bca sustainable material

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Sustainable

Construction

Materials for Buildings


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SustainableConstruction

Materials for Buildings


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Copyright @ 2007 Building and Construction Author ity, Singapore. All r ights reserved. This document or any partthereof may not be reproduced for any reason whatsoever in any form or means whatsoever and howsoever without theprior written consent and approval of the Building and Construction Authority.

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication, the Buildingand Construction Authority, its employees or agents shall not be responsible for any mistake or inaccuracy that may becontained herein and all such liability and responsibility are expressly disclaimed by these said parties.

The publication may include information of suppliers who have, in one way or another, contributed to the development ofthis publication. The Building and Construction Authority does not endorse the products included. It is the responsibilityof the users to select appropriate products and ensure the selected products meet their speci fic requirements.

ISBN 978-981-05-7990-6


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FOREWORD

Sustainable construction refers to the adoption of building designs,construction methods and materials that are environmentally fr iendly. Italso means using materials and resources that have sustainable supplies

and are readily available from many sources. Through Sustainableconstruction, we will do our part to optimize the use of natural resourcesvia recycling and reuse of materials. This will also reduce our dependenceon raw building materials, given the current disruption in the supply ofconcreting sand and granite.

I urge all stakeholders in the industry, including developers, designers,builders and suppliers, to make a concerted effort to adopt Sustainableconstructionin their building projects.

This publication serves to provide an introduction to various Sustainableconstruction techniques and materials to industry stakeholders andconsumers. Let us make Sustainable construction as a distinctivecharacteristic of our construction industry and of the built environmentin Singapore.

Mah Bow TanMinister for National Development


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Contents

A N ew Opportunity 1

Sustainable Construction 2 What is Sustainable Construction? 3 Sustainable Construction and Green Mark 4 Achieving Sustainable Construction 5

Sustainable Materials 12 Recycling of Waste Materials 13 Structural Framing 17 Fire Resistance 19 Performance-based Fire Engineering 21 Floor Vibrations 23

Corr osion Protection 24 Dry Internal Part ition Walls 25 Acoustic Performance 27 Glass and Cladding 31 Prefabricated Parapets 33 Prefabricated Staircases 34 Prefabricated Bathroom Units 35 Steel Lift Shafts 36 Prefabricated Steel Roof 37 Evaluation of Steel Costs 38

Projects U sing Sustainable M ater ials 40

Residential Erie on the Park, Chicago, USA 42 711 Upper Changi Road East, Singapore 46 House at Lucky Gardens, Singapore 48

Commercial ING House, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 50 Hyatt Center, Chicago, USA 52 AMK Hub, Singapore 54 Fusionopolis, Singapore 56

Institutional National Aquatics Centre, Beijing, China 58

Supreme Cour t of Singapore 60


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The building and construction industry plays a criticalrole in Singapores economic and social development.

By providing afi

rst-rate built environment, it contr ibutesto our continuing economic competitiveness andthe quality of life of everyone who visits us or livesand works here. Going forward, the industry has totransform itself in order to deliver an excellent builtenvironment for the future growth and development ofSingapore as a global city of distinct ion. The Building andConstruction Authority (BCA) has been working withthe industry to promote the wider adoption of greenbuilding technology, energy efficient buildings, universaldesign and barrier-free access in our built environment.

More, however, needs to be done.

Sustainable construction will enhance the resilience ofour building and construction industry by using materialsand resources that are available from many sources inthe world. It also means adopting construction methodsthat are environmentally friendly, faster, quieter andless labour-intensive. It challenges our builders to useinnovative materials and products that meet the everrising quality expectations of their clients. And with

sustainable construction, more materials that can bereadily recycled and reused for the same or similarpurpose will be used. This reduces waste and promotesenvironmental sustainability.

A New OpportunityHowever, the drive towards more SustainableConstruction is achievable only when all the stakeholdersin the industry, including developers, designers, buildersand suppliers recognize and appreciate its importance.We need all parties to make a conscious decision toadopt the use of sustainable materials in their buildingprojects. We also need to educate and raise awarenessof consumers on Sustainable Construction sinceultimately, it is consumers demand that will motivateand even dictate the industrys trend.

This publication focuses on the use of steel constructionas well as other building components using sustainable

materials. There are three parts to this publication.Part One introduces sustainable construction andthe advantages of using steel. Part Two covers thevarious prefabricated building components such asdrywalls, prefabricated bathroom units, claddings/facades as well as recycled substitutes and addressesperformance issues such as fire resistance, vibrationand acoustics. Part Three features overseas andlocal projects that have used sustainable materials intheir construction.

This is a new opportunity for developers, designers andbuilders to bring the industry to another milestone inpromoting the sustainability of our built environment.

Quek See TiatChairmanBuilding And Construction Authority

Dr John KeungChief Executive OfficerBuilding And Construction Authority


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Sustainable Construction

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...adoption of materials and products in buildings andconstruction that will require less use of natural resources and

increase the reusability of such materials...

ConstructionSustainable


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W hat is SustainableConstruction?Sustainable Construction is the adoption of materialsand products in buildings and construction that willrequire less use of natural resources and increase thereusability of such materials and products for the sameor similar purpose, thereby reducing waste as well.Sustainable construction also enhances the resilienceof the industry as such materials are readily availablein the wor ld market. Steel, other metals, glass andprefabricated parts using combinations of these, as wellas recyclable substitutes for concrete are examples ofsustainable materials and products.

Steel and glass are examples of sustainable materials


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The use of sustainable construction materials and products is part of the overall environmental sustainability effort


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Sustainable Constructionand Green MarkIn January 2005, BCA launched the GreenMark for Buildings Scheme to promoteenvironmental sustainability in buildings. TheGreen Mark Scheme encourages the adoptionof various green building features, technologiesand innovations to achieve better performancein energy efficiency, water usage, use ofrecycled and reusable materials, indoorenvironmental quality and environmentalmanagement. Many new building projects areadopting the Green Mark.

The use of sustainable construction materialsand products is part of the overall environmentalsustainability effort. Sustainable constructionwill also be factored into the Green Mark forBuildings Scheme in the future.


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Achieving SustainableConstructionSustainable construction starts with planningand design. The developer s and designersroles are therefore critical. However, as

sustainable construction involves prefabricatedproducts, it would be helpful to bring in relevantsuppliers and specialists early in the design stage.Implementation down the entire constructionvalue chain is also impor tant. There is a needfor sharing of knowledge and expertise indesign and the use of such materials. Equallycritical is the building of capabilities and skills inconstruction and installation. The performance ofsuch buildings in safety and quality should remain

Bring in relevant suppliers and specialists early in thedesign stage

The industry must build up its capabilities and skills inconstruction and installation


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Steel is an excellent reusable material. Independent

agencies (and some steel producers) around the worldhave performed life-cycle analyses on the environmentalimpacts of using steel. Based on the results, informeddesigners can confidently specify steel products in theirvarious forms for projects of all sizes, from single storey,low rise to high rise buildings.


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Collection of scrap metal for recycling

Prefabricated steel sections do not generate any waste at the site

Steel can be recycled repeatedly without anydegradation in terms of propert ies or performancein quality.

Steel construction has excellent low wastecredentials during all phases of the building lifecycle. It generates very little waste, with the by-products of steel production widely reused by

the construction industry. Any waste generatedduring manufacture is recycled. There isvirtually no waste from steel products on theconstruction site.

Construction using sustainable materials offersmany benefits throughout the various stagesof a buildings life cycle, as elaborated in thefollowing pages.


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Benefit sStrong and lightSteel has one of the highest strength to weightratio of any construction material. Steel framingcan weigh only one-third as much as traditionalconstruction materials. When connected

by fasteners, a steel frame is stronger thantradit ional systems. This provides savings in thefoundation and to the amount of cranage neededon site.

Similarly drywalls are strong and yet lightweight.The drywalls are only 10-15% of the weight ofmasonry walls, but they can support plasma TVsand kitchen cabinets just as well as conventionalmasonry walls.

Labour SavingLightweight steel fr aming systems are generallysimpler to erect than conventional systems. Oncethe workers are experienced with steel, labourtime and costs will be reduced considerably. Inaddition, framing members are manufactured

with pre-punched holes for running pipes andelectrical wirings, minimizing preparation workfor such trades.

Design Flexibility

Because of its strength, steel can span greaterdistances offering larger open spaces andincreased design flexibility without requiringintermediate columns or load bearing walls. Forinstance, an opening in a floor can be createdby removing the desired number of steel beamswith minimal hacking.

Such flexibility also extends to drywalls.Remodeling can be easily accomplished wit hnon-load bearing drywalls. They can be readily

relocated, removed or altered. Because studs areattached with screws, they can be moved easilyto ensure accurate attachment of wall board andother components. This flexibility is very usefulas home and office lay-outs need to be changedover the useful life of the building.

Steel frames offer large open space Drywalls are manufactured under stringent quality control


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Bett er Const ruction QualitySteel sections and joists are all manufacturedaccording to international standards of strengthand consistency under closely controlled factoryconditions, resulting in uniform quality. No re-

working is necessary at site.

Steel does not suffer from creep or shrinkageand when properly protected, does not rotor decay.

The other prefabricated components like drywallsare manufactured in factory under stringentquality control. The walls will always be straightand smooth without the need of plastering.

SpeedSteel buildings can be erected in much shortertime as compared to concrete buildings. Timesaving in the construction period can be upto 40%.

Minimal disrupt ionSteel construction can dramatically reduce theimpact of building activities on the surroundingarea. This is particularly important in citylocations or sites close to residential areas.Steel construction minimises noise and dust,shortens the construction period and reduceswaste generation.

House using steel construction can save as much as 40% in construction period


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11Steel components can be installed precisely at site

The construction industry need tomake a choice to ensure a betterlife for everyone now and forfuture generations, through the

use of environmentally friendlymaterials that would reduce ourdependence on non-renewableconstruction materials.

BuildabilityMuch of the components for a steel framedbuilding are pre-fabricated and pre-assembledin the factory. This reduces the amount of sitework and increases the quality and precision ofthe site installation works.

Environmentally FriendlySteel offers a clean, efficient and rapid constructionmethod, which reduces the impact of buildingactivit ies on the environment.

All steel products are 100%recyclable. Today,around 40% of steel is produced from recycledmaterials.


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Sustainable Materials

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MaterialsSustainable

...the key challenge is to choose materials that can reduceburdens to the environment. The construction industrymust recognise that developers, designers, builders andsuppliers have a responsibility to develop systems, productsand methods that are environmentally friendly.


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In modern construction, the key challenge isto choose materials that can reduce burdensto the environment. The construction industrymust recognise that developers, designers,builders and suppliers have a responsibility todevelop systems, products and methods that areenvironmentally friendly.

Recycling of W asteMaterialsTo enhance sustainability in the constructionindustry, wastes can be turned into resources toreduce disposal problems in Singapore.

A few types of waste are being studied, suchas incinerator ashes from domestic refuse,spent copper slag fines which are residue fromsand blasting and waste concrete fromconstruction, renovation and demolition (CRD)of old buildings.

Copper SlagThe application of copper slag in non-structuralcomponents like partition walls and road hasproven its efficiency as a sand replacement.For structural usage, the use of copper slag aspartial replacement of sand in concrete isallowed for up to 10%by mass. Tests have to be

conducted to ensure that chloride and sulphatecontents in the slag are within the allowable limits.Further research is necessary if the percentagereplacement for sand is to be increased. Thetechnology and process will involve the treatmentand re-constitution of the spent copper slagto satisfy all the requirements for its use inmaking concrete.

Courtesy of A/Prof Wee Tiong Huan, NUS

Processing of copper slag Precast kerb using copper slag Precast concrete internal partition wall using copper slag


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14Courtesy of SamGreen Pte Ltd, a member of Samwoh Group of Companies

1) CRD waste 2) Preliminary crushing and removal of ferrous metals

3) Removal of foreign materials suchas brick, plastics and asphalt

6) Various applications ofrecycled aggregates

5) Stockpile of recycledaggregates for usage

4) Further crushing and screening ofrecycled aggregates into various sizes

CRD W asteConcrete from construction, renovation anddemolit ion (CRD) of old buildings can be recycled.However, there is difficulty in separating thestone, known as aggregate, from the cement forreuse in new structural concrete components.The cement-coated old concrete may weakenthe new concrete if it is not treated properly.There are new technologies around the world

to separate the old cement from the wasteconcrete. The local researchers are currentlyconducting studies for local usage. Nevertheless,the use of waste concrete for non-structuralconcrete components such as partition walls,road kerbs, paving blocks are possible. Suchapplication has been proven to be efficientand economical.

Wheel stopperBlock drain

Road kerb

Channel drain


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The projects below are some of projects using CRD W aste for non-structural concrete componentswhich won the Green Mark Awards

The Tresor

Clydes Residence

The Sail @ Marina Bay

Republic Polytechnic


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Incinerator AshSingapore faces an unique challenge due toour limited land area and high rate of wastegeneration. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)is generated everyday and the waste is disposedof by incineration. Incinerator ash or theMSW ash is the residual from the combustion ofdomestic waste. It is expected to have a varietyof chemical species, some of which may poseenvironmental problems if it is not disposedoff properly.

A project is being carried out to recycle theash into an aggregate product using a patented

Courtesy of Strategic Success Pte Ltd, a member of Samwoh Group of Companies

1) Incineration of MSW 2) Drying of MSW ash 3) Removal of ferrous andnon-ferrous metals

6) Various applications of theprocessed MSW ash

5) MSW ash treatment byproprietary system and the

processed ash is ready for usage

4) Screening of MSW ash tovarious sizes

technology which has been used in variouscountries including the United States, Taiwanand Bermuda. The technology for processingthe ash involved proprietary systems to removeferrous and non-ferrous metals, screening,removing unburned materials, and treatmentto mobilise certain heavy metals. Theaggregate product has been tested to benon-hazardous and is safe for use. It has been usedin diverse applications such as trench andbackfill, shore protection, land reclamation,concrete block, base and sub-base forroad construction.


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Steel structural framing - steel column, steel beam, metal decking and bracing

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St ructural FramingBesides the use of recycled materials, steelconstruction and dry construction methodsalso have a great deal to offer in sustainableconstr uction. The use of steel framed constructionin housing and commercial projects is beginningto gain market acceptance in many countries inEurope and the United States.

Steel construction is efficient, competitive andmakes a significant contribution to the national

economy. It enables the implementation ofenvironmental management systems, off-sitemanufacture, noise reduction, waste minimisationstrategies and recovery and reuse initiatives.

Structural frames for multi-storey buildings consistof an appropr iate arrangement of slabs, beams,columns, foundations and bracings to resist thecombined effects of vertical and horizontal loads(In Singapores case, this is mainly wind load).

Various types of sections such as I-section, H-section and hollow sections can be used ascolumns. One advantage of using hollow sectionsfilled with concrete is that their fire resistancecan be improved.

Circular hollow section infilled with concrete provides therequiredfire resistance - Courtesy of LOOK Architects


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Beams are commonly made of I and H profiles.Sometimes openings are made in the webs ofbeams to ease the installation of horizontalservices such as pipes, cables and ducts. Theopenings may be circular or square with suitablestiffeners in the web. Alternatively castellatedbeams can be used to achieve this.

Floors are required to resist vert ical loads directlyacting on them. They usually consist of slabs whichare supported by steel beams. The most commontype of floor slab used in conjunction with steel

beams and columns is composite slab using steeldecking. The advantage of using steel decking isthat less concrete is required as it is used mainlyas topping up of slab.

The dynamic action of wind becomes a morecritical design consideration as the building heightincreases. Instead of reinforced concrete shearwalls or cores, engineers should consider steelbracing as alternatives. These bracings may be of

Openings in the beams ease the installation of services Steel decking only requires minimum concrete topping

Bracing provides structural stability to the building

different forms such as cross-braced X shaped;V or inverted V shaped and symmetrical orasymmetrical portal.


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Fire ResistanceSteel is a durable non-combustible materialwith many excellent str uctural properties, but themechanical properties of steel can deteriorateunder elevated temperature. In Japan, there hasbeen a strong effort to introduce a Fire ResistantSteel grade which has improved strengthretention ratios at elevated temperature, butit has not been widely used in other parts ofthe world.

Today, most building codes contain prescriptivecriteria that determine the requirements forthe various types of construction heights, areasand occupancies.

Steel members can be insulated from fire effects

through various means.

The most common method of fire protectionis concrete encasement. While this is a simplemethod to adopt, it always results in bulkystructural members, which defeats the purposeof having slender steel sections in the first place.

Besides the traditional concrete encasement,there are other alternative fire protection

methods which designers can consider.

Steel column is encased with concrete. Column at far left withsteel reinforcement prior to encasement


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Steel beams sprayed with Vermiculite Intumescent paint on steel beams Fire protection board

Spray- applied Fire Resist iveMaterial

Vermiculite can be sprayed directly onto the steelbeams and columns. However, as the resultingsurface will not be smooth, this method is usuallyused where the steel members can be covered

by a false ceiling or where the aesthetics do notbother the owners.

Int umescent Coat ingsFor a better finished surface, intumescentpaint would be a good choice. An intumescentcoating has a pre-fire appearance of a thickfilm of paint. When exposed to fire, it chars,foams and expands significantly in thickness anddelays temperature rise in the steel. Though it

may be a more costly choice relative to otheravailable fire protection, its light weight persurface area protected, durability, aestheticacceptance for exposed steel, and good adhesionare some of the many benefits it brings. Thisallows designers to expose the beauty of theslender steel sections.

Fireproof BoardsAnother method to provide fire resistance is theuse of fireproof boards. These calcium silicateboards or cement boards are cladded to thesteel elements, giving excellent thermal insulationat high temperatures. They can even provide up

to 4 hours of fire protection.

The suitability of a fire protection productfor any specific application depends onseveral factors, including the required fireresistance rating, expected service conditions(exposure to weathering effects, vibration,accidental impact, etc), compatibility withcorrosion protection requirement, aestheticsand economic considerations.

For the use of any fire protection to steelbuildings, designers are advised to consult theFire Safety and Shelter Department (FSSD) of theSingapore Civil Defence Force on the approvedproducts and any restrictions on the various fireprotection methods.


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Perform ance- based FireEngineeringPrescriptive code criteria have been in place fordecades to provide for fire resistance in buildingsand other fire protection measures. While the

traditional method of providing fire resistancethrough concrete encasement is an easy solutionfor most projects, its cost can be prohibitive forbig projects.

Clients can now engage Fire Safety Engineers(FSE) registered with FSSD to carry outperfor mance-based fire engineering to reducethe cost of fire protection without compromisingsafety standards.

Carrying out performance-basefire engineering can reducethe cost of fire protection without compromising safetystandards


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The Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminal Building


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W hat is perform ance-based fire engineering?The use of science, engineering and analysis toprovidefire safety precautions tailored to eachbuilding, based on a fundamental understandingof the behaviour of fire.

Performance-based fire engineering is chosenfor various reasons. The buildings may betoo complex to have relevant regulations.The conventional guidance can restrict designflexibility, especially if new materials are used.Performance-based fire engineering addressesissues beyond life safety and provides more cost-

effective solutions.

A few new local projects, like the NationalLibrary and AMK Hub, have been designed withperformance-based fire engineering. The NationalLibrary is one of thefirst structures in Singapore tohave its composite steel structure designed usingperformance-based fire engineering. Its designdoes not rely on a strict adherence to prescriptivebuilding codes. The use of performance-basedfire engineering enabled expression of the elegantbare steel structure and allowed for cost-effectiveconstruction of the building. The major ity of thesteel floor beams have reduced levels of appliedfire protection. These design features have beenexpressed whilst still ensuring structural stabilityin the event of a fire.

Performance-based fire engineering can alsoresult in innovative methods of providingfire protection.

The Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminal Building isone good example. As a result of a performance-based fire engineering approach, a water-cooledroof was adopted for the Terminal Buildingto eliminate the requirement for passive fireprotection. The idea was to fill up the hollowsteel section of the roof with water, and eliminatethe need for the sprinkler pipework by fitting thesprinklers directly into the hollow roof sections.

The National Library of Singapore was designed using performance-basedfireengineering

Bottom chordsteel pipe

Sprinkler head


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Floor Vibrat ionsFloor vibration is not a new phenomenon. Theincreasing trend of building lighter and longerspans has caused greater awareness on thedynamic response of floors. More attention hasto be paid during the design process to preventor reduce floor vibrations.

Floor vibrations may be caused by occupantactivities such as dancing, jumping, aerobics andsporting events or the operation of mechanical

equipment such as heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC).

Traditionally, engineers tend to design for aminimum frequency. However the frequencyof a floor does not indicate the amplitude ofthe vibration. Frequency indicates only the rateat which the floor moves; whereas amplitudedescribes the amount of movement. Thereforedesigning for frequency only is inadequate.

Many modern standards stipulate that designengineers must check to ensure that the floorvibrations do not cause discomfort to the usersand must meet the serviceability requirements ofthe intended usage. In Singapore where most ofour designs are in accordance to British Standards,engineers may refer to BS 6472:1992 to assessthe acceptability of structures to vibrations.

For floors with regular floor grids, design

engineers may also refer t o simple design guidessuch as those provided by the Steel ConstructionInstitute, UK, to gauge an estimate of thefloor response. However, numerical modelingshould be used if an accurate determinationof floor vibration is required, especially if thefloor requires a different vibration environment(for instance operating theatre areas athospitals), or if the floor has an unusualframing arrangement.

More attention has to be paid during the design process to prevent or reducefloor vibrations


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Corrosion Protect ionBarrier protection is perhaps the oldest andmost widely used method of corrosionprotection. Two import ant propert ies of barr ierprotection are adhesion to the base metal andabrasion resistance.

Paint is one example of a barrier protectionsystem. Although relatively easy to apply, theuse of paint system requires maintenance, partialrepainting and full repainting several times over abuildings lifetime.

Another method of preventing corrosion ishot-dip galvanizing. Almost any steel that will


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steel sections before galvanizing

steel sections after galvanizing

be exposed to the elements in some fashion(directly or indirectly) is a prime candidate forhot -dip galvanizing. The galvanizing processinvolves lowering the cleansed steel into 450

oC

of molten zinc where the steel and zincmetallurgically react to form three zinc-ironintermetallic layers and one pure zinc layer.The three intermetallic layers that form duringthe galvanizing process are all harder thanthe substrate steel and have excellentabrasion resistance. They do not allow moistureand corrosive chlorides and sulfides to attackthe steel.


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Dry Internal PartitionW allsBesides the main structural frame, the variouscomponents of a building can be constructedusing the sustainable products and components.One very good example is the use of drywallswith plasterboards or fibre cement boards asinternal walls, which is gaining popularity amongthe private residential projects.

The constant improvement in its performancemeans that it now meets high level specificationsin the areas of acoustic insulation, thermalinsulation and resistance to fire and dampconditions. Drywall is an ecological product,applied dry, generating no waste and pollution.

Joint s to bestaggered 600mmmax with joints onopposite face

Fasteners @ 300mmmax. centres in fieldof plasterboard

Fasteners @ 200mmmax. centres on edgesstaggered

Fasteners 10mm-16mmfrom edge of sheet

Pack maximum 10mmoff floor

Wall track

1 layerPlasterboardeach face

Acoustic insulationif required

Studs @ 600mmmax. centres

Wall track


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Heavy DutyBesides meeting statutory functional requirementssuch as fire ratings, the heavy duty drywalls areable to resist high impact and support loads suchas cabinets.

Performance-wise, the system is suitable forsevere duty usage, having passed the strength

and robustness tests (e.g. Stiffness, Door Slam,Impact, Heavyweight Anchorages tests) inaccordance to SS492:2001. The high impactresistance dry boards are tested to severe duty instrength and able to withhold minimum loading of25 kg at each point. The fire rating for the boardis about 60 minutes.

Lightweight and SlimDespite the heavy duty label, the drywalls

are lightweight (about 10-15% of conventionalbrick walls); allowing designers to adopt lighterstructures and foundations. The lightweight andslim drywall partition offers significant reductionin dead loads and is economical in terms of floorarea savings.

W ide Range AvailableIn addition, the different types of drywall systemsavailable in the market also offer a wide range

of fire resistance and acoustic ratings to meetdesign requirements.

Ease of Installat ionThe ease of installation of mechanical and electr icalservices within the boards has also reduced thenoise pollution that may be created with thehacking of brick walls to embed the services.

Ease of Reconst ructionThe lightweight panels can be easily sawn onsite and quickly replaced and relocated accordingto ones needs without messy hacking of walls andcreating debris to the environment. The use of thissystem also facilitates dry construction with no needfor messy plastering as its smooth and even surfacesare ready to receive paint finishes directly.

Such advantages have led developers to use drypartitions for various projects, including goodclass residential apartments. City DevelopmentsLimited, Capitaland Residential Limited, Far EastOrganization and World Class Land have adoptedhigh performance drywall system instead ofconventional brick walls in their recent projects,due to its quality and sustainability.


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Acoust ic PerformanceThe acoustic performance of the drywalls canbe enhanced with the installation of rockwoolbetween the boards.

Sound transmission test on dry partition wall

Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is used torate interior partitions, ceiling/floors, doors,window and exterior wall configurations. STCis the decibel reduction in noise a partition canprovide. The higher the STC value, the better isthe acoustic performance.

Interior walls with bricks or concrete walls haveSTC of about 40, which is considered as onsetof privacy, suitable within the residential units.The lightweight and dry partition walls have anSTC of about 33 without any insulation. Addinginsulation like rockwool in the wall cavity wouldincrease the STC to between 45 - 50. Hence,unlike brick or concrete walls where the STC islimited to the choice of material, the dry partition

walls have the ability to improve on the soundtransmission loss by increasing the cavity andinsulation between the boards to yield an STC ofas high as 63.

25 Normal speech can be heard easily

30 Loud speech can be heard

35 Loud speech can be heard, but not under-

stood

42 Loud speech can be heard only as a murmur

45 Must strain to hear loud speech

48 Only some loud speech can be heard

53 Loud speech cannot be heard

Sound Transmission Class (ST C)


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These residential projects shown below used drywalls as internal partition walls between rooms.

The Pier@Robertson Coastarina

Savannah CondoParkCitylights


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Central Butterworth 33

St Regis Residences & H otel

The Sail@Marina Bay


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Residences@Evelyn City Square Residences

Parc Emily


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Glass and CladdingCurtain walls, cladding and glass facades canbe used to replace the traditional masonryand concrete walls. These facade systemsoffer new dimensions and excitement inarchitectural designs.

Curtain wall is a lightweight external wallsystem that is hung on the building structure. Itis one of the favoured systems used in modernarchitecture and is characterized by grids ofinfilled material such as glass, metal, graniteor a combination of these. Its flexibility allowsarchitects to create striking designs for newbuildings and refurbishment of old buildings. Thereduction in weight leads to savings in structureand foundation.

Coatings on the glass panels can enhance thethermal insulation of curtain walls. The use ofdouble glazing not only further enhances thethermal insulation of curtain walls, but also theiracoustic performance.

Glass curtain walls can be used with aluminiumand granite panels with backpans and insulationin spandrel areas. Strategic use of insulationin solid and opaque areas of the elevations canallow these lightweight systems to achieve highthermal performance.

The panels can be pre-assembled under strictquality control and can incorporate architecturaland solar control elements such as shading,lighting, light shelves and blinds. The use ofmodular and standardized panel sizes wouldspeed fabrication and keep the cost down.

For areas of larger span, glass and aluminiumcan be used with steel sections, trusses and

tension systems to provide light and highlytransparent walls.

4-legged stainless steel spider within a tension truss pointsupported glass walls Closed-up view of 4-legged stainless steel spider


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National Library Novena Square

Bishan Library courtesy of LOOK Architects

T he use of glass/ curt ain wallsprovided unobstructed view andnatur al daylight for t he users.

Leonie Studio


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Prefabricated ParapetsParapets and railings can be designed to facilitate ease of construction and to achieve higherquality finished products. The use of metal railings or glass parapets can achieve practical andenvironmentally friendly design and enable effective design and construction work onsite. Someexamples are illustrated here.


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Prefabricated StaircasesTo many designers and builders, prefabrication of staircases is a preferred option as they are of betterquality and easy to construct. The prefabricated staircases come in various sizes and steps, catering todifferent building heights.


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Prefabricated BathroomUnitsAnother good way to reduce our relianceon concrete-based construction is to switchto prefabricated 3D components such asprefabricated bathrooms made of steel frameand boards.

The Housing and Development Board (HDB) hastaken the lead in introducing the prefabricatedbathroom units to projects at Hougang, Jurong,Toa Payoh, Queenstown, Sengkang and Punggol.A total of about 5,000 dwelling units had beeninstalled with prefabricated bathroom units in thelast 10 years.

The walls of the prefabricated bathrooms could

be steel frame with calcium silicate wall or steelpanel walls. The floor of these prefabricatedbathroom units is concrete floor for betterperfor mance as a watertight system. The ease inmaintenance has also allowed the homeownersto enjoy a better quality of life.

Use of shallowfloor trap for pre-fabricated bathroom units

Increase labourproductivity

Improvemaintenability

Improve productquality

Improvecustomersatisfaction

Reduceproductionwastage

Courtesy of HDB


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Steel Lift ShaftsThe Lift Upgrading Programme (LUP) wasintroduced by the Housing and DevelopmentBoard (HDB) in March 2001 with the aim ofproviding residents living in older HDB blockswith direct lift access on every floor and betterlift services.

A conventional 12-Storey concrete lift shaftcan use up to 90 cubic meters of concrete perlift shaft. Through the introduction of steel liftshafts in the LUP, the amount of concrete used islocalized to only the lift pit. By switching to steellift shafts, the amount of concrete used per shaftcan be reduced by 90%.

The steel lift shafts are constructed using steelframe and metal claddings. At the lift lobby,

the current design uses concrete slabs.However, to further reduce the dependenceon concrete, the HDB is looking into usingalternative materials such as steel plates withcement screed finishing.

A total of about 15 new lift shafts have beeninstalled in the LUP through pilot implementationin estates like Yishun, Marsiling and Jurong East.

The speed at which the steel lift shafts can beerected have greatly shortened the overallconstruction time of the LUP. From the goodresponse of the pilot projects, steel lift shaftsare being introduced to more precincts, therebybringing forward barrier free access to theresidents and improving their quality of life.

Steel Lift Shafts Increase labour productivity Increase erection speed Reduction in material usage Reduction in foundation cost Reduction in cranage cost

Courtesy of HDB


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Prefabricated Steel RoofLarge column-free spaces are often morefunctional and aesthetically pleasing. Toachieve such luxurious space below roof wouldoften require the use of steel roof structures.Steel structures are flexible and are used toconstruct challenging structures such as thehuge disc-like structure of the new SupremeCourt Building.

Apart from their ability to enhance creativity,steel components are slimmer and can support

longer spans. A good example is the main roofto the new Singapore Changi AirportTerminal 3 building with a frontage of 300min length and width of 215m. The longestfree span is 60m supported by steel trusses.Significant savings in foundation is possible assteel has a higher strength-to-weight ratio ascompared to concrete structures. Steel can spanfurther than traditional concrete, with slimmerbeams which make the overall structuresmore elegant.

Zhenghua Community Club - Courtesy of LCP Building Products Pte Ltd

Changi Airport Terminal 2 Sentosa Island Beach Stat ion Supreme Court of Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 3


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Evaluation of Steel CostsOne main reason for the relatively fewer steelbuildings in Singapore is the higher cost ofstructural steel. Concrete has always beencheaper than steel, despite the fact that concreteprices have increased three-fold recently.However, it would be rather superficial if we justcompare the material cost of concrete vis--viswith steel, without taking into consideration thebenefits brought about by using steel.

Traditionally designers have considered only theinitial cost of that part of the project for whichthey are responsible and have sought the mostcost-effective solution for it. There is still relativelylittle regard given to total developmental costs.Evaluation of t otal developmental costs should beencouraged rather than focusing only on initialconstruction costs.

Total costs of a steel construction are affected bytechnical and environmental factors. Developers,designers and builders should take the followingfactors into consideration when computing thetotal cost of a steel building:

Speed of Const ructionThe speed of construction of steel structureshas been proven for many projects. The steelstructural system can be erected in shorter time,as much as 40%faster than concrete constructionfor a medium rise building.

Financial Benefit sFaster construction has additional benefits.It results in savings in the cost of site managementand on-site activit ies. It reduces the cost offinance, since a shorter construction period

Steel systems can be erected in much shorter time


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reduces the time during which interest has tobe paid. Addit ionally, the rapid completion of abuilding also brings an earlier r eturn on investmentas the building can be occupied sooner, helping tooffset the cost of borrowing or allowing financefor the next phase of a development.

Lightweight

The lighter self-weight of steel means that fora similar sized building, the foundation can bereduced by as much as 30%, resulting in savings inthe cost of the foundation.

Reduced Im pact on Surr oundingArea

Steel construction can reduce the impact ofbuilding activit ies on the surrounding area. Thisis particularly important in city locations or sites

close to residential areas. Steel constructionminimises noise and dust, shortens theconstruction period and reduces the amountof waste generated. Delivery of materials caneven be timed to suit traffic conditions and keepdisruption in the area to a minimum.

Environmentally FriendlySteel offers a clean, efficient and rapid constructionmethod, which reduces the impact of buildingactivit ies on the environment. The small amountof waste produced is generally recycled, and allsteel is potentially reusable.

In addition, even the demolition of a steel

building could bring about financial gain. Thesteel sections can be sold as scrap metal(which fetch a very good price nowadays) andbe recycled.

The main advantages of a steel building arespeed of execution, prefabrication andlightness. To realize such advantages, thedesign of the building must be taken as awhole; incorporating cladding, finishes and

other building components. This approachalso implies that the steelwork contractorshould be involved at the earliest opportunityas part of the project team so that he canadvise on a more efficient and cost effectivesteel solution. Project team members musthave the discipline of producing the final designat an early stage and avoid late changes.

Savings in foundation can be as much as 30% for steelbuilding

The steel sections from a demolished building can be soldas scrap metal and be recycled


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Projects Using Sustainable Materials

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Sustainable MaterialsProjects Using

Residential Commercial Institutional


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Photo by Hedrich BlessingPhoto by Hedrich Blessing

Photo by Steve Hall/HedrichBlessing

Photo by Steve Hall/HedrichBlessing

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Residential Erie On The Park, Chicago, USA 711 Upper Changi Road East, Singapore House at Lucky Gardens, Singapore

Commercial ING House, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Hyatt Center, Chicago, USA AMK Hub, Singapore Fusionopolis, Singapore

Institutional National Aquatics Centre, Beijing, China Supreme Court of Singapore

Martin Saunders+AmpMartin Saunders+Amp


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Erie on t he Park , Chicago,U SAErie on the Park, a residential condominiumbuilding, is situated at Chicagos popularRiver North neighbourhood. The sleek 25-storey steel residential building showcasesa building faade featuring exposed steel

elements and curtain wall composed of steel,glass and mirror.

The typical floor plate of the building is inthe shape of a parallelogram, and the typicalfloors of the building are framed in wide-flangedshapes with steel joist floors. The lateral systemcomprises three-storey high chevron mega-braced frames.

The architect moved two of the mega braces tothe exterior of the building and eliminated theneed for a concrete core. This gave the architectthe flexibility in laying out the units, which wascrucial as there were 23 different unit layouts forthe condominium. The external structural steelbracing also allowed the architect to express it aspart of the exterior cladding.

The use of steel both structurally and architecturallyallowed the design team of Erie on the Park to

create a distinctive building that stands out in theChicago cityscape, where concrete is the typicalchoice for residential buildings.

The completed Erie on the ParkPhoto by Hedrich Blessing


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The steel and glass curtain wall with the mega braces standsout against the surrounding masonry buildingsPhoto by Hedrich Blessing

Erie on the Park was constructed with structural steelframing and metal decking

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Two of the braces were moved to theexterior of the building



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Section showing both structural and architecturally exposed steel. The 1-8 (500mm)separation was held constant around the buildings perimeter


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Owner/ developerSmithfield Properties, Chicago

ArchitectLucien Lagrange Architects, ChicagoStructur al EngineerThornton-Tomasetti Engineers, ChicagoGeneral ContractorWooten Construction Ltd, ChicagoSteel Fabricator: Zalk Josephs Fabricators, StoughtonJoist Fabricator: Canam Steel Corporation, WashingtonSteel Erector: Area Erectors, Rockford

Details of architecturally exposed steel brace. The architectural steel brace mimics the structuralbrace behind it

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Cement floor boards were used for the floor instead ofconventional concreteflooring


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711 U pper Changi RoadEastThis is a reconstruction project whereby theexisting one-storey semi-detached dwelling

house was reconstructed to a part two-storey,part three-storey semi-detached house. Theproject has adopted the concept called SystemEfficient Building, a simple and fast to constructmethod which makes future upgrading easy andflexible. The system used panels of galvanisedsteel, modular cement boards and steel roofingsheets r iveted together to form a very strong yetlight steel shell.


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OwnersMr Ng Chan Sen & Mdm JurenaArchitectA. Allliance ArchitectsStructur al EngineerSKC & AssociatesBuilderPacific Prince International Pte Ltd

As this method of construction is light, there wasno need for laborious and noisy piling works. Thisefficient system requires minimal site workersand eliminates the need for temporary materialsuch as timber formwork.

Using light gauge steelto construct the house



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j g

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H ouse A t Lucky GardensHouse at Lucky Gardens - a 2-storey cornerterrace house located within a designatedlanded housing area off Upper East Coast Road.This project broke away from the conventionalconstruction methodologies of a typical individuallanded dwelling house.

It adopts lightweight construction for thesuperstructure from the outset and opted forsteel columns and beams which, in addition tobeing light, could be prefabricated off site andinstalled quickly on site. The construction workgenerates less noise and dust, and is conductedover a much shorter duration of time.


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OwnerMdm Yam Lee FoonArchitectTan + Tsakonas ArchitectsStructur al EngineerAston Consulting EngineersBuilderCaines Associates Pte Ltd

100X50 LIPPED CHANNEL STEELPURLINSAT 1000MM CENTRES

KLIPLOK METAL SHEET ROOFING152X102 STEEL UB ROOF BEAMS

254X146/203 STEEL UB2ND STOREY BEAMS

110mm THK COMPOSITEBONDEK SLAB

125X75 STEEL ROLLEDHOLLOW SECTIONCARPORCH BEAM50O STEEL TENSION RODNEW TRIMDECK CLADDEDPARTY WALL EXTENSION

250mm THK RC WALLS

TO HOUSEHOLD SHELTER

EXISTING PARTY WALL

305X165 STEEL UB COLUMNS

250mm THK RC RAFT FOUNDATIONWITH 400mm THICKENED BANDINGALONG STRUCTURAL GRIDS

RC CULVERT FOREXISTING SEWER LINE

BOUNDARY LINE

/



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IN G House, Amsterdam,

The NetherlandsING House was commissioned by the INGBank to serve as the Banks Headquarters atSouthern Amsterdam. The building, resemblinga large beetle in shining glass and anodizedaluminium, rests on ten-metre-high pillars.Steel and glass predominate the construction.Because of the ample use of glass, everyoneworking in the building has great views. ING

house has climate controlled outer walls. Theseensure that outside noise is muffled and clean aircomes in.

The project has been awarded numerous prizes,including the Aluminium Award, the NationalSteel Award Prize 2002, the Glass Award andthe LON Award.


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OwnerING Corporate Real Estate bv, Den HaagArchitectMeyer en van Schooten Architecten BV, AmsterdamStructur al Engineer

Aronsohn Raadgevende Ingenieurs bv, RotterdamBuilderBouwcombinatie SamenwerkINGSteelwork Contractor sHollandia bv, Krimpen aan den IJssel Heerema bv,Zwijndrecht Oostingh Staalbouw bv, KatwijkArchitect Interiormw. Trude Hooykaas (OTH)T echnical AdvisorVan Heughten

Steel trusses were used to frame the ING House

Rear view of ING House

Great views from the ING House

Steel legs

Glass staircase



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Photo by Steve Hall/Hedrich Blessing


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H yat t Center , Chicago,U SAChicagos newest landmark is designed by theprestigious architectural firm Pei Cobb Freed& Partners.

The 49-storey tower resembles a football with

sharply notched ends. Steel frames with metaldecking were adopted for the construction ofthe building.

The long faade curves gracefully back toaccommodate a public garden that complementsthe sleek expanse of glass and stainlesssteel spandrels, softening the hard lines andhard surfaces.

Owners

Pritzker Realthy Group & Higgins DevelopmentPartnersArchitectPei Cobb Freed & PartnersStructur al EngineerEnvironment Systems DesignBuilderBovis Lend Lease

All photos courtesy of the Hyatt Center



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AMK H ubAMK Hub is located on the site of the old AngMo Kio bus interchange at the town centrebounded by Ang Mo Kio Avenue 8, Ang Mo KioAvenue 3 and existing HDB blocks. The existingAng Mo Kio MRT station is located across AngMo Kio Avenue 8 at approximately 40m awayfrom the development, and part of this mixeddevelopment is within the MRT protection

zone. The development has a Gross Floor Areaof approximately 48,250 square metres whichconsists of three basement levels and four levelsof podium structures, and is integrated with anair-conditioned bus interchange.

The superstructure is formed of structuralsteelwork composite system, with composite steeldecking, composite steel beams and composite

steel columns. The metal sheet decking serves asthe bottom reinforcement of composite flooringsystem as well as permanent formwork to omitthe temporary staging during construction.Additional steel reinforcements are provided tocomply with the fire resistance requirement. Thethickness of the composite slabs range between135mm and 200mm, depending on the loading

requirement. Being more efficient, the use ofsteel construction has enabled the project to becompleted 2 to 3 months faster as compared to aconventional concrete-based construction.

The composite beams/truss system, as primarymembers acting together with the secondarycomposite beams, provided the most economical


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solution to the project. Similarly, the compositedesign of concrete encased steel section and in-filled concrete circular steel tube provided themost practical and economical solution in theconstruction. Besides enhancing the load capacity,the composite columns also provided moreflexible connection arrangement for steel beamfixing from all directions. The lateral stability of the

building relied on reinforced concrete corewalls(lift shafts and staircases) which are rigidly bracedand connected with the steel beams / columnsthrough the rigid floor diaphragm.

Fire specialists were engaged to evaluate thefire safety in the project. The critical structuralelements like steel main beams and exposed steelcolumn surfaces are sprayed / covered with fireprotection system.

OwnersSLF AMK Pte Ltd/NTUC Income Insurance Co-operative Limited/NTUC Fairprice Co-operativeLimtedArchitectAT3 + ATA ArchitectsStructur al EngineerBeca Carter Hollings & Ferner (SE Asia) Pte LtdBuilderLum Chang Building Contractors Pte Ltd



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FusionopolisFusionopolis consists of 2 blocks of 22 & 24storeys soaring to an overall height ofapproximately 135 metres, a retail podium, atheatre pod and 6 levels of basement.

The complex features a high density and integratedmixed use programme comprising Business ParkR&D spaces, retail & food and beverage outlets,

a health club with a roof top swimming pool,serviced apartments and a theatre.

Conceived as an iconic building for one-north,the building possesses a distinctly recognizableand memorable external form. Extensive use ofstructural steel in combination with reinforcedconcrete (r.c.) core walls were adopted for the

Construction of the theatre pod.

Mega truss.


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structural system. Horizontal mega trusses orgirders were then cantilevered from these corewalls at intervals of approximately 30 metres.

Typical floor plates of steel columns and beamsand composite slabs were placed between thesemega trusses; providing column free interiorspaces and the varied shapes for the floorplates without the need for transfer columnsand beams.

The structural expression, combined with thedramatic curved sloping roofs, the sleek curtainwall faade and distinctively evocative theatrepod lends the building a sophisticated andmodern image.

Fusionopolis, presently under construction, isenvisaged to be a dynamic and vibrant environment

Fusionopolis is currently under construction.

ClientJTC Corporation

Concept ArchitectKisho KurokawaProject ArchitectJURONG Consultants Pte LtdC&S EngineerJURONG Consultants Pte LtdM&E EngineerJURONG Consultants Pte LtdMain ContractorShimizu Corporation

when completed and will provide impetus to therealizing of the one-north master plan vision of aplace to W ork, Live, Play and Learn.



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N ational Aquat ics Centre,Beijing, ChinaThe National Aquatics Centre, also known as theWater Cube, is one of the infrastructures builtfor the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

The Water Cube may look like an array of soapbubbles, but its structure is highly repetitiveand buildable. The Water Cube is essentially astructure made from an organic network of steel

tubular members and clad with translucent ETFE(ethyl tetrafluoro ethylene) cushions. The WaterCube is comprised of a series of steel tubeswelded to round steel nodes.

ETFE is a tough recyclable material with adurability of more than 20 years. It is strong, letsin light, has excellent insulation properties and yetis incredibly lightweight. By cladding the Water

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Cube in high-tech ETFE cushions, 20 percent ofthe solar energy falling on the building is trappedwithin the building and is used to heat the poolsand the interior area.

Arups fire engineers used performance-based fire engineering to develop a set ofprovisions specifically tailored to the Water

Cube. This is because the winning design didnot fit into Chinas prescriptive building code.This approach allows greater flexibility, amore cost effective design and enables theindividual needs of the client and project tobe met. It also allowed the architect andArup to create the architectural vision withoutbeing restricted by the limitations of aprescriptive code.

Martin Saunders + Arup


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ClientBeijing State-Owned Assets Management Co

Project M anagerThree Gorges CorporationConsort ium LeaderChina State Construction Engineering Corporation(CSCEC)Design ConsortiumArchitect: PTW Architects & China

Construction Design Institute (CCDI)Engineer: Arup & China State Construction

Engineering Corporation (CSCEC)

Arup + Ben McMillan

Arup + Ben McMillan

Arup + Ben McMillan

A complex combination of structural and fireengineering analysis demonstrated that for thepotentially worst fire scenarios in the building,the structure would continue to carry the loadswithout failure, and therefore did not require fireprotection to the steel.



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Supreme Court of SingaporeThe building mass of the new Supreme Court issegmented into distinct blocks which separatelyhouse the appellate courts, high courts,

administration offices and a major tenant - TheSingapore Academy of Law.

To give the court blocks the flexibility toexpand and reconfigure the internal layouts,large structural spans were required, whilsthigh headroom was needed for better qualityof space.

The challenge of slender column and beam sizes,

with long structural spans (12m and 16m inthe court blocks) and shallow structural spacerequired that the buildings weight be designedas light as possible. Steel construction withcomposite steel decks was the logical choice.To meet the aesthetic requirement of concreteframe with unblemished off-form surface finish,the steel beams and columns were integratedwith precast concrete. The use of precast

concrete also served to provide fire protectionto the steel members.

The disc shell roof was built entirely insteel, which helped to create the desired curvedroof form, and was also economical to build.The disc is a two-storey high, 67-metrediameter circular structure. Circular tensionring members were incorporated at the baseand at regular intervals along the span of thespine beams to ensure lateral stability of theroof structure.

Fire protection to resist structural collapseof the dome was achieved by two protectivesystems i.e. intumescent system for exposedsteel structure and sprayed system for hiddenstructural elements.

A thin-film, intumescent paint fire rated coatingwas used for the exposed supporting columns.This allowed the designers to expose the structure


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in its purity with the appearance of painted steel,yet provides fire-resistance ratings of up to 90minutes. The remaining unexposed structuralsteel beams and columns were protected viavermiculite-based sprayed systems. Inspections ofthe quality of the coating and thickness checking

Aerial view of the shell roof

Discs radial steel ring beams

OwnerSupreme Court of SingaporeArchitectCPG Consultants Pte LtdDesign ConsultantFoster and PartnersStructur al EngineerCPG Consultants Pte Ltd

M&E EngineerCPG Consultants Pte LtdQSCPG Consultants Pte LtdPMPM LinkBuilderIRE-Sato Kogyo JVFacade ConsultantArup Facade Engineering

Compositefloor construction using steel deckand minimal concrete topping

Prefabricated composite columns and beams

Side Atria with glowing translucentstone-glass wall

Disc Leg

were done immediately after the spraying.These sprayed materials were chosen as theywere quick to apply, inexpensive and could beadapted to cover complicated shapes includingthe voids between metal deck floors andsteel beams.

Acknowledgement


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From Singapore

Arup

Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (SEA) Pte Ltd

BlueScope Lysaght (Singapore) Pte Ltd Boral Plasterboard (M) Sdn Bhd

Capitaland Residential Limited

City Developments Limited

Corus South East Asia Pte Ltd

CPG Consultants Pte Ltd

Far East Or ganization

Housing and Development Board

Interiors Supply Pte Ltd (USG Boards) IRE-Sato Kogyo JV

JTC Corporation

JURONG Consultants Pte Ltd

LCP Building Products Pte Ltd

LOOK Architects

BCA would like to thank the following organizations (in alphabetical order) for consent to use theirmaterials and photographs:


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From Singapore (cont)

National University of Singapore

SamGreen Pte Ltd

Strategic Success Pte Ltd Supreme Court of Singapore

TTJDesign and Engineering Pte Ltd

UOL Group Limited

World Class Land Pte Ltd

Yongnam Holdings Limited

From Overseas

Foster and Partners, London, UK Hyatt Center, Chicago, USA

ING Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Thornton-Tomassett i Engineers, Chicago, USA

BCA would also like to thank AC Consort ium Pte Ltd and SA&P Associates (Consulting Civil and StructuralEngineers) for their drafting services.


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