battle jutland ww i copyright f. gadek 02/14/2005 1 topic – “ details great jutland naval battle...
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BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 1
TOPIC –
“ DETAILS GREAT JUTLANDNAVAL BATTLE WW I “
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY { “STS” }
BY
FRANK J. GADEK, PH.D.
“ “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “ STILL INITIAL DRAFT ONLY “
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 2
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 3
NAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLANDNAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLAND
BETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANYBETWEEN BRITAIN AND GERMANY
ONE OF GREATEST IN HISTORYONE OF GREATEST IN HISTORY
MAY 31, 1916MAY 31, 1916
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 4
BRITISH ADMIRAL JELLICOE COMMANDEDBRITISH ADMIRAL JELLICOE COMMANDED
THE THE “MOST POWERFUL FLEET”“MOST POWERFUL FLEET” EVER SENT EVER SENT
TO SEA IN WAR UNDER TO SEA IN WAR UNDER
““ONE MAN’S ONE MAN’S
COMMAND”COMMAND”
[HOWARTH, P#410]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 5
NAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLANDNAVAL BATTLE OF JUTLAND
THE GRAND FLEET = BRITISHTHE GRAND FLEET = BRITISH
THE HIGH SEAS FLEET = GERMANTHE HIGH SEAS FLEET = GERMAN
LASTED ABOUT LASTED ABOUT 5 HOURS5 HOURS
TYPICAL BATTLE ISSUES DEVELOPEDTYPICAL BATTLE ISSUES DEVELOPED::LUCKLUCKMISTAKESMISTAKESCOMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENTEQUIPMENTPEOPLEPEOPLEETC.ETC.
NO CLEAR VICTORY, ONLY UNRESOLVEDNO CLEAR VICTORY, ONLY UNRESOLVEDAND DEBATABLE COMPLEXITIESAND DEBATABLE COMPLEXITIES
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 6
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 7
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 8
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 9
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VERY DIFFICULT TO REALLY COMPARE
BRITISH & GERMAN FLEETS
DUE TO SO MANY AND COMPLEX FACTORS,
ESPECIALLY FOR SUCH NEW, INNOVATIVE
AND UNTESTED SHIPS OF THIS NEW ERA
OF MODERN AND CONSTANTLY EVOLVING
NAVAL WARFARE
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 11
NOTE:
SOME SOURCES DO NOT AGREEON THE EXACT NUMBERS OF SHIPS, GUNS, CREW, ETC.FOR VARIOUS REASONS
HOWEVER, A GENERAL IDEA OF THE SIZES OF EACH SIDE CAN STILLBE APPRECIATED
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 12
ALSO, MANY OTHER FACTORS ALSO ARE INVOLVEDALSO, MANY OTHER FACTORS ALSO ARE INVOLVED:GERMAN SHIPS BUILT BETTER TO WITHSTAND
HITSGERMAN SHIPS STRESSED ARMOUR & GUNS –
“SURVIVAL”BRITISH SHIPS STRESSED SPEED & GUNS -
“HIT & RUN”BRITISH SHIPS BUILT TO “LIVE ON” GERMAN SHIPS BUILT FOR SHORT TIMES AT SEA
– A FEW DAYSCONTROVERSY ABOUT EFFECTIVENESS OF
PROJECTILES / SHELLSGERMANS BETTER AT NIGHT FIGHTING AT SEABRITISH SHIP MAJOR DEFECT – BYPASSED SAFETY
PROCEDURES TO MINIMIZE “FLASH”SUPPRESSION OF PROPELLANTS WHEN HITSO COULD FIRE FASTER
ETC.
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 13
BRITISH FLEET:
151 SHIPS60,000 MEN
GERMAN FLEET:
99 SHIPS36,000 MEN
[WWW.FRANKLYNCARDS.COM]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 14
BRITISH:28 BATTLESHIPS8 BATTLECRUISERS
GERMANY:22 BATTLESHIPS5 BATTLECRUISERS
LOSSES:BRITISH 115,025 TONSGERMAN 61,180
“RATIO = 1.9”
ON PAPER – VICTORY LAYWITH GERMANS
[GEORGE, P#16]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 15
EVENING MAY 30, 1916 BRITISH GRAND FLEETEVENING MAY 30, 1916 BRITISH GRAND FLEETHEADING TO JUTLAND BANK UNDER JELLICOEHEADING TO JUTLAND BANK UNDER JELLICOE
3 FORMATIONS150 SHIPS28 DREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIPS9 DREADNOUGHT BATTLE CRUISERS8 ARMOURED CRUISERS26 LIGHT CRUISERS78 DESTROYERS1 MINELAYER1 AIRCRAFT CARRIER
[MASSIE #2, P#577]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 16
COMPARE BRITISH & GERMAN FLEETS AT JUTLANDCOMPARE BRITISH & GERMAN FLEETS AT JUTLANDSHIPSBRITISH GERMANDREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIPS
28 16BATTLE CRUISERS
9 5LIGHTER CRAFT 113 72GUN POWERHEAVY NAVAL GUNS ONLY FOR “BATTLESHIPS”
272 20015” 4814” 1013.5” 11012” 104 12811” 72[MASSIE #2, P#577]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 17
BATTLE CRUISERS – MORE DISPARATEBATTLE CRUISERS – MORE DISPARATE
GUNS BRITISH GERMAN
13.5” 3212” 40 1611” 28
BRITISH SPEED ADVANTAGE – 2 - 3 KNOTS FASTER
[MASSIE #2, P#577]
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NOW 58 MOVING NOW 58 MOVING “CASTLES OF GRAY STEEL”“CASTLES OF GRAY STEEL”
– “THE DREADNOUGHTS” -
OF THE 2 GREATEST NAVIES
WERE ABOUT TO COLLIDE
[MASSIE #2, P#578]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 19
BUT MODERN WARFARE WAS BUT MODERN WARFARE WAS VERYVERY
DIFFERENTDIFFERENT FROM PAST WARFARE FROM PAST WARFARE
DUE TO DUE TO NEWNEW SCI / TECH SCI / TECH
DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 20
NELSON’S TRAFALGAR:SPEED 1 – 3 KNOTS5 HOURS BETWEEN SIGHTING / OPENING FIREAFTER 4.5 HOURS CANNON FIRE AT RANGES AS
CLOSE AS 10 YARDS, NO SHIP SUNKBOARDING / CAPTURE WHAT COUNTEDHAD MUCH EXPERIENCE IN THIS TYPE OF STRATEGYMANY “TESTS” OF SUCH SHIPS IN BATTLE
BEATTY’S JUTLAND:SPEED > 26 KNOTS18 MINUTES BETWEEN SIGHTING / OPENING FIREIN LESS THAN 1 HOUR, 1/3 OF HIS BATTLE
CRUISERS BLOWN UPHAD NO EXPERIENCE IN THIS TYPE OF STRATEGYNO PREVIOUS “TEST” OF SUCH SHIPS IN BATTLE
[HOUGH, P#267]
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NEW NAVAL WARFARE ISSUESNEW NAVAL WARFARE ISSUES:
TORPEDOS HAD RANGE OF ABOUT 20,000 YARDS OR60,000 FEET OR 12 MILES
12” GUN PROJECTILES WEIGHED ALMOST 1/2 TON = 1000 LBS
COULD BE SHOT ABOUT 18,500 YARDS, OR ABOUT 10 MILES
TOOK ONLY ABOUT 30 SECONDS TO REACH TARGET
SO NEW TACTICS INVOLVED VERY FAST LONG RANGESHOOTING
CAPTAIN OF SHIPS HAD VERY LITTLE TIME TO REACT
[HOUGH, P#27, 268, 270]
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NEW 15” SHELLS:ABOUT 1 TONABOUT 20 MILES
[HOUGH, P#27]ME - YOU COULD NOT SEE SHIPS DUE TO THEHORIZON, BUT COULD SEE THEIR SMOKE,BUT IF NO SMOKE, THEN ONLY GUN FLASHES& SHIPS CLOSE TO YOU IN ½ HOUR
18” SHEELS FOUND TO DO TOO MUCH DAMAGE TO THEIR OWN SHIP ON FIRING,SO ABANDONED[WWW.FRIESIAN.COM/DREADNOT.HTM]
BEFORE 68 POUND SOLID SHOTNOW 16” RIFLED BREECH LOADING GUNSFIRING EXPLOSIVE CHARGES
IN DEFENCE – ARMOUR-PLATE INCREASEDABOUT 28% OF TONNAGE
[HOUGH, P#8-9]
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NOW MUCH MORE DANGEROUS SITUATIONNOW MUCH MORE DANGEROUS SITUATION::INVINCIBLE
DIRECT HIT AND MAGAZINE EXPLODEDALL CREW LOST EXCEPT 5 OF 1031SANK IMMEDIATELYSPLIT IN TWO – EACH END STOOD
UPRIGHT IN SHALLOW WATERSPEED = 25 KNOTS [NOT 20 OF BATTLESHIPS]WEIGHT = 17,250 TONS [LIKE BATTLESHIPS]567 FEET LONG, 79 FEET WIDE, DRAUGHT
27 FEETCOST = 1,767,515 BRITISH POUNDS £
[ESTIMATE $70,700,600 IN TODAY’S US DOLLARS]
[HOUGH, P#246, MASSIE #1, P493, 911; WORLDWAR1.CO.UK/BATTLECRUISER]]
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FATAL FLAW OF NEW BATTLE “CRUISERS”FATAL FLAW OF NEW BATTLE “CRUISERS”LIKE INVINCIBLELIKE INVINCIBLE
LIGHTER ARMOUR THAN BATTLESHIPS SO COULD INCREASE SPEED
EXTRA WEIGHT WENT TO ENGINES FOR SPEEDORIGINALLY WERE TO BE USED LIKE “CALVARY”
AND NOT GO DIRECTLY AGAINST BATTLESHIPS
BUT LATER “CONFUSION” ON HOW TO USE
“GUNS, ARMOUR AND SPEED” ALL INTERRELATED CAN MAXIMIZE 2 BUT DIFFICULT TO MAXIMIZE ALL 3
[MASSIE #1, P#493-4]
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SO SO LIMITSLIMITS OF OF PRESENTPRESENT SCI / TECH SCI / TECH
STARTED TO BECOME MORE EVIDENT STARTED TO BECOME MORE EVIDENT
AND ACCEPTED, UNTIL AND ACCEPTED, UNTIL NEWNEW SCI / TECH SCI / TECH
COULD OVERCOME THESE LIMITSCOULD OVERCOME THESE LIMITS
IN IN INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVEINNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE
WAYS, WAYS, IN AN EVER EXPANDING IN AN EVER EXPANDING
PROCESS OF PROCESS OF CONTINUAL EVOLUTIONCONTINUAL EVOLUTION
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 26
COMPARISON OF BRITISH AND GERMAN FLEETS AT JUTLANDF. GADEK, 02/15/2005
ITEM BRITISHGERMAN RATIO SHIPS LOST BRITISH GERMAN DEATHS BRITISH GERMANBRITISH GERMAN % % BRITISH GERMAN % %
SHIPS 151 99 1.5 14 11 9 11MEN 60000 36000 1.7 6097 2551 10 7
[HOUGH, P#296, WWW.FRANKLYNCARDS.COM]
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 27
LOSSES AT JUTLAND NAVAL BATTLEF. GADEK, 02/15/2005
JUST SIMPLE NUMBERS
SHIPS BRITISH GERMAN*BATTLESHIP 1BATTLE-CRUISERS 3 1*ARMORED CRUISERS 3DESTROYERS 8 5LIGHT CRUISERS 4TOTAL 14 11
# DEAD 6097 2551
NOTES: [1] FROM HOUGH, P#296[2] * = NEGLIGIBLE VALUE
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 28
BUT OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONSBUT OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS:
LOSS OF SHIPS – MARGINALLY IN GERMAN FAVORDAMAGED SHIPS – IN BRITISH FAVOR
NOT A BRITISH TRAFALGAR TYPE OF VICTORY,BUT GERMAN FLEET “ESCAPED ONLY BY THE
SKIN OF ITS TEETH”
GERMAN OBJECTIVE – TRAP / DESTROY PARTOF BRITISH FLEET – FAILED – NEVERTRIED MUCH AGAIN – KEPT IN PORTFOR MOST PART
BRITISH OBJECTIVE – SURVIVE TO MAINTAINGERMAN BLOCKADE – SUCCESSFUL!!!
[HOUGH, P#296, MASSIE #2, P#682]
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ALSO, GERMAN NAVY MORALE PLUMMETED& EVENTUALLY LED TO MUTINY!
BUT BRITISH ADMIRAL JELLICO WAS CRITICIZED BY SOME FOR MISSINGAN OPPORTUNITY OF ELIMINATINGTHE GERMAN NAVY IN A DECISIVEBATTLE LIKE NELSON AT TRAFALGAR
HOWEVER, JELLICO’S CONSERVATIVISMMINIMIZED SUCH A DISASTER FOR THE BRITISH NAVY, WHICH WAS MORE CRITICAL
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REALLY HAVE TO READ REFERENCESTO FORM YOUR OWN “INFORMED
OPINION!”
SINCE SO COMPLEX & SO MANYCONTROVERSIES
BATTLE JUTLAND WW I COPYRIGHT F. GADEK 02/14/2005 31
TO BE CONTINUED AS TO BE CONTINUED AS
INTEREST &INTEREST &
RESOURCES PERMITRESOURCES PERMIT
JUST LET ME KNOW !JUST LET ME KNOW !