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Part 1 of 11: “Japan’s Road to War”Introduction and suggestions for slide display: slides 1-3Introduction to “Japan’s Road to War”: 4-5The Culture and history to 1900 : 6-13

Admiral Perry’s VisitWesternization

Washington Naval Conference-1922: 14-17Earthquake of 1923: 18-23The Conspiracy and the Courts: 24-26Gekokujo-Assassination and the courts: 27-30Depression and control of government: 31-35The rise of the Hot-Heads: 36-40Projects and Questions: 41-42Part 2 of 11: “Japan’s Road to

War” .Introduction and suggestions for slide display: slides 1-2

Outline: 3Manchuria Railway : 9Mukden: 11-13Occupation of Manchuria: 14-18May 15th 1932 Incident: 19-20February 25th 1936 Incident: 21-28Courts decisions: 29-33

Part 3 of 11: “Japan’s Road to War”Intro and the “blame” list: slides 4-5Review: 5-8Desire for Expansion: 9-16Manchuria and China: 17-19Japanese and American relations: 19-24Japanese brutality: 25-27The Emperor: 28-29Control of the military: 30Conclusion: 31,32

InstructionsOutlinesYamamotoExpansion plansEast Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere of influencePlans for Pearl HarborThe Japanese soldierComparing Japanese virtues

to American virtues.

Part 4 of 11: “Japan’s Road to War”

Part 5 of 11: “Japan’s Road to War

Who to blamePearl Harbor planningThe WarningsDestruction Results

Part 6 of 11: “Japan’s Road to War”Results of December 7th , 1941Evaluate Militaries of Japan and USAThe BattleshipsJapan expansion into Southwest PacificDoolittle RaidPlan for Port Moresby

Part 7 of 11: “Battle of Coral Sea”

Part 8 of 11: Plan for Midway

Study the carriers-Study the sailors-Industrial Tsunami

Part 9 of 11 Pre-Battle planning: Battle of Midway

• The Opposing Forces• Carrier strength• Broken Code

Meet the opposing forces

KIDO BUTAI

The Japanese Midway Invasion Force

KIDO BUTAIThe Japanese Combined Fleet for Midway Operation

Combined Fleet Commander: Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto Chief of Staff: Matome Ugaki

1st Midway Strike Force: Adm. Chiichi Nagumo 2 battleships: Hiei, Kongo 4 cruisers: Atago, Chukai,

Haguro, Myoko 8 destroyers 4 tankers

Inva s io n Fo rc e : Vice Adm. Nobutake Kondo 15 transports (5000 men) under

RearAdm. Raizo Tanaka 5 cruisers 10 destroyers 3 seaplane tenders

Carrier Divisions- 2nd Attack Force Adm Chiichi Nagumo Chief of Staff: Ryunosuki Kusaka

Chief of Flight Ops: Tamora Genda Carrier Div 1: Nagumo with two carriers

Akagi: Com Taijiro Aoki Flight Com. Shogo Masuda

Kaga: Com Jisaku OkadaFlight Com. Takahisa Amagai

Carrier Div 2: Com Tamar Yamaguchi with two carriersHiryu: Com Tomeo Kaku

Flight Com. Susumo KawaguchiSoryu: Com Ryasaku Yanaginoto

Flight Com. Ikuto Kusumoto 3 cruisers; 12 destroyers; 8 tankers

This list s

hould

impress you.

And there is more!

Cruiser Division 7(fire support group): Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita 4 Heavy Cruisers :Kumano, Suzuga, Mikuma, Mogami,

a mine-sweeper and an ammunition ship.

Screening Group: Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimuraincluding heavy carrier Zuiho

Main Body in backup: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto(to follow behind Nagumo’s carrier fleet.)

2 Battleships: Musashi, YamatoFire Support Group: ViceAdm Takeo Kurita

4 heavy cruisers: Kumano, Suzuga, Mikuma, Mogamemine sweeper, ammunition ship

Screening Force: RearAdm Shintaro Hashimoto1 cruiser, 8 destroyers, 3 oilers

The IGHQ in Tokyo had added to the Midway plan with an invasion of two

islands in the Aleutian chain. Yamamoto had disagreed with the plan but made a deal with Tokyo to approve his Midway Operation.

ICHQ is the military leader’s headquartered in Tokyo-usually at odds with Yamamoto.

Commander

Advance Question-only for experts

Match the carrier with the commander:USS Enterprise Adm Frank FletcherUSS Yorktown Radm Raymond SpruanceUSS Hornet Captain Marc Mitscher

USS Enterprise: Rear Admiral Raymond Spruance

USS Yorktown: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher

USS Hornet: Captain Marc Mitscher

On Midway Island 19 677

And..B-17s 17B-26s 4PBYs 31

Guess the numbers in the three columns for Midway Island.Your goal should be to get within five in each column.each column.

NUMBERS

86 128 49

Transports

Destroyers

oilers

BattleshipsCruisersLight Cruisers

Giant battleships

Carriers

231 attack planes

227 attack planes

Plus5000 troops

MIDWAY ISLANDMany planes

key

The numbers of symbols for the ships will correlate with earlier lists!Curious? Check it out.

Be a champion of the brutally honest……………………………does this appear to be a fair fight?

You now know the Japanese and US Fleet strengths.

Look at them now as “game pieces”

If you commanded the US Fleet could you develop a plan that might win?

It is a chess game; a board game; an electronic game…..

Midway Islands29 Wildcat fighters

16 Dauntless dive bombers17 Devastator torpedo

bombers

4 Army B-26 bombers

23 PBY scout planes

US FLEET

Japanese Fleet.

17 B-17 heavy bombers

Aware of a possible move by the Japanese on Midway, the US Army and Navy send more planes to the island.

Nagumo’s strike force was ahead of Yamamoto and the giant battleship Yamato as they neared Midway.

Question: Why did Yamamoto keep the Yamato and its screening ships in the rear , letting Nagumo’s smaller fleet lead the move toward Midway and the US carriers?

a.They weren’t “in the rear”, they were only one mile behind and could quickly get to the action within a few minutes.

b.In order to “trap” the American carriers he had to sacrifice Nagumo’s force.c.If he put the Yamato in the lead the Americans would probably not sortie out into the open.d.If the Yamato was in the lead and was sunk, Yamamoto would

not be able explain the loss to the Emperor.

Aleutians

Midway

Kido Butai

Attack force

Invasion Force

EnterpriseHornet

Yorktown

The Big Picture

MIDWAY

JAPAN

Transport Group- Tanaka

Strike Force: NagumoCarDiv 1,2,and 5: 6 aircraft carriers

2 Battleships; 2 heavy cruisers; 11 destroyersAir attack on the island followed by landing of troops; 1500 on Sand Island, 1000 on Eastern Is.

Main Body Invasion force; - Kondo battleships: heavy cruisers: Screen Group- Nishimura including heavy carrier Zuiho

Screen Group- Nishimura including a heavy carrier

The Japanese Midway Operation Totals: aircraft carriers 6, battleships 11, submarines 13, cruisers many, destroyers many oilers, supply ships, transports, scouting sea planes, midget submarines.

Main Body in backup- Yamamoto

Yamamoto’s Entire Plan

The decisive battle, as Yamamoto envisioned it, would be fought somewhere off Midway,

with the main Japanese forces arrayed so as to intercept the incoming Americans.

After pounding Midway, Nagumo would withdraw and wait some 500 miles north-northeast of Midway,

with Yamamoto's main Body supporting him 300 miles to the west.

Draw the Americans out of hiding at Pearl Harbor and lure them west, with the Japanese heavy forces lurking out of range of American reconnaissance aircraft and submarines.

Question: What is the importance of “500miles”?a.None, just a random distance.b.Out of range of Allied aircraft from Midway.c.Within air range of their own invasion fleet.d.300 miles from Yamamoto, who would provide

protection if needed.

Answer•b. Out of range of Allied aircraft from Midway.

Criticism of Yamamoto’s plan for the Battle of Midway

Check off any or all from the following list that would be considered a fair and justifiable criticism of Yamamoto’s plan.

a. The plan was too complicated. b. The Aleutians operation was a waste of energy;

the US would pay little attention to it. c. The Japanese leadership believed the Americans were too

demoralized and exhausted to defend Midway. d. Yamamoto would not place his heavy battleships at the front of the battle. e. Splitting his fleets between the Alaska operation and the Midway operation

would weaken both fleets. f. Holding back the Yamato is sign of cowardice. g. Only one month after the Battle of Coral Sea h. The crews and the pilots are exhausted from the last six months of effort.

8 choices, a-h.

Answer:abgh

The answer……………………….

a. Too complicated and b. Aleutians is a waste of energy.

Midway

Q: What weapon was the KEY for USA to holding on in the Pacific?

b. Island Air Bases

c. Tanks d. Battleships

e. Submarines

a. Aircraft

Carriers

f. Bombers

g.Nuclear Bomb

U.S. Navy Torpedo Squadron Six (VT-6) aircraft are prepared for launching on USS Enterprise (CV-6) at about 0730-0740 hrs, 4 June 1942. Eleven of the fourteen TBDs launched from Enterprise are visible. Three more TBDs and ten F4F fighters must still be pushed into position before launching can begin.

Live on the Enterprise!

a. They were still on the west coast.b. Not enough sailors available.c. Too slow.d. Not enough guns to help.

The remaining cruisers were WW I vintage, too slow and couldn't keep up with the carriers. C.

There are just

7 US Aircraft Carriers.Which of the 7 are available for the Midway

Operation?LEXINGTON-

SARATOGA-ENTERPRISE-

HORNET- YORKTOWN-

RANGER- WASP-

?

Another key to the outcome of the midway confrontation was the successful code breaking of the Japanese naval code (JN 25) by the code breakers in Hawaii.

Colonel Joe Rochefort led the group of 120 code breakers.

? % of the Japanese messages were being intercepted? GUESS!

Answer: 60%

Only ? % of those were analyzed as there just wasn’t enough time and not enough personnel. GUESS!

Answer 40%

Only ?% to ?% made any sense, but when combined with scouting and spy network reporting of traffic by the Japanese ships led to success. GUESS!

Answer 10% to 15%

Review.

How do we

arrive at

10% to 15%?

Breaking the Japanese Code

Ed Layton

Joe Rochefort

Pearl Harbor Code Breakers

These two men and their crews had a major part in not just the victory at Midway, but in the total victory effort over Japan itself.

Layton and Rochefortare true heroes of the American

effort in the war in the Pacific

Their exploits and discoveries were kept in secret, classified, even after the war ended.

It might be interesting to discuss why their efforts were kept from the public, and how the lack of recognition might have troubled Layton and Rochefort.

The previously broken Japanese code has revealed intentions of a major move somewhere in the Pacific.

Question: List the Japanese “intentions”. That is, …….where might they be headed?

The answer, according to the cryptologists:1. Philippines2. Australia3. Midway4. Pearl Harbor, again.5. Port Moresby, again.

5 choices

Midway sent a broadcast in the open that they were having trouble with their desalinization plant that makes drinking water. Question: can you put the pieces together and figure out how the

message would help us discover the Japanese target? Try. Any Ideas? Any?

The code-breakers, led by Layton and Rochefort, have found the location of the Japanese “intention”. In code, it is “AF”.

But where is “AF”?We know that “AL” is Port Moresby, but no clue as to where “AF” is.

They had to find out and soon.

Question: How did they discover the location of the Japanese major move?a. Believing the Japanese knew we had broken their code, we

gave up trying to determine where “AF” was. We will discover the location by other means.

b. Assuming “L” represents a longitude, and “L” notes Port Moresby, then “F” is a longitude that notes Midway.

c. Send a message in the clear (not in code) to Hawaii from Midway ordering a new water distiller to replace their broken one.

d. Send a message in the clear (not in code) that we have broken their code and now “know” that the target is Midway.

The logic is exquisite . One of you must see it, maybe more.

You must try.

The code-breaker’s group discovered the location of the major Japanese attack……………………………………………………………”AF”,

…but they didn’t know where “AF” was.

Now for the answer:

A coded Japanese message was intercepted,broken and read in English…………………………………….

“ ‘AF’ hAving trouble with their desAlinizAtion plAnt.”

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Confirmed; the Japanese will attack

MIDWAY!

Q: Why would the Japanese even care if Midway was having trouble with their water purification plant?

a. They didn't care, but every message intercepted was to be sent to Tokyo.b. If the invasion was successful they would need water.c. Counter espionage- they were trying to fool American intelligence

knowing that they had found out what “AF” means. d. Water trouble for the Americans meant the invasion would be easier to

accomplish.And………the answer is…..

The Japanese who occupy Midway will need fresh water too!

The end of part 9 of 11; “prep for Midway.”