PREPARED BY:-

Vishal KumarShubhanshu Singh

Rishav GuptaPrashant Kumar

Ankit Verma

for

School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal

Staatliches Bauhaus commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was an art school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it taught.

• The Bauhaus was founded in 1919 in the city of Weimar, Germany by German Architect Walter Gropius.

• It consolidated the Avant Gardetrends of its time.

Bauhaus

• Germany's defeat in World War I, the fall of the German monarchy and the abolition of censorship under the new, liberal Weimar Republic allowed an upsurge of radical experimentation in all the arts.

• In 1919,a lengthy debate over who should head the institution and the socio-economic meanings of a reconciliation of the fine arts and the applied arts, Gropius was made the director of a new institution integrating the two called the Bauhaus.

History

• Gropius explained this vision for a union of art and design in the Proclamation of the Bauhaus (1919), which described a utopian craft guild combining architecture, sculpture, and painting into a single creative expression. Gropius developed a craft-based curriculum that would turn out artisans and designers capable of creating useful and beautiful objects appropriate to this new system of living.

The proclamation of the Bauhaus

Bauhaus at Weimar 1919-1925

• The Bauhaus combined elements of both fine arts and design education.

• Preliminary taught students, who come from a diverse range of social and educational backgrounds, in the study of materials, color theory, and formal relationships in preparation for more specialized studies.

Preliminary coursework

• Students entered specialized workshops, which included metalworking, cabinetmaking, weaving, pottery, typography, and wall painting.

• Although Gropius' initial aim was a unification of the arts through craft.

• Gropius repositioned the goals in 1923, stressing the importance of designing for mass production.

• the school adopted the slogan "Art into Industry."

Specialised workshops

• Socialist party and anti communists began to control and influence Bauhaus in Weimer.

• They wanted institute to influence public to socialism

• After conflict Gropius decided to end of school Dassau in 1924.

• Then it shifted to Dassau in 1925.

Shift from Weimer to Dassau

Bauhaus at Dessau-1925 -1932

Shift to Berlin (1931) and closing down• By 1931, Socialist Party was

becoming more influential in German politics. They gained control of the Dessau ,they moved to close the school.

• In late 1932, Mies rented a derelict factory in Berlin to use as the new Bauhaus with his own money.

• The students and faculty rehabilitated the building, painting the interior white. The school operated for ten months without further interference from the Nazi Party. In 1933, it was closing down the Berlin school.

Directors of Bauhaus

Walter Gropius 1919 -1928

Hannes Meyer 1928 -1930

Mies Van Der Rohe1930-1933

Designers and artists taught at Bauhaus

• Lyonel Feininger• Johannes Itten• Wassily Kandinsky• Gerhard Marcks• Paul Klee• Georg Muche• Lothar Schreyer• Oscar Schlemmer• Laszlo Moholy-Nagy

Bauhaus Alumini

• Marcel Breuer• Josef Albers• Herbert Bayer• Joost Schmidt• Hinnerk Scheper• Gunta Stolzl• Marianne Brandt

Influences on Bauhaus & transformation of Design

1. The expressionist workmanship phase (1919-1922)

2. Aesthetic functionalism (1922-1923)

3. New aesthetic for the industry and media (1924-1927)

4. Programmatic focus on economic efficiency and technical and academic methodology (1928-1930)

5. Depoliticized School of Architecture (1930-1933)

The expressionist workmanship (1919-1922)

• The founding manifesto called for consolidating arts under the authority of architecture. It followed the English Arts and Crafts movement, propagating a return to the stonemasons’slodge.

• Johannes Itten was inspired by the religious philosophy of BUDDHISM, a modern version of Persian Zoroastrianism advocating breathing exercises, vegetarian diet, eurhythmics, lantern festivals

Aesthetic functionalism (1922-1923)

• There was a shift in focus from design as a form of expressive experimentalism to design at the service of industrial production.

• This ideological shift led to a clash between Gropius and Itten.

• Itten was replaced by Laszlo Moholy Nagy who replaced the preliminary course with a foundational one in line with constructivists principles.

• This resulted in increasingly intensified collaborations with industry.

New aesthetic for the industry and media (1924-1927)

• Industrial aesthetics was reflected in clear and simple cube-like forms, large reflective windows, symbolising transparency and dematerialisation, steel tube furniture and metal lighting designs.

• Lettering, typography and advertising was added to the academic programme.

• Architecture was added and taught by Hannes Meyer.

Programmatic focus on economic efficiency, technical & academic methods (1928 -1930)

• Hannes Meyer become director. • Meyer’s socialist approach to

design making them affordable to for the working class, emphasised economic and commercial value over aesthetics.

• Functional analysis was depicted in a diagram form, with a wide range of factors and scenarios relating to building use, lighting, noise and sequence of movement.

• Typography and design for printed promotion materials was dominated by clearly defined motifs, in order to achieve clarity.

Depoliticised school (1930-1933)

• The radical right wing forced Meyer to resign and replaced him with Mies Van Der Rohe.

• He restricted students rights, shortened the program to six semesters, changed the objective and structure of the workshops. In-house production was stopped.

• Eventually Herbert Bayer, Gropius, Mies van der rohe, Josef and Anni Albers emigrated to the united states.

Bauhaus Today

• Emigrants did succeed, however, in spreading the concepts of the Bauhaus to other countries, including the “New Bauhaus” of Chicago:

• Mies decided to emigrate to the United States for the directorship of the School of Architecture at the ArmourInstitute (now Illinois Institute of Technology) in Chicago and to seek building commissions.

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