battery storage for grid stabilisation

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RWTH Aachen Institute for Power Generation & Storage Systems (PGS) Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems (ISEA) Energy Storage Technologies Battery Storage for Grid Stabilization BMWi, Berlin, October 23 rd 2014 IEA EGRD Conference on Energy Storage Dr. Matthias Leuthold [email protected]

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Page 1: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

RWTH AachenInstitute for Power Generation & Storage Systems (PGS)

Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems (ISEA)

Energy Storage TechnologiesBattery Storage for Grid Stabilization

BMWi, Berlin, October 23rd 2014

IEA EGRD Conference on Energy Storage

Dr. Matthias [email protected]

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Who we are

RWTH Aachen University≡ Major technical university in Germany, >30.000 students ≡ Electrical Power Engineering: 5 institutes / 6 professors, >250 PhD candidates≡ Biggest research cluster on electrical energy technology in Germany

Storage @ Aachen University≡ Electrical Engineering: from cell - to system - to application - to techno-economics

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 2

Cathedral of Aix-la-ChapelleCharlemagne 800 a.d.

Page 3: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

Chair for Electrical storage systems 1 Professor3 Senior scientists / heads of section65 Scientist and engineers 5 Research fellows60+ Students (full and part time)

Electrical storage systemsEnergy- und Battery Management Systems

Thermal and electrical modelling

Battery pack design

Characterization and durability tests

Lead Acid, Li-Ion, NiMH, NiCd, SuperCaps, Fuel Cells, Redox-Flow and others …

System integration renewable energy

Hybrid, plug-in und electric vehicles

Vehicle power net

Micro grids / Autonomous power systems

Uninteruptible power supply (UPS)

Storage @ RWTH Aachen

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Motivation 1

23.10.2014

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020Jahr

€Cen

ts /

kWh

Industrie

Haushalte

Photovoltaik

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tenPV Feed in Tarif (EEG)

Households

Industry

Electricity price / PV-cost opens window for storage Depends on cost of generation, electricity and storage (and regulation!) Sizing + energy management determine viability

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 4

Storage

Storage

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Motivation 2

23.10.2014

Massive decay of prices for lithium-ion-cells Electric mobility dominates development (> ten-fold market size of stationary) Drives also stationary storage system costs down (in part)

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 5

Price Battery CellsAnalysis 2013

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Motivation 3Renewables: Where do we need storage?

23.10.2014

Load consumptionWind power generation

Wind power prognosis

200803/02 10/02 17/02 24/02 02/030

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1400050 Hertz Transmission (Februar 2008)

Load Wind generation (real)Wind generation (prognosis)

IfR, TU Braunschweig

Source: IfR / TU Braunschweig

Leis

tung

[MW

]P

ower

MW

Pumped Hydro Capacityin Germany

40 GWh, 5GW

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 6

?Flexible

convention. generation !(up to 60% FRE)

Prognosis uncertainty System stability

Storage Applications

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Motivation 4Batteries in Electric Vehicles

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 7

Total power rating and storage capacity2020: 1 million EV = 3 GW / 10 GWh

Utilization < 4h/day

Total power rating and storage capacity2020: 1 million EV = 3 GW / 10-20 GWh

10-20 kWh

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Selected Projects

WMEP≡ Scientific Monitoring and Evaluation Program

of the Market Incentive Program for PV-Storage Systems

GENESYS≡ Genetic Optimization of the European Energy System

Battery Storage for Grid Stabilization≡ M5Bat: Modular Multi-Megawatt Multi-Technology

Medium Voltage Battery

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 8

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GENESYS100% Renewable Electricity Supply is possible

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 9

Goal: Determination of the cost optimal European Energy System with

100% Renewable Energy

Estimate of required capacities of generators (PV and wind) different storage types and grid

Simplified model for fast analysis of multiple years of data. General picture plus sensitivities.

30 regions plus interconnections

Optimization for minimal cost

Simulation of 100% renewables for entire Europe, 7 years of data, 1h resolution

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GENESYS Result 1:Genetic Optimization of the European Energy Systems)

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 10

Long Term Storage 802.000 GWh• Technology: Power to Gas

• Charge/Discharge: 880 / 540 GW

• Energy/Power Ratio: Ø1270 h

Medium Term Storage 2.730 GWh• Technology: Pumped hydro

• Charge/Discharge: 190 GW

• Energy/Power Ratio: Ø 15 h

Short Term Storage 1.550 GWh• Technology: Battery Storage

• Charge/Discharge: 320 GW

• Energy/Power Ratio: Ø 6 h

Hydrogene Electrolyzer

Hydrogen CCGTPumped Hydro

Battery

Total Discharge Power ~ Peak Demand

Page 11: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

At 100% RE only fixed costs i.e. CAPEX plus maintainance

Cost per kWh dominated by CAPEX of generation capacity (wind and photovoltaics)

Fraction of storage systems about 25% of total system cost

Transmission grid contributing just below 10%

System Costs are dominated by Invest for Generation Capacity

GENESYS Result 2:System Cost dominated by Generation

38%

30%

8%

17%

3% 4%

Wind PV ÜbertragungsnetzWasserstoffspeicher Pumpspeicher Batterie

[%] Annuity Cost per kWh

23.10.2014

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD BerlinFolie 11

TransmissionBatteriesTransmission

Pumped HydroHydrogene

Page 12: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

The M5BAT ProjectModular Multi-Megawatt Multi-Technology Medium Voltage Battery

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13 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ RWTH Aachen University (Project Lead)+ PGS (Batterie research)+ EBC (Building monitoring)+ IAEW (Energy Economics)

+ beta-motion GmbH (Li-Ion Battery)

+ E.ON SE (Building, Marketing)

+ GNB Industrial Power –Exide Technologies (Lead Acid Battery)

+ SMA Solar Technology AG (Inverter)

Partners

Page 14: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

14 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ Projekt duration: 4 years (07/2013-06/2017)+ Planing and construction: 2 years+ Operation: 2 years

+ Total Budget: 12,5 Mio. Euro+ Funding BMWi: 6,5 Mio. Euro

+ Projekt goals:+ Construction of a pilot hybrid battery storage system+ Realistic operation and market participation in several applications

+ E.g. Primary Control Reserve, SRL, MR, Arbitrage, Ramping support …+ Evaluation of technical and economical results and development of

recommendations for design and operation of hybrid battery systems+ Development of several components for Battery Storage Systems

+ System Control and Monitoring System (Leittechnik,Anlagensteuerung)+ Optimized design for stationary lead acid batteries+ Optimized control for inverters

M5BAT – Projekt Overview

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15 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ Project duration: 4 years (07/2013 –06/2017)+ Planing, permissions, detail planning, tenders+ Retrofit of existing building+ Installation of components (batteries, inverter, TGA, electrical system,

protection and control system)+ Operation and evaluation

TGA = Technische Gebäude-Ausrüstung

M5BAT – Timeline

Planning Construction Installation Operation

Design freeze

Q4 2014

Building available

Q1/Q2 2015

Beginning of operation

Q2/Q3 2015

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16 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ 5 parallel strings (voltage level between 450-820 V DC) + Nominal power rating: 5 MW (AC) / overall capacity: 4,2 MWh+ 2 parallel inverters per string à 630 kVA nominal power

M5BAT – Technical Data

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17 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ Each string connected with two inverters (2-4 parallel inverters à 630 kVA)+ Seperate control für each string possible

Batterien – Technical Data

Capacity at 1h discharge (C1)Usable capacity of lead acid batteries is larger at slower dischargeVRLA = Valve Regulated Lead Acid

Battery type Power / Capacity ManufacturerLead-Acid(OCSM) 1,25 MW / 1,48 MWh GNB Industrial Power

(Partner)VRLA Lead-Acid(OPzV) 0,85 MW / 0,85 MWh GNB Industrial Power

(Partner)Lithium-Ion (NMC) 2,50 MW / 0,77 MWh beta-motion (Partner)

Lithium-Ion (LFP, LTO orLMO )

1,25 MW / 0,6 MWh Tendered

NaNiCl 0,25 MW / 0,5 MWh Tendered

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18 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

Deliverables

+ Handbook for design and operation of MW-Battery Systems in MV-grid

+ Technology comparison, single and combined operation

+ Delivery of multiple services (revenue stacking)

+ Grid planning and operation implications

RWTH Aachen-IAEW und RWTH Aachen-PGS

M5Bat - Goals

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19 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

M5Bat - Impressions

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20 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ Pay as bid auction by TSO: weekly, min bid 1 MW + Participation requires prequalification + Activation fully automatic based on grid frequency (static)+ Market volume 570 MW in Germany (100 M€/a), 3.000MW in Europe

Primary Control Reserve

Sou

rce

ww

w.re

gelle

istu

ng.n

et

Coupled Markets:• 25 MW CH• 35 MW NL

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21 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – Load Profile

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22 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – Load Profile

+ 72 % of the time no load (dead band)+ Activation nearly symmetrical pos. and neg. reserve – not quite+ Maximim demand in 3 months 70 % of nominal power rating

+ Activation of > 25 % of nominal power in 0,36 % of the time 15,4 hours per year

+ Activation of > 50 % of nominal power in 0,0036 % of the time 8,5 minutes per year

Data 3,5 months cleaned data

> 25 % 25 % <

> 50 % 50 % <

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23 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

Li-Ionen Batteries - Aging

+ Lifetime: superposition of calendaric and cyclic aging+ To first order

+ Low SOC longer life / high SOC shorter life+ Low delta SOC longer life / high delta SOC shorter life.

SOC - State of Charge (Ladezustand) Delta SOC - Entladetiefe

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24 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

Primary Control Reserve (PCR) – SOC Profile

+ Operational strategy for compensation of losses necessary (slow and low power)+ Time share at given SOC depends on size of battery – influence on aging+ Smaller capacity results in larger variation of SOC i.e. increased aging+ String influence on invest (capex)+ Prequalification requires 2 x 15 min full load, ENTSOE pushing towards 2 x 30 min+ Technically 0.5 MWh/MW sufficient – only prequalification requires 1MWh/MW

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25 M5Bat – EGRD Berlin, Matthias Leuthold, 23.10.2014

+ Safety standards for LIB-systems missing – no reference cases permissions difficult (fire, hazard, explosion, earthquake) safety levels of car industry not applicable

(e.g.controlled burn down not feasible) explosion of single cell less critical than explosion of aerosols

+ Grid connection fees even though system operated exclusively for grid services: 60 T€ per MW = 6 % of invest

+ Tender very complex - without references no established warranty schemes

+ Time line very slow due to lack of experience at many stakeholders (administration, municipality, fire department, …)

+ No standard for prequalification, back up, penalties individual negotiations with TSO necessary

M5Bat – Lessons learned so far

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Questions

Which energy storage technologies are currently used?

What is the status of these technologies? Can they be scaled?

Which primary technological limitations and barriers need to beovercome to make Energy Storage more beneficial to power utilities?

Which technological research needs to be done?

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 26

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Questions / Answers

Which energy storage technologies are currently used?≡ Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion, NaS/NaNiCl, VRFB≡ Most dynamic Lithium-Ion≡ New Candidates: Metal-air, Lithium-Sulfur, Anodes with Silicon, Sodium-Ion

(Aquion), Liquid Air, …≡ Requirements: safe, cheap, abundant, cyclic and calendaric stability, energy

dense, power dense, non toxic≡ Candidates fail at least one requirement, usually more≡ Time to market min. 5 years rather 10 ≡ Hard to beat Lithium Ion≡ However, different applications have different requirements:

= e.g. UPS matched best by Lead-Acid= E2P > 2-4h NaS/NaNiCl + Flow Batteries

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 27

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Questions / Answers

What is the status of these technologies? Can they be scaled?≡ In principle …

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 28

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Scaling up Battery Storage

Cells cost 1 MWh: 200 T€ - 250 T€(Life time today up to 10 years, in 2020 up to 20 years probably realistic)

Converter cost 1 MW: 100 T€ System integration 1MW: 100 T€ (BMS, BOP etc.)

Cost target 1 MW / 1 MWh ~ 450 €/kW 1 MW / 2 MWh ~ 750 €/kW 1 MW / 3 MWh ~ 1.050 €/kW 1 MW / 4 MWh ~ 1.300 €/kW

Construction: anywherewithin < 6 months

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 29

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Scaling up Battery Storage

Modern container vessels carry 15.000 Containers (ca. 400 m x 56 m, 157 kt)

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 30

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Scaling up Battery Storage

Modern container vessels carry 15.000 Containers (ca. 400 m x 56 m, 157 kt)

= 15 GWh (all German PHES together have 40 GWh)

≡Energy

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 31

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Scaling up Battery Storage

≡Power

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 32

Modern container vessels carry 15.000 Containers (ca. 400 m x 56 m, 157 kt)

= 15 GWh /15 GW (all German PHES together have 40 GWh / 5 GWh)

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Questions / Answers

What is the status of these technologies? Can they be scaled?

≡ In principle …but:

≡ Safety and standardization: automobile ASIL not applicable

≡ Prequalification: PCR capacity requirement still uncertain

≡ Interaction of many inverter connected systems to be investigated

= i.e. how much synchronous generation is required?

≡ Regulation/legal: grid connection fees, grid charges applicable?

≡ Operational experience needed (e.g. proof of durability at real conditions)

≡ As cell prices drop – other components become more cost critical

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 33

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Lithium-Ionen System CostAnalysis 2013

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 34

Cost reduction strongly dependent on market volume Electric mobility below 500 €/kWh in 2020 Small stationary systems about 3 x fold cost

Preise BatteriesystemeAnalysis 2013

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Perspektive Storage Markets Germany

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin23.10.2014 35

020406080

100120140160180200

min max min max min max2023 2033 2050

Grid connected power in GW

Regelreserve E-/ Plugin-Hybrid PKW HausspeicherFreq.Reserve Electrc cars EV/PHEV Domestic PV storage

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Conclusion

Electricity storage technologies are available, scaling is technically

feasible – the challenge is viability!

Stationary storage systems at the beginning of commercialization≡ Ancillary Services (PCR, synthetic Inertia, black start, voltage support, …)

≡ Domestic PV Storage Systems - plus grid support as secondary use

≡ Electric Mobility - during grid connection also grid support

Major drop in cost of storage (LIB-cells) since 2011 and continue to do so

Besides research on new chemistries/technologies research on system

integration, market introduction and operational experience needed

Major driver is electric mobility

23.10.2014 M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 36

Page 37: Battery storage for grid stabilisation

RWTH AachenInstitute for Power Generation & Storage Systems (PGS)

Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems (ISEA)

Energy Storage TechnologiesBattery Storage for Grid Stabilization

BMWi, Berlin, October 23rd 2014

IEA EGRD Conference on Energy Storage

Dr. Matthias [email protected]

Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, JARA-EnergyInstitute for Power Generation and Storage Systems (PGS)

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Storage @ RWTH Aachen

23.10.2014

Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems @ Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

Institute für Power Generation & Storage Systems (PGS) @ E.ON Energy Research Center

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule RWTH Aachen

Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dirk Uwe Sauer

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 38

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Storage @ RWTH Aachen

23.10.2014

Dr.rer.nat. Matthias [email protected]

2001 PhD High Energy Physics @ DESY Zeuthen

2004 Ohio State University, Columbus OH

2006 RWTH Aachen, Physics Institute 3A

2008 Siemens AG, Renewable Energy, Wind

2010 ISEA, RWTH Aachen, Head of SectionGrid Integration and Storage System AnalysisEnergy systems with high shares of renewablesBattery systems for ancillary servicesPV-home storage systemsElectric cars in grids

Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Systems @ Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA)

Institute für Power Generation & Storage Systems (PGS) @ E.ON Energy Research Center

Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule RWTH Aachen

M.Leuthold - Storage Technologies - EGRD Berlin 39