BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 1

Natural functions: Material inputs

• Inputs to various economic activities Waste receptor services

• Acceptance of residuals (wastewater, noise)

Life-support functions• A hospital, healthful environment

(clean air, pure water) Amenity services

• Beautiful landscapes and pleasant spaces for recreation and personal renewal

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Are the Functions of Natural

Environment Similar to

Man Made Environment?

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What are the characteristics of

environment with time and

space scales?

BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 5Man-made environment

Biotic environment

Physical environment

Component of Environment and Spatio-Temporal Scales Environment

Local Region Country Global

Distance Future

Intermediate Future

Present

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Q. Are economy, society,

politic and technology

classified as human

environment?

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A. They are just “mechanism” for:

- interrelationships between

human and environment

- interrelationships between

human and human

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Q. What must be solved if there

is any problem regarding

relationships between human

and environment?

Discussion?????

BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 9

Q. How does human survive in nature?

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A. Ecosystem with 3 components

1.Diversity of organisms 2.Natural environment 3.Man-made environment

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How can we classify ecosystems in relation to degree of human influences?

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1. Bio-ecosystem

-natural components

-biological processes

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1.1 Natural ecosystem

-without direct human influence-capable of self-homeostasis

and self-perpetuation

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1.2 Near-natural ecosystem

-some degree of human influence

-some modifications after human abandonment

-self homeostasis and self-perpetuation

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1.3 Semi-natural ecosystem

-resulting from human use of

1.1 and 1.2 but not (intentionally) created

-high degree of modification after human abandonment

-limited capability of self homeostasis and self-perpetuation

-human management required

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1.4 Anthropogenic biotic ecosystem

-intentionally created by human

-completely dependent on human control and management

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2.Techno-ecosystems - anthropogenic (technical)

systems - dominance of technical structures

(artifacts) and processes - intentionally created by human for

industrial, economic or cultural activities

- dependent on human control and on the surrounding and interspersed bio-ecosystems

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Why does the oyster reef need large input and output environments?

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Why does a city need even larger input and output environments?

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Relationships between techno-ecosystems and bio-ecosystem

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(Odum with caption bio-ecosystems techno-ecosystems)

Parasitism

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Human is the necessity for nature, isn't it?

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Q. What is more important, life or environment?

Q. Can life survive without environment?

Q. Can environment exist without life?

Q. What is more important, human or environment?

Q. Can human survive without environment?

Q. Can environment exist without human?

BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 30

What does human's existence depend completely on?

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Q. What are the critical factors for survivorship of life?

A. Energy and matters.

Q. Can energy and matters be created by life?

A. No way?

Q. Where do those available energy and matters for life come from?

A. Environment of course!

BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 32

Q. Can life always accumulate energy and matter within them?

A. Impossible!

Q. Where could life transfer energy and matters out of them?

A. Environment again!

BBA Part1_2 (Gajaseni, 2001) 33

Conclusions: 1. Life can not exist without environment. 2. Environment is critical to life for: 2.1 evolutionary drive, 2.2 providing energy and matter, 2.3 receiving dissipated energy and

matter. 3. Environment can exist without life for

most of the time. 4. Environment is the death or alive for life.

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Q. Do the 6 components of environment separate?

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Q. What sustains life on the Earth?

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A. 3 environmental processes1. Material transfer2. Energy transfer3. Information transfer

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Q. Are these 3 processes also sustain human on the Earth?

• Discussion?

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Material transfer Key concepts 1. Life need materials. 2. Life can not create materials. 3. There are limited amount of materials

on the earth. 4. Materials in environment are not

always in accordance with demand of life.

5. Variations in life for materials 5.1 Quantity 5.2 Quality

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6. Therefore, the interactions between life with the physical environment lead to cycling of matters between living and non-living parts.

7. Life (including human) are opened systems in term of matters.

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Law related to cycling of matters

1. Law of tolerance

can be applied to both matter and physical environment.

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2. Law of the minimum (Liebig's law of the minimum)

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3. Law of the conservation of matter

-matters never disappear

-no "waste" in nature because of "cycling" between biotic and abiotic (physical) components

-during cyclings, matters transform between "organic" and "inorganic"

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Therefore, all organisms are organized into 3 groups:

1. Producer = Inorganics Organics Environment Living