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Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA

Battery Storage

Patrice Nigon on Behalf of IMIAWorking Group112 , October 2019,Vienna


Presentation Plan

Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 2

Storing Electrical Energy

Battery Energy Storage Systems

BESS Architecture

Applications of BESS’s

The Different Types of Batteries

Exposures

Li-ion Battery : Thermal Runaway

Loss Examples

Third Party Liability

Fire protection Standards and Codes

Depreciation Clause


Pumped Storage:The water is pumped to an upper reservoir and when energy is needed it is transferred to a lower reservoir through a turbo-generator which recuperate the mechanical energy and then transforms it into electrical energy.

Inertia wheels/Flywheels: When the electricity is in excess, it accelerate an inertia wheel coupled to a generator and the stored energy is restituted to the grid.

Power grid frequency controlIn Stephentown, New York, Beacon Power operates in a flywheel storage power plant with 200 flywheels of 25 KWh capacity and 100 KW of power. Ganged together this gives 5 MWh capacity and 20 MW of power. The units operate at a peak speed at 15,000 rpm. The rotor flywheel consists of wound CFRP fibers which are filled with resin. The installation is intended primarily for frequency control. This installation is intended primarily for frequency control. This service sold to the New York power grid.

Stadtwerke München (SWM, Munich, Germany) uses a flywheel storage power system to stabilize the power grid, as well as control energy and to compensate for deviations from energy sources. The plant originates from Jülich Stornetic GmbH. The system consists of 28 flywheels and has a capacity of 100 KWh and a capacity of 600 Kilovolt-amperes (KVA). The flywheels rotate at the speed of 45,000 rpm.

Electrical Energy Storages (1)


Electrolysis generating H2

Gravity Energy Storage: Trains

Chemical Energy Storage Compressed Air

Electrical Energy Storages (2)


Supercapacitor host no chemical reaction, unlike battery systems

Used in cars to store braking energy

Super capacitor propelled tram in China: 30s charge, 3-5 km run. Capacitance of 9500 farads.

Electrical Energy Storage (3)Supercapacitors


Battery Energy Storage Systems

Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112| October 2019 | IMIA

Benchmark : 500 USD/KWh (1MWh plant)

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100

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500

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2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040

Global cumulative storage deployments

GW

China U.S. India LatAm SE Asia Japan Germany

France Australia South Korea U.K. Other

Source: Bloomberg NEF

The combination of the falling price of Li-Ion batteries (-85% diring the last 9 years) and the emergence of renewable energy lead Bloomberg to estimate that the global energy storage market* will grow to a cumulative 942GW/2,857GWh by 2040, attracting $620 billion in investment over the next 22 years (as from 2018).


Battery

Thermal Mgmt. (B-TMS)

Battery

Control & Monitoring(BMS)

Battery Pack

System

Thermal. Mgmt. (S-TMS)

System

Control & Monitoring (SEM, SCADA)

Power Electronics

Conversion Unit

Power Electronics

Control & Monitoring

Transformer

Power Electronics

Thermal Mgmt.

Bettery System Operation

Power Electrics

Grid Connection

GRID

BESS ArchitectureUtility-Scale Battery Energy Storage System


Frequency regulation (ancillary services)

Spinning reserve (SR)

Voltage or reactive power support

Load following

System peak shaving

Load management

Storing

Electric energy time (Arbitrage)

Black Start

Transmission and distribution deferral

Co-located generator firming

The Different Applications of BESS


Type Duration

Frequency Regulation 0.5 to 1h

Critical Power Up to 1h

Generation Enhancement Up to 1h

Renewable Integration Up to 4h

T&D Enhancement Up to 4h

Energy Cost Control Up to 4h

Micro grids & Islands Up to 4h

Capacity Peak Power Up to 6h

The Different Applications of BESSBattery Energy Storage Applications

Source: Overview of the Energy Storage Market and Fluence, an AES and Siemens Joint Venture September 6, 2018Source: Overview of the Energy Storage Market and Fluence, an AES and Siemens Joint Venture September 6, 2018


The Different Types of Batteries

Specification Lead-acid Nickel based Lithium-ion Flow Sodium-Sulfur (NaS)

Specific energy (Wh/Kg) 30-50 Up to 120 Up to 250 Up to 150 Up to 150

Life cycles (80% DoD) 200-300 Up to 500 Up to 10.000 Up to 1.000 Up to 4.000

Safety requirements Thermally stablecan emit H2

Thermally stable, fuse protection

Protection circuit mandatory

Thermallystable

Has to be heated possibility of shorts circuits when cooling down

Cost Low Moderate High High High

Self-discharge (per month) 5% 20-30% 5-10%


Battery Vocabulary:

Quiz What is the meaning (or example)of the following definitions:

Units of Battery Capacity

Battery State of Charge (BSOC)

Depth of Discharge

Daily Depth of Discharge

Charging and Discharging Rates

Charging and Discharging Regimes

?

?

?

?

?

?


Fire Exposure in Li-ion batteries

Following chocs, overheating,overcharge or internal shortcircuit, Li-ion batteries areprone to catch fire, even in theabsence of air in a processuscalled Thermal Runaway (TR).The burning cell will heat theneighbouring one and the allstructure may catch fire.

Thermal Runaway

OverchargeExternal

heatExternal

short circuit

Deformation /Shock /

vibration

Heatgeneration

Uncontrolled heat generation

Internalshort circuit

Instabilittyanothe cathode

CellBurning

Reaction with electroyle

Gas formationCO, H2, CO2,

O2,…

Pressurebuild-up

Smokeformation

Extensionof the fire

Gas emission

CellOpening

Seperator-failure

Dendriteformation

Seperatormelting

Manufacturing defect separator

Cell balance,

converting(Li-dendrite

Depth discharge

(Cu-dendrite)


Thermal Runaway: description

Thermal runaway: During a thermal runaway event, the electrolyte starts to boil and this can happen at temperatures as low as 80°C. When the electrolyte does this, the fluid expands at a drastic rate, which causes the cell to expand. Rupture of the cell enclosure causes a release of combustible gasses. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) starts to deteriorate at around 120°C and 200°C is the point of no return, at which point the temperature will start to increase faster. An exothermic reaction commences at this stage, generating even more heat that can initiate a fire. Other cells rupturing could ultimately cause a domino effect and lead to catastrophic failure of the entire facility.

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Losses: Tokyo Sodium Sulphur Battery ‘Fire Incident’ – 2011

Internal short circuit, triggering the fire which expanded to the whole unit.



Between August 2017 and May 2019:23 cases of BESS fire loss in Korea.

The largest fire loss reported was the 47MWh facility at Daesung Industrial Gas Plant, Ulsan with a value of about USD 18 million.

The four main fire causes are considered to be the following:

1. Temperature control

2. Negligence during construction

3. Operation negligence

4. PCS system and batteries not separated.

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Fire Losses:South Korea



Third Party Liability


Specific consideration

Due to the nature of battery energy storage systems, it is important that the underwriter clarifies what or who is a third party. For instance, the equipment can be installed in third party properties with a specific lease contract. Such documents usually define the TPL insurance requirements and can be of help to the underwriter when assessing the exposure.

Lead- Acid batteries:

Release of hydrogen or leakage of sulfuric acid or H2S gas.

Li-ion batteries:

Potential release of Fluor-hydric Acid. Very Corrosive. It dissolves the glass.


Fire Protection Standards and Codes

Classification Standards & Codes

Manufacturing of batteries, ESS

• UL 1642: Lithium batteries

• UL 1973: Batteries for use in stationary, vehicle auxiliary power and light rail

• UL 9540: Energy storage system and equipment

Construction, installation of ESS

• NFPA 70

• NFPA 855: standards for the installation of stationary energy storage system

• IFC: The international fire code

Additionaltesting for BESS

• UL 9540A: Test method for evaluating thermal runaway fire propagation in battery energy storage systems

Introduced in 2018

NFPA 855 draft FM 05-33 IFC 2018

Registration Late 2019 Feb 2017 August 2017

Min Capacity to be applied

20kWh 20kWh 20kWh

Max allowable quantities

600kWh 600kWh 600kWh

Over 600Kwh To be installed in the dedicated building

- -

Ventilation 25% the lower flammable limit (LFL), or where the level of toxic or highly toxic gas exceeds ½ the IDI H(3)

- 25% the lower flammable limit (LFL), of where the level of toxic gas exceeds ½ the IDLH

Separation between groups and walls

Min 0.9mfor every 50kWh

Min 0.9m(If UL certified 250 kWh

Min 0.9m(If UL certied 250 kWh)

Separation between ESS enclosure

- 6m separation or minimum 1 hour thermal barrier

-

Sprinkler 0.30 gpm/ft2(Min 12.2 L/min/m2)

0.30 gpm/ft2(Min 12.2 L/min/m2)

Based on NFPA 13

Max. Sprinkler room area

230 m2 230 m2 Based on NFPA 13

Alternative fire suppression

If testing shows they are effective

- If sprinkler cannot be used

Construction(Fire rate)

1 hr 1hr 1 hr


Battery Storage:Depreciation Clause (Proposal)

Clauses:

Battery Energy Storage Systems Battery Depreciation Clause:

In the event of an occurrence to a component or components of electrical battery which have a life expectancy appreciably shorter than that of the energy storage system, the amount indemnifiable in respect of the items thus affected shall be depreciated.

The amount payable shall be calculated by taking into account:

1 The expired life (EL) in service hours of the component at the time of occurrence, and

2 The normal life expectancy (NLE) in hours of the component according to the plant specification

And then applying them in the relationship (1-EL/NLE) to the total replacement costs(installed within the plant) of the component.

Patrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIAPatrice Nigon on behalf of IMIA Working Group 112 | October 2019 | IMIA 19

Questions ?



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