation and not combustible.

3.Damp resistance - Moisture will take the floor damp, cool and uncomfortable

and may cause decay to the floor finish (I.e timber & carpet)

4.Sound insulation - thickness of floor affects amount of sound transmitted

to the lower/upper ground.

5.Thermal insulation - thickness/material of floor affects the thermal

insulation.


20

By cheah teck wei

Floor system in site

Ground floor:Reinforced concrete slab with one layer of damp-proof

membrane

Function:• Prevent green grows inside building by concrete.

• Prevent damp from penetrating into the building by the use of

damp-proof membrane.

Reason:• Cheap and ease of construction

• Flexibility in finishing available

• High strength and durable

Section showing component of floor

Non-suspended cast in-situ concrete

Floor slab-

• Concrete bed with reinforcement inside.

Screed –

• to provide smooth surface where floor finish can be applied

Dpm (damp proof membrane) –

• prevent moisture from entering the building.

Blinding –

• 25-30mm thick weak mortar.

• to produce a even surface for reinforcement and dpm.

hardcore –

• form a dry working surface

• hard, durable, chemically inert

• 100-150mm thick


21

By cheah teck wei

Measure and set

the area for

the floor to be

constructed

Construct a

formwork at the

measured place

for the floor and

use sticks to

secure the

formwork

Spacer block and

brc wire mesh is

put inside the

formwork to

provide

reinforcement when

concrete is

poured.

Mix the cement

and water to

create concrete.

Pour the concrete

mixture into the

formwork with brc

wire mesh.

Polish and smoothen

the concrete then

cover with plastic

to prevent dust or

excess water

affecting the

drying process thus

affecting its

appearance after

done.

Remove the

formwork when

concrete is dried

out.

Apply tiles on the

concrete to

produce a

different finishes

for the floor..

Floor system construction

Ground floor construction process


Project 1

22

By cheah teck

wei

Floor system in site

Intermediate floor:

Reinforced concrete slab

Function:

• Support their own weight, ceilings and

superimposed loads.

• providing lateral restraint to heights

of external and internal walls.

• Provides insulation to fire & sound

• Divides one space to two

• Act as ceiling to the lower floor

• Space between floors and ceiling will

accommodate the building services

features such as electrical,

telephone wirings etc.

Mild steel main

reinforcement

bars

Mild steel

distribution

bars

Two-way slab & beam

• Const5ructed with four column with

supporting beams connecting each of them

forming a square or nearly square bays.

• Reinforcement is cast in two direction to

the supporting beam and column.

• Effective to medium to heavy load.

• High resistance to lateral force.

Most efficient when spanning square or nearly

square bays.

Tensile

reinforcemen

t


Project 1

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By cheah teck

wei

Floor system construction

Timber formwork is set

up on the area for the

upper floor.

Rebars are placed

equally on the formwork

to provide reinforcement

to the slab structure,

increasing its tensile

strength..

Concrete mixture is then

poured onto the whole

structure evenly then

allowed to dry out.

The structure is then

done available for

floor finishes to be

carried out.

Timber formworks.

Intermediate floor construction

process


Project 1

24

By cheah teck

wei

6.0 WALL introduction

introduction

A wall is the vertical planes that defines the

volume of mass and space in a building with

the combination of overhead plane and base

plane.

Walls are placed in

Interior (wall/partitions)

• Subdivides the space in the building

• Can be structural or non-bearing

• Provide required degree of acoustical separation

• Accommodation of necessary electrical and mechanical

services

Exterior wall

• Able to withstand horizontal wind loading

• Can serve as shear walls and transfer lateral wind and

seismic forces to the ground foundation if rigid

enough

• Act as protective shield against weather.

• Insulation toward air, sound, damp, moisture and

heat.

• Able to support the weight of building or non bearingType of walls:

• Concrete wall

• Masonry wall

• Dry wall

• Glass wall

• Curtain wall

a wall can be a:

a Load bearing

wall-a wall that

bears some of the

buildings weight

and its own

weight.

a Non-load bearing

wall-bears only

its own weight.


Project 1

25

By cheah teck

wei

Wall in site

Masonry Walls

Characteristics

• Durable, good sound insulation, fire insulation

and thermal insulation.

• Offers great flexibility in form and

appearance

• Can be either load bearing or non-load

bearing

• Easy and cheap construction

• Made by solid cement sand brick (standard

modular 3.5x2.5x7.5)

Type of brick bonds Type of brick joints

7.5

3.5

2.5

Standard dimension

of brick


Project 1

26

By cheah teck

wei

Wall details

Fire rated party

wall

ENGLISH BOND

• Named 9-inches brick among

the field.

• Used on walls that separates

each shop unit as it

provides better fire

insulation with its extra

thickness.

• Considered as the strongest

bond among others

• Non-load bearing wall

• Solid wall

English Bond brickwork

has alternate courses

of headers and

stretchers in which the

headers are centered

on stretchers and the

joints between

stretchers line up

vertically in all

courses. 230mm thick fire rated

party wall with 230mm

high clay brick above

roof with 19mm thick

cement plaster on both

side.

2134


Project 1

27

By cheah teck

wei

High brick wall

RUNNING/stretcher BOND

• Used on walls that is located

in a shop unit.

• Not as thick as English bond

thus providing lesser fire

insulation (thinnest type of

bond)

• acting mainly as space

divider.

• Non-load bearing wall

• Solid wall.

• Simplest and cheapest bond

among other bonds.

• Brick on upper level is

placed at the joint of two

bottom bricks.

Wall details

115mm thick high

brick wall with 19mm

thick cement plaster on

both side.

2134


Project 1

28

By cheah teck

wei

Wall construction

1.Lay out the brick on a dry

run to ensure the location of

wall is placed correctly.

2. Take out the bricks and

apply a -inch thick mortar

bed on it.

3. Line up the brick and push

it into the mortar leaving

creating a 3/8-inch joint

between each bricks.

4. Check the bricks with a

level and scrape off the

excess mortar that squeezes

off from the joints.

5. The brickwork is started from

each end toward the middle.

The last brick of a level is

called the closure brick.

Trim the brick if it cant

fit into the space.

6. Apply mortar on both ends of

the brick and slowly push to

fit into the space.

7. Ensure the reinforced steel

bars from the concrete column

are fitted in between the

brick levels to increase the

tensile strength of the wall.

8. While the wall is complete,

scrape off all the excess

mortar from the joints.

Masonry wall construction process


Project 1

29

By cheah teck

wei

Wall example

Concrete wall

Concrete wall is a wall built by pouring concrete

mixtures into a model/formwork with reinforcement

bars then let dried forming a strong structure.

Three types of concrete wall

construction

1. cast in-situ reinforced concrete

(reinforced concrete) frame with rc infill

panel walls

2. cast in-situ shear wall

3. pre-cast concrete walls

Type of formworks

1.Timber formwork

2. Aluminium system

formwork

3. Modular steel

formwork

characteristic

• Most built as load bearing wall due to

its structural strength.

• Various texture and appearance can be

achieved by the use of formwork,

admixtures and additives.

• Cheap and ease of construction.

Different texture of concrete

wall

Timber

formwork

Aluminium

system

formwork

Modular steel

formwork


Project 1

30

By chua jiu xin

7.0 STAIRCASE

introduction

A Introduction

Staircase is a flight or series of flights of steps and a

supporting structure connecting spaces between one level

to another. It changes the overall circulation of a

building.

A There are many types of staircase constructed in

different way using different type of material.

Type of staircases

Staircase

material:

• Concrete staircase

• Timber staircase

• Glass staircase

• Steel staircase


Project 1

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By chua jiu xin

STAIRCASE in site

Straight staircase

A Straight staircase that

extends from one level to

another without turns or

winder.

Half turning

staircase

Turns 180-degrees through

two right-angles at

intervening landings.

Dimensions

Riser = 160mm

Tread = 255 +

25mm

Nosing = 915mm

high ms

handrail

Total step = 20

Dimensions

Riser = 175.8mm

Tread = 255 +

25mm

Nosing = 915mm

high ms

handrail

Total step = 26

5487

8839

4115


Project 1

32

By cheah teck

wei

STAIRCASE construction

A timber formwork

is set up on the

proposed area

for the

staircase.

Every pieces for

each step is

placed properly

to ensure

accurate

positioning and

measurement..

Rebars were

placed in the

timber formwork to

provide

reinforcement for

the structure

(resist tensile

force and shear)

Concrete is

poured into the

formwork and thus

removed after

dried. .

In situ cast concrete staircase

construction process


Project 1

33

By cheah teck

wei

STAIRCASE example 2

Timber staircase

A timber staircase is a staircase constructed using

timbers.

A Basically they share the same function but based on

their materiality, they have different texture,

sensory, durability, maintenance methodology and

etc.

A Hardwood is frequently used in constructing a timber

staircase

A Every 3-6 months should be maintenance once to

ensure the timber is in good condition as timber is

affected by the

Humidity, ambience of air, insect and etc.

Sr

.

No

.

Wooden Staircase RCC Staircase

1 Wooden staircase is

relatively weaker.

RCC staircase is relatively

stronger.

2 Construction time is

relatively less.

Cement setting takes at least

21 days. Hence construction

time is more.

3 Timber has a life. It

becomes weak after about

70 to 80 years

RCC hardens with age. The

process of hardening

continues forever increasing

its strength.

4 The appearance and the

colour of the timber can

be attractive.

RCC staircase can be made

attractive by cladding and

other decorations.

5 Timber staircases are

light in weight

These are heavier in

weight.

6 Timber is costlier than

RCC.

RCC is cheaper than timber.

7 These are fire hazardous These cannot catch fire.

8 These are sound and heat

insulators.

Comparatively lesser

insulators.

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Wooden

Staircase over the RCC staircase.

Type of arrangement of staircase


Project 1

34

By chua jiu xin

DOORS

Doors function as an entrance to a space and acts as a barrier that swings, slides

or folds. Doors could be made of an assembly of timber, metal, or composite

materials. Doors play a very important role in influencing the circulation system.

Components of a door

head

stop

jamb

architrave

sill

Single door

leaf

wall

architraveDoor

panel

Main frame

Sub frame

nail

Section of door frame

8.0 doors


Project 1

35

By lim ming

chek

DOOR operation

DOOR details

Single leaf swinging door

- Only one door leaf used.

- Door leaf is hinged to the door frame.

- Operational space required.

A. Jambs can be

attached to the

floor with

powder-driven

fasteners.

Solid core

door

b. Reinforcement

of jamb at hinge

attachments

c. Loose sheet

metal tees are

inserted into

the frame and

built into

mortar joints to

anchor jambs

onto masonry

walls

The door also uses a double rabbet frame.


Project 1

36

By lim ming

chek

DOORS PROCESS

Sub frame is installed prior to the main frame. This is done so that the main

frame is less likely to shrink as it does not come in contact with the masonry wall.

The door frame is also not stained by paint or cement mortar. Floor finishes are

also easier to be installed as it does not need to suit the door frame profile.

Step 1 - The location of the door is

measured and marked according to the

dimensions stated at the approved construction

drawing. A few layers of brick are then

laid by its side.

Step 2 Frame of the door is then slotted

into the measured space. The jamb of the

door is nailed into the masonry wall for

support purposes and bricks are continued to

be laid.


Project 1

37

By lim ming

chek

Step 4 For timber door frame, the wall is

plastered and the main frame is installed.

For aluminium door frame however, the space

between the masonry wall is filled with mortar

before the wall is plastered.

Step 3 A pre-cast concrete lintel with same

width and length of the door is bound with

mortar and placed on top of the door head.

The lintel is constructed to prevent the door

frame from excessive vertical force and

affect its ease of operation.

Cement

mortar

Aluminium

frame


Project 1

38

By lim ming

chek

Advantages of Using Aluminium Frame

- Low maintenance frame.

- High resistance to corrosion.

- Strong and economical.

- Environmentally sustainable material.

- Easy to install due to its flexibility.

Step 6 To ensure that the cracks and flaws

in joining is hidden particularly for timber

door frame as the wood will season and shrink

after some time thus exposing cracks, the

architrave is installed.

Step 5 Shims are placed on the hinge side

of the door and form a continuous gap in

between. The hinge is then nailed into the

side door jamb.


Project 1

39

By lim ming

chek

Aluminium door frames. Double rabbet door

frames slotted into

measured space.

Wall completed with

lintel seen for support.


Project 1

40

By lim ming

chek

Roller shutters which consist of many

horizontal slats hinged together are

also used as the main as well as the

back entrance. It is attached to a

beam to support it. The door is

raised to open and lowered to close

it.


Project 1

41

By lim ming

chek

WINDOWS

INSTALLATION OF WINDOW

Step 1: Check the

rough opening

Measure the width of

the rough opening at

the top, middle, and

bottom and the height

at both sides and in the

middle.

Step 2: Protect against

water infiltrationCut a

strip of self-adhering

waterproof membrane.

Center the membrane under

the rough opening and

adhere it to the existing

builder's felt

STEP 3: check the

perpendicularity

between frame and wall

Step 4: drill a hole through

the existing hole from

the frame

STEP 5: place a fischer

through the hole

Step 6: Install Window STEP 7: Finish the wall

with sealant or mortar


Project 1

42

By liau wen bin

windows

Window is an opening in a wall or other structures that is operable in opening and

closing mechanism. It is the connection between interior and exterior space by

allowing the passage of natural light, solar heat, air movement and also

provide a view. Windows are undoubtedly important in achieving quality of life

and comfort in buildings.

TYPES OF WINDOWS

An awning window is hinged at the top and

opens outward.The glass protects the opening

like an awning, enabling ventilation even

dying rainy weather. It can be placed high

on the wall to let in both light and air.

Generally, awning windows are opened with a

hand crank. Screens are on the inside of

the window, where they are more protected

from the elements.awning windows in side elevation (PART)

When open, the sash is

able to direct

ventilation. The

sashes may be stacked

vertically with sashes

closing on each other

or on meeting sites.

Hinged at the top and

open outwardly because

the sash closes by

pressing against the

frame. They generally

have lower air leakage

rates than sliding

windows.

Sash

Hinge SLIDE

Hinge TRACK

JAMB

RETAINER CLIP

Hinge arm


Project 1

43

By liau wen bin

WINDOWS

OTHER TYPES OF WINDOWS

Fixed

windows

Fixed windows consist of a

frame and stationary sash.

When used in conjunction with

operable window units, the

thickness of the fixed sash

should approximate the cross-

sectional dimension of the

operating sashes,

Jalousie windows have

horizontal glass or wood

louvers that pivot

simultaneously in a common

frame.

Jalousies are used

primarily in mild climates

to control ventilation and

to cut off visibility from

the outside

Completion of construction

showing multiple awning

windows

Jalousie windows


Project 1

44

By liau wen bin

9.0 Roofing system

Definition of roof

A roof is part of a building envelope that covering on the uppermost part of a

building or shelter which include exterior surface and its supporting

structures. It must be able carry its own weight, additional attached

equipment and accumulated rain. Furthermore, it must be able to resist wind

pressure

Basic function of roof

Able to resist the passage of moisture to the inside of

building.

Able to withstand atmospheric pollution, frost and

other harmful condition

To prevent the spread of fire over the roof and

from one building to another.

Thermal insulation is required to reduce heat losses

and prevent excessive solar heat gains in hot

weather.

Sound insulation is rarely an important consideration

in roof design.

TYPE OF ROOF

There are different kind of roof (refer diagram2). The shape of roofs differs

greatly from region to region and it affects the overall appearance of a

home. The main factor which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and

the materials available and the outer covering, appearance and aesthetics,

maintenance and costing

Components of roof


Project 1

45

By chew ung

heng

Introduction of Flat Roof

A flat roof is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of sloped

roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up

to approximately 10.Flat roofs are an ancient form mostly used in arid climates

and allow the roof space to be used as a living space or a living roof.

Introduction of Butterfly Roof

A roof shape which has two surfaces that rise from the centre to the eaves

with a valley in the centre, resembles the wings of a butterfly.

TYPE:

The shop lots use two kinds of roof which are Reinforced concrete flat roof and

butterfly roof at the top of those shop lots

Elevation

Roof plan

flat roof Butterfly roof

\flat

roof

Butterfly

Roof

Reinforce

concrete

Flat roof


Project 1

46

By chew ung

heng

TYPE OF FLAT ROOF

Most of the materials that used in the flat roof provide insufficient

resistance to the transfer of heat to meet the requirement of the building

regulations. Therefore an insulating layer is needed. The position of the

insulation will define the type of flat roof.

Warm Roof

• Sandwich Roof

• Inverted Roof

Cold roof

(ventilated

roof)

Membranes of flat roof

1.BUR ( built up membrane )

2.Modified bitumen membrane

3.Single-Ply Membranes

12

3

Metal panel ( Galvanized steel panels )

Steel is defined as any alloy of iron with content of 2 percent and below. Steel

is strong in both compression and tension. Galvanized steel is kind of steel that is

coated in zinc which can prevent rust. The process is achieved through hot dip

galvanizing\Corrugated roofing panels span between beams or purlins running across

the slope. The roofing panels can be aluminium, corrugated structural glass,

fibreglass or in the case of the shop lots in Banting, galvanized steel.

Corrugated Glass

Panels

Aluminium PanelsFibreglas

s panels

Galvanized

steel

Type of

roof that

used to

roofing

the shop

lots in

Banting

Type of flat roof

of shop lots in

banting


Project 1

47

By chew ung

heng

Roof details

elevation

sectio

nRoof plan

Performed

closure

strip to

seal the

openings of

corrugation

against

wind-driven

rain

Flashing

sheet

Steel

cee

purlin

Roof

beam

insulati

on

Components of

flat roof

Corrugate

d Roofing

Panel

The insulation is below the deck of

the roof in Banting can be

considered as a cold roof. The roof

is covered by blue Galvanized steel

panels.


Project 1

48

By chew ung

heng

Construction of Concrete Reinforced

Flat roof

1. Temporary propping or

scaffolding is required

and set up to support the

framework

2. The joist of the roof is connected to the

wall by metal wall plates, is slope to create

a fall, which supported below by the

concrete roof beam

3. The Metal panels is added to cover the

roofing

Concealed,

floating

clips

attach the

G.S panels

to the

framework

Panels

overla

p each

other

to

concea

l the

roof

clips

4. Steel bar to join the metal

wall plates to fix the shape of

the roof

Roof

panels

are

seamed

togeth

er with

a

mechan

ical

seamer

Roofing method

Steel Bar

Fall

creating by

sloping the

joist

Galvanize

d steel

panels

1 23


Project 1

49

By yap chein

wee

Butterfly Roof

Butterfly Roof basic structure

A butterfly roof consists of two roofs

joined at their low points to form a

valley, which sometimes serves as a

reservoir. The angle of the two roofs is

determined by the architect or designer,

but it typically creates slight but

visually discernible slopes that give the

building a more modern and less angular

appearance than that of a traditional

roof.

Butterfly roof versions

Several unique styles of roofs have

emerged based on the atypical pitches of

butterfly roofs. A shed roof has a single

slope and typically includes the slope at

different levels on top of the building. A

saddle roof is shaped like a Western style

saddle used to ride a horse, with a convex

curve on one side of the axis and a

concave curve on the other. Gabled

butterfly roofs generally have a

triangular sloping roof attached to a flat

roof with windows placed near the top of

the walls beneath it. Zigzag roofs look

like the edge of a saw blade, with many

acutely angled peaks in a row. Architects

sometimes mix and match roofs of different

pitches on a single structure.

Details of butterfly

roof

Valley

gutter

Two roofs joined

at their low points

to form a valley


Project 1

50

By yap chein

wee

Reference

EARTHWORK

1)Fundamentals of building construction by edward allen josepg iano

2)Construction methods and planning j.r. illingworth

3)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k.ching

Foundation

1)http://constructionduniya.blogspot.com/2012/02/pile-foundations.html

2)BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED BY FRANCIS D.K. CHIING

3)http://tgbuilders.co.uk/our-services/foundation/

SUPERSTRUCTURE

-BEAM AND COLUMN

1) Building conctruction illustrated by francis d.k. ching

-Floor

1)https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_flo

or_systems/topic_index.htm

2)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching

-Wall

1)http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall_masonry.php

2)http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html

3)Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching

-Staircase

1) Building construction illustrated by francis d.k. ching


Project 1

51

http://constructionduniya.blogspot.com/2012/02/pile-foundations.html

http://tgbuilders.co.uk/our-services/foundation/

https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/10_floor_systems/topic_index.htm

http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall_masonry.php

http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html

Reference

-door and windows

1)http://free-ed.net/free-

ed/Resources/Trades/carpentry/Building01/?iNum=1102

2)Fundamentals of building construction by edward allen joseph iano

-roof

1)http://www.the-flat-roof.co.uk/Sect3_6.pdf

2)http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof_types.php

3)

http://learn.hackney.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/14157/mod_resource/content/0/The

ory/FirstYearTheory11.pdf


http://free-ed.net/free-ed/Resources/Trades/carpentry/Building01/?iNum=1102

http://www.the-flat-roof.co.uk/Sect3_6.pdf

http://www.buildingregs4plans.co.uk/guidance_flat_roof_types.php

http://learn.hackney.ac.uk/pluginfile.php/14157/mod_resource/content/0/Theory/FirstYearTheory11.pdf

bcon final

Art & Photos