bc emission data for the emep/eea · pdf filebc emission data for the emep/eea guidebook ......

Department of Environmental Science

AARHUS UNIVERSITET

BC emission data for the EMEP/EEA guidebook

13th joint TFEIP/EIONET meeting

14-15 May 2012, Bern, Switzerland

Transport expert panel, 14 May 2012

Senior adviser Morten Winther


Aarhus University


AARHUS UNIVERSITET 14. May 2012 Morten Winther

Background

•Project for the EU commission: ”Services to support the update of

the EMEP EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook, in particular on

methodologies for black carbon emissions”

•Task 1: Literature study to provide BC fractions of PM (f-BC)

•Enables countries to prepare BC estimates by using the GB

•f-BC is used in combination with PM emf. as input for BC

emission calculations

•Task 2: Consistency check of PM size fractions, HM and POP



Disposition

› f-BC emission data by chapter (Task 1)

› Aviation

› Navigation

› Road transport – exhaust

› Road transport – non exhaust

› Railways

› Non road machinery

› Inclusion of f-BC in the chapters?

› Consistency check (Task 2)



Aviation – data sources

•Petzold et al. (2009): Test rig measurements of PM, BC (=EC) emissions from four

engine operational conditions in the SAMPLE (Study on sampling and measurement of

aircraft particulate emissions) project. Petzold et al. (2009) find that BC equals EC. No

trend in emission could be observed for variations in engine test modes.

•Petzold et al. (2003): Test rig measurements of PM and BC for cruise power settings the

emission influence from low, medium and high fuel sulphur content used by old and

new engine technologies, respectively. No trend in emission could be observed for

variations in engine test modes.

•

•Rogers et al. (2005): Ground based plume measurements of the PM, BC (=EC)

emissions from a jet engine military fighter and a turbo shaft engine being used by

military helicopters.



Aviation – data sources

•Kinsey et al (2010): Ground based plume emission measurements for nine commercial

aircraft engines in three field campaigns of the Aircraft Particles Emissions eXperiment

(APEX) 1-3 study. For five aircraft engines, the total PM mass emissions are split into

volatile (PMvol) and non volatile (PMnon vol) fractions. PMnon vol share is assumed to

be equivalent to the f-BC fraction.

•Agrawal et al. (2008): Emissions measured for e.g. PM, EC and OC from four

commercial aircraft. No trend in emission could be observed for variations in engine

test modes. EC values are used for BC, following the assumptions made by e.g. Rogers

et al. (2005) and Kinsey et al. (2010).

•Winther et al. (2012): PM and BC emissions calculated for aircraft engines in

Copenhagen Airport, based on the FOA3 method (ICAO, 2008). Similar results was

obtained for Shiphol Airport in Amsterdam also using the FOA3 method (pers. comm.

Andreas Petzold, DLR, 2012).



Study Aircraft/Engine types Test conditions f-BC

Petzold et al. (2003) Old engine Cruise, low sulphur 61 Cruise, medium sulphur 44 Cruise, high sulphur 50 New engine Cruise, low sulphur 75 Cruise, medium sulphur 31 Cruise, high sulphur 40

Agrawal et al. (2008) CFM56-7B22 Mode 1 (4 & 7 %) 31 Mode 2 (30 & 40 %) 8 Mode 3 (65 %) 59 Mode 4 (85 %) 59 CFM56-3B1 Mode 1 (4 & 7 %) 48 Mode 2 (30 & 40 %) 60 Mode 3 (65 %) 26 Mode 4 (85 %) 85 CFM56-3B2 Mode 1 (4 & 7 %) 55 Mode 2 (30 & 40 %) 69 Mode 3 (65 %) 74 Mode 4 (85 %) 79 CFM56-7B22 Mode 1 (4 & 7 %) 47 Mode 2 (30 & 40 %) 72 Mode 3 (65 %) 86 Mode 4 (85 %) 68

Rogers et al. (2005) Military F404-GE-400, T700-GE-401 65%-80%, 67%-98% 56

Kinsey et al. (2010) CFM56-2C1 Various power modes 38 CFM56-3B1 Various power modes 21 AE3007A1E Various power modes 38 P&W4158 Various power modes 46 RB211-535E4B Various power modes 59

Petzold et al. (2009) Test rig Condition1 66 Condition2 33 Condition3 54 Condition4 36

Winther et al. (2012) Copenhagen Airport fleet/engine Landing 33 Take off 54 Taxi 30

Petzold et al. (2003) 50 Agrawal et al. (2008) 58 Rogers et al. (2005) 56 Kinsey et al. (2010) 40 Petzold et al. (2009) 47 Winther et al. (2012) 39

Average (All) 48

•f-BC data is to scarce to distinguish

between Tiers, and between LTO

and cruise.

•Proposed average f-BC value =

0.48 for civil aviation and military

•Piston engine: 0.15 (Winther et al.

(2011) and IIASA.

Acknowledgments: Andreas Petzold, DLR, for references and discussions



Relevant tables for f-BC updates in the guidebook (aviation)

Table no. Tier Detail f-BC source

3-3 1 Old/average fleet; LTO and cruise emf. Present survey

3-5 2 LTO emf. per aircraft type Present survey

3-4 1 Piston engined aircraft Winther et al. (2011) – IIASA

3-15 2 Military Present survey



a: HFO: heavy fuel oil; MDO: marine diesel oil

b: SS: Slow speed; MS: Medium speed; HS: High speed

Reference Vessel Fuela Engineb Stroke Size (kW)

Sampling f-BC

Petzold et al. (2004) - HFO SS 7 Kasper et al. (2007) Tanker HFO SS 2-stroke 8500 - 17 Tanker MDO SS 2-stroke 8500 - 17 Lack et al. (2009) 211 Vessels HFO SS Plume 12 MDO MS Plume 40 MDO HS Plume 22

MDO,

avg Plume

31 Lack et al. (2011) Container HFO SS Plume 6 MDO SS Plume 33 Agrawal et al. (2008a) Container HFO SS 2-stroke 50270 8178-1 1.3 Agrawal et al. (2008b) Tanker HFO SS 2-stroke 15750 8178-1 1.1 Agrawal et al. (2010) Container HFO SS 2-stroke 54840 8178-4 0.3 Murphy et al. (2009) Container HFO SS 2-stroke 54840 8178-1 0.3 Petzold et al. (2010) - HFO MS 4-stroke 10000 2.6

Navigation – data sources



Navigation

•Proposal is to use the f-BC fractions derived from the plume measurements (211

vessels) made by Lack et al. (2009). Further, distinguish only between fuel types.

•The data for slow speed engines represent HFO (f-BC = 0.12)

•The average of the emissions from MS/HS engines represent MDO (f-BC = 0.31).

•A +/- uncertainty range of 20 % for BC is stated by Lack et al. (2009).

Acknowledgments: Andreas Petzold, DLR, for references and discussions



Relevant tables for f-BC updates in the guidebook (navigation)

Table no. Tier Detail BC:PM data source

3-1 1 HFO Present survey

3-2 1 MGO Present survey

3-3 1 Gasoline (boats) Winther et al. (2011) – IIASA

3-4 2 Engine type x Fuel type Present survey

3-5 2 Boats (D/G2/G4) x Fuel type Winther et al. (2011) – IIASA

3-9 3 Phase x Engine type x Fuel type Present survey

3-10 3 Phase x Engine type x Fuel type Present survey



Road transport - exhaust

•Data source: COPERT IV, based on a comprehensive literature review made by LAT (2007).

•The COPERT model includes data for EC fractions of PM (f-EC) per vehicle layer (Tier 3).

•A few additional studies reporting f-EC fractions have been assessed in the present study; no

reason to change COPERT original values.

•In practical terms EC ~ BC for road transport (e.g. Battye & Boyer; May et al., 2010; Flanner et

al., 2007). Hence, COPERT f-EC ~ f-BC.

Acknowledgments: Leonidas Ntziachristos, LAT, U. of Thessaloniki, for ref. and discussions



Kirchstetter, T.W., Harley, R.A., Kreisberg, N.M., Stolzenburg, M.R., Hering, S.V. 1999. On-road measurement of the fine particle and nitrogen oxide emissions from light- and heavy-duty motor vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 2955-2968.

Kweon, C-B., Foster, D.E., Schauer, J.J., Okada, S. 2002. Detailed chemical composition and particle size assessment of diesel engine exhaust. SAE Paper 2002-01-2670.

Laschober, C., Limbeck, A., Rendl, J., Puxbaum, H. 2004. Particulate emissions from on-road vehicles in the Kaisermuehlen tunnel (Vienna, Austria). Atmospheric Environment, 38, 2187-2195.

Nam, E., Roesler, E. 2006. Gasoline particulate emission rate development for MOVES. FACA Modeling Workgroup meeting, August 8, 2006. Available at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ngm.htm.

Norbeck, J.M., Durbin, T.D., Truex, T.J. 1998. Final report for: Characterization of particulate emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles, Submitted to California Air Resources Board, p.127.

NREL, 2005. Various presentations and database from the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study of the National Renewable Energy Lab. Available online at http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/nfti/feat_split_study.html.

Ntziachristos, L., Mamakos, A,, Xanthopoulos, A., Iakovou, E., Samaras, Z. 2004. Impact assessment/Package of new requirements relating to the emissions from two and three-wheel motor vehicles. LAT Report to the European Commission, p.158.

Particulates Project, 2004. Information and final report available at http://lat.eng.auth.gr/particulates.

Peterson, M.R., Richards, M.H. Thermal-Optical-Transmittance Analysis for Organic , Elemental, Carbonate, Total Carbon, and OCX2 in PM2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH Method - #83. RTI publication available online at www.rti.org.

Allen, J.O., Mayo, P.R., Hughes, L.S., Salmon, L.G., Cass, G.R. 2001. Emissions of size-segregated aerosol from on-road vehicles in the Caldecott tunnel. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 4189-4197.

Andersson, J.D., Jemma, C.A., Bosteels, D., Searles, R.A. 2002. Particle emissions from a EU 3 heavy-duty diesel engine with catalyst-based diesel particle filter and selective catalytic reduction system: Size, number, mass and chemistry. 11. Aachener Kolloquium Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik 2002, 7-9 October 2002, Aachen, Germany.

Biswas, S., Verma, V., Schauer, J.J., Sioutas, C. (2009): Chemical speciation of PM emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) retrofits, Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 1917–1925.

Bosteels, D., May, J., Karlsson, H., de Serves, C. 2006. ‘Regulated’ and ‘non-regulated’ emissions from modern European passenger cars. SAE Paper 2006-01-1516.

Cheung, K. L. , Ntziachristos, L. , Tzamkiozis, T. , Schauer, J. J. , Samaras, Z. , Moore, K. F. and Sioutas, C.(2010) 'Emissions of Particulate Trace Elements, Metals and Organic Species from Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel Passenger Vehicles and Their Relation to Oxidative Potential', Aerosol Science and Technology, 44: 7, 500—513.

Geller, M.D., Sardar, S.B., Phuleria, H., Fine, P.M., Sioutas, C. 2005. Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 8653-8663.

Gillies, J.A., Gertler, A.W., Sagebiel. J.C., Dippel, W.A. 2001. On-road particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) emissions in the Sepulveda tunnel, Los Angeles, California. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 1054-1063.

Grieshop, A.P., Lipsky, E.M., Pekney, N.J., Takahama, S., Robinson, A.L. 2006. Fine particle emission factors from vehicles in a highway tunnel: Effects of fleet composition and season. Atmospheric Environment, 40, S287-S298.

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ngm.htm

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/nfti/feat_split_study.html

http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/nfti/feat_split_study.html

http://www.rti.org/



Peterson, M.R., Richards, M.H. Thermal-Optical-Transmittance Analysis for Organic , Elemental, Carbonate, Total Carbon, and OCX2 in PM2.5 by the EPA/NIOSH Method - #83. RTI publication available online at www.rti.org.

Rijkeboer, R.C, Bremmers, D.A.C.M, Samaras, Z., Ntziachristos, L. 2002. Emission Regulation of PTWs. Final Report. TNO Report 03.OR.VM.004.1/RR, p.105.

Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T. 1999. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C1 through C30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 1578-1587.

Schauer, J.J., Kleeman, M.J., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T. 2002. Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 5. C1-C32 Organic Compounds from Gasoline-Powered Motor Vehicles, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1169-1180.

Subramanian, R., Khlystov, A.Y., Cabada, J.C., Robinson, A.L. 2004. Positive and negative artifacts in particulate organic carbon measurements with denuded and undenuded sampler configurations. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38, 27-48.

Thalagavara, A.M., Johnson, J.H., Bagley, S.T., Shende, A.S. 2005. The effects of a catalyzed particulate filter and ultra low sulfur fuel on heavy duty diesel engine emission. SAE Paper 2005-01-0473.

Vouitsis, E., Ntziachristos, L., Samaras, Z., Grigoratos, Th., Samara, C., Miltsios, G. 2007. Effect of a DPF and Low Sulfur Lube Oil on PM Physicochemical Characteristics from a Euro 4 Light Duty Diesel Vehicle. SAE Paper 2007-01-0314.

Warner, J.R., Johnson, J.H., Bagley, S.T., Huynh, C.T. 2003. Effects of a catalyzed particulate filter on emissions from a diesel engine: Chemical characterization data and particulate emissions measured with thermal optical and gravimetric methods. SAE Paper 2003-01-0049.

Watson, J.G., Chow, J.C., Chen, L.-W.A. 2005. Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 5, 65-102.

Weingartner, E., Keller, C., Stahel, WA., Burtscher, H., Balternsperger, U. 1997. Aerosol emission in road tunnel. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 451-462.

http://www.rti.org/



Vehicle category Euro standard EC/PM2.5 (%) Uncertainty (%)

Gasoline PC and LDV PRE-ECE 2 50 ECE 15 00/01 5 50 ECE 15 02/03 5 50 ECE 15 04 20 50 Open loop 30 30 Euro 1 25 30 Euro 2 25 30 Euro 3 15 30 Euro 4 15 30

Diesel PC and LDV Conventional 55 10 Euro 1 70 10 Euro 2 80 10 Euro 3 85 5 Euro 4 87 5 Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 10 50 Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 20 50

Diesel HDV Conventional 50 20 Euro I 65 20 Euro II 65 20 Euro III 70 20 Euro IV 75 20 Euro IV 75 20 Euro VI 15 30

Mopeds Conventional 10 50 Euro 1 20 50 Euro 2 20 50

Motorcycles Conventional 15 50 Euro 1 25 50 Euro 2 25 50 Euro 3 25 50

Tier 3 %-BC →



Tier 1: In the GB, Tier 1 emission factors (g/kg fuel) for the various pollutants are

calculated with COPERT using Tier 3 emission factors and a typical EU 1995 fleet.

•For PM, aggregated fuel specific emission factors are calculated for the vehicle

categories passenger cars, light duty vehicles and heavy duty vehicles (Table 3-6).

•In the present project Tier 1 f-BC fractions will be based on Tier 3 COPERT

calculations made for the Danish 1995 fleet.



Tier 2: In the GB, layer specific Tier 2 emission factors (g/km) for the various

pollutants are calculated from Tier 3 emission factors with COPERT.

For PM the layer specific emission factors are listed in the GB tables 3-16, 3-

18, 3-20, 3-22 and 3-24 for passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty

vehicles, buses and 2-wheelers, respectively.

In the present project Tier 2 f-BC fractions will be derived from Tier 3

COPERT calculations made for the Danish fleet.



Road transport – non exhaust

Data source: COPERT IV (GB Table 3-10)

The same f-BC data are proposed by

Kupiainen and Klimont (2004), based on

reported data from Hildemann et al.

(1991), Garg et al. (2000), Chow et al.

(1994) and Kupiainen et al. (2002).

For road asphalt wear no data is available

from the literature.

Category f-BC +/- uncertainty (%)

Brake wear 2.61 50

Tyre wear 15.3 50

Road abrasion n.d. -



Road transport – non exhaust

Tier 1: Table 3-1 in the GB contains Tier 1 PM emission factors by vehicle category

aggregated for tyre and brake wear.

In the present project aggregated f-BC fractions for tyre and brake wear will be

derived from COPERT calculations made for the Danish fleet in 1995.

Tier 2: For Tier 2 the f-BC fractions (GB Table 3-10) shall be used in connection with

the TSP emission factors shown in the Tables 3-3 and 3-5 for tyre wear and brake

wear, respectively.



Railways

BC measurement data are scarce for the engines used by railways.

Due to road-railway engine similarities, the decision is to use the f-BC fractions and

+/- uncertainty ranges for road transport heavy duty engines.



Railways – Tier 1

•Tier 1 PM emission factors for diesel usage in general are shown in Table 3-1 in the

guidebook chapter for railways.

•For railways engines on a Tier 1 level (1995 average engine technology levels) it is

proposed to use the f-BC fraction for Euro I road transport engines (f-BC = 0.65) which

are assumed to be equal to the engine technology level for railways engines in 1995.



Railways – Tier 2

•Tier 2 PM emission factors are shown in the Tables 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4 for line haul locomotives,

shunting locomotives and rail cars, respectively, based on Halder et al. (2005).

•Halder et al. (2005) gives no distribution into engine technologies or exhaust after treatment

technologies. However, Halder et al. (2005) states relatively high average ages for rail cars (16

years) and locomotives (27 years).

•For road transport engines, the f-BC fractions vary between 0.50 and 0.75 (Conv. → Euro V).

Hence, 0.65 as an average number is proposed to be used for f-BC for railways Tier 2.



Railways – Tier 3

For Tier 3, no explicit PM emission factor information is given. Instead, countries are

advised to seek information themselves: “More Tier 3 emission factors can be found

in the technical reports of the Artemis project (Boulter and McCrae, 2007)”.

For Tier 3 it is proposed to use the f-BC fractions proposed for road transport heavy

duty engines for railways engines without filters installed (f-BC range between 0.50

and 0.75), and 0.15 for railways engines with filters installed.



Non road engines – Tier 1 and 2

•BC measurement data are scarce for non road mobile machinery (NRMM) engines.

•Diesel: Due to road-NRMM engine similarities, the decision is to use the f-BC

fractions and +/- uncertainty ranges from road transport.

diesel engines < 130 kW: f-BC fractions for diesel cars

diesel engines >= 130 kW: f-BC fractions for heavy duty trucks

•gasoline 2-stroke/4-stroke and LPG (0.15): Kupiainen and Klimont (2004)

Technology Diesel < 130 kW Diesel >= 130 kW Gasoline (2/4 stroke)

f-BC +/- (%) f-BC +/- (%) f-BC +/- (%)

<1981 0.55 10 0.5 20 0.05 50

1981-1990 0.55 10 0.5 20 0.05 50

1991-Stage I 0.55 10 0.5 20 0.05 50

Stage I 0.8 10 0.7 20 0.05 50

Stage II 0.8 10 0.7 20 0.05 50

Stage IIIA 0.8 10 0.7 20

Stage IIIB 0.15 50 0.15 20

Stage IV 0.15 50 0.15 30

Tier 1 and 2 f-BC →



Non road engines – Tier 3

Tier 3 f-BC →

Table no. Technology Engine size f-BC +/- (%)

3-10 Uncontrolled diesel < 130 kW 0.55 10

>= 130 kW 0.5 20

3-11 Stage I diesel < 130 kW 0.8 10

>= 130 kW 0.7 20

3-12 Stage II diesel < 130 kW 0.8 10

>= 130 kW 0.7 20

3-13 Stage III diesel < 130 kW 0.8 10

>= 130 kW 0.7 20

3-14 Stage I-II diesel, agriculture < 130 kW 0.8 10

>= 130 kW 0.7 20

3-15 Stage III diesel, agriculture < 130 kW 0.8 10

>= 130 kW 0.7 20

3-18 2-stroke uncontrolled gasoline - 0.05 50

3-19 4-stroke uncontrolled gasoline - 0.05 50

The Tier 3 methodology was never really updated during the large revision in 2008.

However, for inventory makers using GB Tier 3 data, f-BC data are proposed below



Inclusion of f-bc data in the chapters?

•One approach can be to place the final versions of the documentation notes as an

annexes to the chapters, and make references to the relevant PM emission factor

tables in the chapters.

•Another approach can be to include directly the f-BC fractions in the relevant PM

emission factor tables, or as foot notes to the tables. References can then be made

to the documentation notes - alternatively a brief summary of the discussion note

can be put somewhere central in the chapter.



Task 2: Review of consistency between EFs

for: PM (all size fractions), HMs, POPs and BC

•The GB chapters for mobile sources are generally well worked through. The

chapters have gone through substantial reviews during their development.

•The quality is also reflected in the following brief comments for

Particulate size: TSP>=PM10>=PM2.5 (all is fine!)

ΣHM well below PM emission factors (all is fine!)

ΣPOP’s well below VOC (all is fine!)

•Those assessments are probably more important to make for other sources which

have been given less attention during the development of the GB.

•Minor data error, and sources for HM and PAH emission factors which have been

revealed in the literature review made under Task 1.



Task 2 – minor error

•Railways: The foot note for the Tables 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4 states that “….PM2.5 was

considered 95 % of PM10 and PM10 was considered 95 % of TSP.”

•The PM10 and PM2.5 fractions of TSP and PM10 emf. are, however, considerably

smaller than stated in the table foot note.



Task 2 – sources of HM and POP emf. - aviation

•Emf. information for all HM species, except As and Hg, can be based on Agrawal et

al. (2008).

•Emf. information for all four PAH species and dioxins can be found in Agrawal et al.

(2008c). Kinsey et al. (2010) is also a source of EF information (excl. benzo(a)pyrene).

•Rogers et al. (2005) reports data for the exhaust emission conc. of benzo(a)pyrene

and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and benzo(b)- and benzo(k)fluoroanthene as a part of the

total concentration sum of benzo(b+j+k)fluoroanthene.



Task 2 – sources of HM and POP emf. - navigation

•HM emf. for gasoline fuelled boats: Road transport HM emf.

•Emf. information for all four PAH species for HFO can be based on Agrawal et al.

(2008a, 2010) and Murphy et al. (2005).

•Emf. information for all HM species, except Hg, for HFO can be based on Agrawal

et al. (2008b).



Task 2 – sources of HM emf. – road transport non

exhaust

•Winther & Slentø (2010) reports emf. for As in the case of tyre and brake wear.

•For road abrasion, Winther & Slentø (2010) reports emission factors for all other

HM’s than As and Se.



Thank you for your attention!

bc emission data for the emep/eea · pdf filebc emission data for the emep/eea guidebook ......

Documents