battery installation

PAGE NO. 2 OF 17 TESP10304R0/MAK

TRANSMISSION ENGINEERING STANDARD TES-P-103.04, Rev. 0

Date of Approval: January 8, 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 CROSS REFERENCES, COMPLIANCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS 3.0 SAFETY

3.1 Protective equipment 3.2 Precautions 3.3 Depiction of Instructions/Danger/Warning Signs

4.0 INSTALLATION DESIGN CRITERIA 4.1 Selection of Type of Battery 4.2 Need for Battery Room 4.3 Location & Battery Room Requirements 4.4 Air Conditioning 4.5 Ventilation 4.6 Classified Area and Type of Equipment/Devices 4.7 Grounding

5.0 HANDLING, STORGE & INSTALLATION

5.1 Receiving Inspection 5.2 Unpacking 5.3 Storage 5.4 Assembly of Racks 5.5 Cell Mounting & Connection 5.6 Freshening/Initial Charge

6.0 SITE TESTS 7.0 OPERATION & MAINTENANCE 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY




1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard outlines the general requirements of indoor installation of Lead Acid and Nickel-Cadmium Stationery Batteries for the following applications:

• Batteries for substations and control buildings.

• Batteries for UPS System.

• Batteries for communication systems in office buildings, power plants and

substations. 1.2 This standard shall also be applicable for replacement of existing batteries by new

batteries. The requirements of installations shall be thoroughly checked and complied with, especially when the type and size of replacement battery is different from the existing ones.

1.3 This standard does not apply to batteries for the following:

• Ni-cad (Nickel-Cadmium) batteries which are being used by SEC for solar applications.

• Motive power vehicle batteries.

• Batteries installed outdoors for photo-voltaic arrays.

• Batteries for engine cranking of engine-generator sets or any other specific

special applications.

2.0 CROSS REFERENCES. COMPLIANCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

This standard shall be read in conjunction with the following SEC approved documents for the sake of completeness of all the requirements regarding batteries and battery installation:

2.1 46-TMSS-01 Vented type, Lead Acid, Stationary Battery Bank 2.2 46-TMSS-04 Valve-Regulated, Lead-Acid (VRLA) Stationary Battery Bank 2.3 46-TMSS-06 Nickel-Cadmium Stationary Battery Bank 2.4 TES-P-103.02 Storage Battery Selection and Capacity Determination 2.5 TES-P-119.02 Basic Design Aspects

2.6 TES-P-119.19 Buildings and Yard

2.7 TES-P-119.21 Fire and Loss Prevention Requirements




2.8 TES-P-119.25 Lighting and Receptacles for Substation Yard and Building

2.9 TES-K-100.01 Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning System Design. 3.0 SAFETY

Work on batteries shall be performed only by knowledgeable authorized personnel with proper safety tools and protective equipment.

3.1 Protective Equipment:

The following equipment for safe handling of the battery and protection of the personnel shall be available. a. Safety glasses with side shield or goggles or face shield. b. Chemical resistant gloves.

c. Protective apron and safety shoes.

d. Water facilities for rinsing eyes and skin in case of contact with electrolyte.

e. Acid neutralizing agent e.g. Bicarbonate of soda mixed approximately

0.1kg/litre of water to neutralize acid spillage in case of lead acid batteries and boric acid solution 50g/liter of water or other suitable neutralizing agent recommended by the manufacturer for alkaline electrolyte spillage in case of nickel cadmium batteries.

f. Class C Fire extinguisher, complying with therequirement of the SEC

specification for fire extinguisher and NFPA 10.

g. Insulated tools including torque wrench.

h. Spill containment kit when moving cells in case of vented type batteries.

i. Cell lifting straps/slings/spreaders to properly handle the cells (Refer to battery manufacturer's provisions and recommendations)

3.2 Precautions:

The following safety precautions shall be followed prior to and during installation. a. Ensure that metallic racks are properly grounded. b. Ensure that lifting equipment where required is adequate.

c. Do not lift the cell by their terminal posts.




d. Never smoke or permit exposed flame or spark near the battery.

e. Keep the top of the battery clear of all tools and foreign objects. Do not allow metal objects to fall across terminals.

f. Ensure that battery area is ventilated.

g. Ensure that illumination requirements as specified in TES-P-119.25 are met.

h. Preferably remove all rings, watches and other items with metal parts before

working on battery.

i. Neutralize any possible static charge from clothing and tools by touching an earth connected parts such as door, water pipes etc. before working on the battery. Do not wear nylon coats or overall as they create static electricity.

j. Keep the batteries upright.

k. Use insulated tools.

l. For protection wear rubber gloves long sleeves and appropriate splash

goggles or face shield when handling electrolyte or cells.

m. Never install any type of battery in a completely sealed box or enclosure. n. Do not use any petroleum based cleaning or lubricating solution on the

battery jar or cover. Cleaner recommended by manufacturer should be used. o. In case of utilizing CO2 fire extinguisher, caution should be taken not to use

CO2 directly on the battery cell as the thermal shock may cause cracking of the battery case and release electrolyte.

p. Never mix different types and sizes of batteries in a battery bank.

q. Battery posts, terminals and related accessories contain lead compounds,

chemicals known to cause cancer and reproductive harms. So wash hands after handling battery.

3.3 Depiction of Safety Instructions and Danger/Warning Signs

3.3.1 Safety Instructions

Operation and maintenance instruction (in English and Arabic) compiled on permanent type, non-fad able, corrosion resistant plastic shall be provided in the battery room. This shall depict besides other instructions, warnings as applicable for the following:

a. Prohibiting auto equalizing of VRLA batteries




b. Prohibiting lifting of cells by their terminal posts

c. Prohibiting adding water to the concentrated Sulfuric acid

d. Prohibiting connecting any load to the battery during boost charging of vented batteries when the charging voltage is higher than the maximum dc voltage permitted which is 110% of the rated dc voltage.

e. During maintenance Discharge static electricity from clothes and

metallic tools frequently by touching nearby metallic earthed objects.

f. Defective/damaged lead-acid cells shall be reported to the Loss Prevention Division for advice on their disposal.

3.3.2 Warning/Danger Signs

The following warning/danger signs (in English and Arabic) shall be posted permanently in near proximity of the batteries as well as outside the battery room:

a. Danger Acid/chemical

b. Danger No Smoking

c. Danger No Sparks or Flames

d. Danger No Soldering or Welding Equipment

e. Danger No Clothing Likely to Acquire Electro-Static Charge

(Nylon/Rayon, Etc)

3.3.3 Eye/skin wash facilities shall be provided in the battery room as per TES-P-119.19.

3.3.4 Fire Detection and Protection Equipment

Fire detection and fire extinguishing system in the battery room shall be provided conforming to TES-P-119.21, Fire Protection and Loss Prevention Requirements and NFPA standards. The above requirements shall be specified in the SOW/PTS as deemed applicable.

4.0 INSTALLATION DESIGN CRITERIA

The considerations for general installation design criteria for the battery banks are provided in the following sub clauses:




4.1 Selection of Type of Battery

For selection of size of battery bank and exact type positive and negative plate material of cell, refer to TES-P-103.02. However, the type of batteries to be installed for substation, communication and UPS applications with reference to requirement of location/space and maintenance shall be based on the following fundamental criteria.

4.1.1 Vented type, lead acid batteries require a dedicated battery room because of

emission of hydrogen gas and acid vapors. It requires regular maintenance especially of topping up of electrolyte.

4.1.2 VRLA type, lead acid batteries do not really require a dedicated battery room

as the batteries will be working on gas recombination principle Even during charging (float/equalize/boost) at the rate recommended by the manufacturer and with automatic temperature compensation feature provided in the charger, hardly any gas or vapor is released. It requires less maintenance as the batteries are of sealed type.

4.1.3 Vented nickel-cadmium batteries require dedicated room because of emission

of hydrogen gas and require relatively less maintenance. 4.1.4 Considering the above criteria, the present, accepted SEC philosophy for

selecting the type of battery shall be as follows:

a. When using common battery or separate batteries for substation and communication: Whether common battery is installed in substation to serve the dual purpose of substation application and communication application or separate dedicated batteries are installed for substation and communication applications, the batteries shall be Vented type, Lead Acid. Nickel Cadmium battery may also be achoice.

b. When using dedicated communication battery for office buildings, power plants and substations :

The battery for office buildings, power plants and substations shall be vented type if a dedicated battery room is available; otherwise, the batteries shall be VRLA type and shall be installed in an air conditioned environment and provided with ventilation/exhaust fan(s).

4.1.5 Battery for UPS System a. UPS application is not envisaged in substation. If at all UPS is

installed, the UPS (consisting of charger, inverter and static transfer switch) may be powered by a separate battery or fed from either substation or communication battery based on the UPS output voltage




and availability of required spare capacity for UPS in the substation or communication batteries. In case communication battery is used for UPS, the ripple noise reflected into the dc bus by the inverter shall be limited to less than 30mV (Wideband) and 27dBrnc (Voice Band).

b. For office buildings, if UPS is installed, the UPS may be powered by

a separate battery or fed from the communication battery subject to availability of required spare capacity for UPS in the communication batteries and the ripple noise reflected into the dc system by the inverter is limited to less than 30mV(wide band) and 27 dBrnc (Voice Band).

c. When dedicated batteries are installed for UPS, the batteries may be

vented or VRLA depending upon the availability or otherwise of separate battery room.

d. For UPS system with low battery voltage (24 volts and lower) and

low power capacity, when the batteries are cabinet mounted similar to Para 4.1.6 below, it is essential that these batteries be of VRLA type.

4.1.6 Batteries provided individually for systems such as fire protection signaling,

PABX or any such self contained, self sufficient systems, which are generally of low capacity, shall be VRLA type and cabinet mounted.

4.2 Need for Battery Room

4.2.1 Separate/dedicated battery room shall be essentially provided for vented type lead acid batteries because of hydrogen gas and acid/alkali vapor emissions and possibility of corrosion to surrounding equipment.

4.2.2 Though not essential, separate/dedicated battery room shall be provided for

VRLA battery installation as additional precaution and safety measure. However, if there is space constraint, VRLA batteries may be lined up with other equipment without any separate/dedicated room subject to meeting the requirements of Para 4.2.4 below.

4.2.3 Batteries shall not be installed in cabinets or other equivalent enclosures

which limit the dispersal of hydrogen. However, small battery systems for self contained systems referred in Para 4.1.5.d and 4.1.6 above and batteries which can be housed in a single cabinet with a volume of less than 2 m3 are permitted for such installation subject to the following requirements:

a. Steel cabinet shall be provided with ventilation, doors or easily

removable covers to allow access for adding water to the batteries(if vented type) and for other maintenance operations and a drain outlet connected to floor drain to facilitate cabinet cleaning in case of electrolyte spill.




b. Electrolyte resistant plastic or stainless steel drip tray shall be provided under the batteries.

c. The racks which support battery cells shall be of metal with insulating

material between the cells and the support. The metal shall be treated to resist the corrosive action of the electrolyte. If the battery is not accessible from the rear, not more than two rows of batteries shall be installed. The top of the cells in the highest tier shall not be over 1.5 meters from the ground level so that filing (applicable for vented batteries) and testing operations are not impeded.

4.2.4 When batteries are not installed in a separate/dedicated battery room, the live

parts shall be guarded against accidental contact by means of easily fitting, manufacturer supplied, snap-on-type terminal covers and insulated conductors for the inter cell, inter-row and inter-tier connectors. When terminal covers are not provided; the live parts shall be protected by easily removable barrier made of woven wire on a steel frame or steel pipe rail with removable sections or by other suitable means utilizing noncombustible materials.

4.2.5 Any specific requirement for replacement installation in the expansion

project shall be specified in the SOW/TS.

4.3 Location & Battery Room Requirements

4.3.1 Infrastructure

The battery room, the fittings and accessories - the entire infrastructure inside the battery room shall be designed suitable for housing vented type lead acid batteries for providing total flexibility. This will permit installation of either vented type lead acid or VRLA type or nickel-cadmium batteries during new installation or replacement installation, should a need arise in the future.

4.3.2 Location

a. Relative location in the building:

The battery room shall be located essentially on the periphery of the building so that one of the room walls has direct communication with the atmosphere. The battery room shall be accessible only from outside the control building. This will facilitate venting out of hydrogen gas directly to the atmosphere. When the battery room is trapped in between other rooms on all sides and exhausting directly to the atmosphere becomes impossible, a separate ventilation lead duct with exhaust fan shall be provided with an exhaust air grille and fire damper.

b. The battery room shall be to the extent possible, located near the battery charger and dc load centre. For communication battery, the battery room




shall be located adjacent to the communication room so that the route length of lead cable is short.

4.3.3 Ceilings of battery room shall be a minimum 3m from floor level. The battery

room shall be sealed vapor tight, especially near the ceiling, to eliminate sneak path and prevent hydrogen gas leaking to other parts of the building. No penetrations except air conditioning inlets and ventilation exhaust ducts are permitted 2.1 m above the floor. Any other penetrations which are essential and unavoidable such as lighting conduits, plumbing pipes etc. shall be done as near to the floor level as possible. These penetrations shall be effectively sealed against fire and air/gas.

4.3.4 Batteries shall be positioned in the battery room to remain away from any

heat source including direct sunlight. 4.3.5 Battery racks construction shall conform to 46-TMSS-01 or 46-TMSS-04 or

46-TMSS-06 as applicable with the specified minimum clearances.

The width and height of the racks, number of rows and tiers and the overall rack design shall be based on the criteria for rack layout given in Para 4.3.6 or 4.3.7 or 4.3.8 as applicable.

4.3.6 When using common battery or separate batteries for substation and communication :

The batteries being vented type as per Para 4.1.4.a, the design and layout of the racks and the battery room dimensions shall be selected to meet the following criteria. a. A minimum space of 1000 mm shall be available all along the length

of the battery bank (on either sides) and along the width (at least on one side) for inspection, maintenance, positioning/movement of lifting tackles, testing and cell removal/replacement. This applies even to aisle space when battery racks (of the same battery bank or another battery bank) are lined up opposite to each other.

b. Battery layout essentially has to be in single tier only with:

• Height of 150 mm from the floor to bottom of the tier • Provision of suitable lifting/lowering tackles.

However, other layout arrangements may be considered in case of space restriction subject to the following: • Space above the cells shall be such as to allow for the

maintenance of lighting fixtures, addition of water/electrolyte to the cells, access space for lifting/lowering devices with clear lifting headroom for removal/replacement of defective cells and




taking measurement of cell voltage, specific gravity and temperature.

• Provision of mobile platform to facilitate the above referred

inspection and measurements.

4.3.7 When using dedicated communication battery

a. If battery installed is of vented type, the requirements of Para 4.3.6 shall be met.

b. If battery installed is of VRLA type as per 4.1.4.b, which can be

stacked in horizontal configuration (unlike vented batteries which have to be essentially in vertical configuration) and requires much lesser maintenance as compared to vented type, the following relaxed requirements are acceptable.

• All round space of 1000 mm shall be provided.

• Multi-tier arrangement with height to the topmost terminal of

topmost cells restricted to 2100 mm.

• Space above the topmost cells shall be such as to allow for the maintenance of lighting fixtures, access space for lifting/lowering devices with clear lifting headroom for removal/replacement of defective cells and taking measurements of cell voltages.

• Provision of suitable lifting/lowering facilities for

removal/replacement of defective cells and access for the movement/operation of these devices.

This arrangement shall be decided in consultation with concerned SEC departments.

4.3.8 When using dedicated UPS battery:

When dedicated UPS battery is used per Para 4.1.5 c, the requirements shall be same as those given under Para 4.3.7 for dedicated communication batteries.

4.3.9 Adequacy of battery room floor/floor beam loading shall be ensured while

finalizing the rack layout, number of tiers and floor/floor beam supported lifting arrangements, if any. Battery room floor and walls shall be provided with tiles conforming to TES-P-119.19.

4.3.10 Battery room shall be adequately lighted. The lighting levels, types of

fixtures, locations of fixtures etc. shall conform to TES-P-119.25.




4.3.11 Battery room shall house only the batteries and battery related accessories. The accessories shall be corrosion resistant except lighting fixtures (which shall be located at a minimum distance of 1.5 meter from any part of battery), no other electrical equipment including battery chargers/inverts/static switch/load break switch for battery circuit shall be located inside the battery room. The lighting fixtures shall preferably be offset located with respect to the battery when 1.5 m minimum vertical clearance is not available.

Load break switch when provided in the battery circuit for local isolation of the battery bank, shall be located outside the battery room near the entrance door.

4.3.12 Manned workstations shall not be located in battery rooms because of the

possible exposure of personnel to acid fumes and explosive hydrogen.

4.4 Air Conditioning

Batteries are designed to operate at 20°C or 25°C (depending upon the manufacturer recommendation) ambient temperature and their service life gets drastically reduced at higher operating temperature due to increased chemical reaction.

Considering the above the guidelines given below shall be followed regarding the air conditioning requirements for battery installation.

4.4.1 Both VRLA and vented battery installation shall be necessarily located in air

conditioned environment.

4.4.2 The air conditioning shall be done by connecting it to the central air conditioning system, if available at the building in which the battery room is located. Alternatively, if central air conditioning system is not available, split type, air conditioners shall be provided for the battery room with 100% standby capacity. The unit shall be explosion proof (for hydrogen gas) if the same is installed inside the battery room.

4.4.3 The design of the air conditioning system shall:

a. Be such that the temperature is maintained between 20°C and 25°C.

b. Provide sufficient positive pressure to drive out the hydrogen gas and

acidic vapor generated by the batteries to avoid build up of corrosive vapors and explosive gas mixture.

c. Provide minimum air changes as indicated in TES-K-100.01

d. Be such that, air from battery room does not join the central air

conditioning systems to prevent vapors and hydrogen from mixing with the building air.

e. Conform to TES-P-119.19 and TES-K-100.01




4.5 Ventilation

4.5.1 A forced ventilation/exhaust system in addition to air conditioning shall be provided for all battery rooms irrespective of the type of batteries installed:

a. To limit hydrogen gas accumulation to less than 2% by volume in air

(per IEEE 484 and IEEE 1106) to prevent buildup of potentially explosive hydrogen.

b. That the location and arrangement of cells should result in no greater

than 3ºC and 5ºC temperature differential between cells in case of lead acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries respectively. Avoid conditions that result in localized heating or cooling as temperature variation may cause the battery to become electrically unbalanced.

4.5.2 The ventilation fan shall preferably be provided with manually adjustable

dampers to tune the exhaust depending upon the type of battery. The adjustment shall be feasible by the personnel standing at the floor level.

4.5.3 The ventilation fan requirement and ventilation system design shall conform

to TES-K-100.01

4.6 Classified Areas and Type of Equipment/Devices

Though the battery room with proper ventilated exhaust system provided as described in clause 4.5 above is not a classified hazardous area as per IEEE 484, the following safety measures shall be taken.

4.6.1 Since the exhaust fan directly handles the hydrogen gas, it is essential that the

fan motor has to be explosion-proof. The fan and fan motor shall also be corrosion-proof.

4.6.2 Electrical equipment such as lighting fixtures, and other electrical

equipment/devices which are likely to provide spark and are installed in the battery room, shall be corrosion resistant, explosion-proof with non-sparking construction and approved for use in a Class I, Division 1, Group 'B' atmosphere (refer NFPA 70). The cable installation shall also meet the requirements of installations in classified hazardous area and corrosive area.

4.6.3 Batteries shall not be installed in Class 1 Division 1 and Division 2 Areas

(refer NFPA 70). However, if it becomes unavoidable to install the battery in such hazardous environment, it is essential that the battery be installed in a separate room made safe by pressurized (pressure inside battery room more than the surrounding area) air from a safe or unadulterated source to prevent hazardous gas entering the battery room. In such cases loss of pressurization inside the battery room shall be monitored by both visual and audio alarms per NFPA 496 and remote signaling to the relevant Control Center.




4.7 Grounding

The grounding of batteries shall be carried out as follows:

4.7.1 For substation battery common for control/protection/annunciation as well as low density fiber optic communication equipment, both positive and negative of the battery system shall be isolated from earth/ground so that a single ground fault (positive to ground or negative to ground) which are more common in the statistics of faults, does not cause loosing the essential dc supply.

4.7.2 Dedicated communication battery for high density fiber optic communication

and other communication equipment: Positive of the battery system shall be connected to earth/ground.

4.7.3 For ungrounded battery system in 4.7.1 above, suitable ground detection

scheme with audio/visual signaling shall be provided as per TES-P-119.30. 5.0 HANDLING, STORAGE AND INSTALLATION

Manufacturer's instructions, precautions, guidelines and recommendations shall be strictly followed regarding the handling, storage of the batteries and subsequent installation. Also refer to clause 3.2 for the safety precautions to be followed. However the guidelines are:

5.1 Receiving Inspection

On receipt of the battery at site and prior to installation it is important to verify that the number of cells, battery type and model specified is what was received. A detailed inspection of each cell should be made to confirm that the cell did not incur any damage during shipping/transportation.

5.2 Unpacking

5.2.1 Always lift the battery by bottom, never by terminal posts. Use strap or strap spreader as applicable.

5.2.2. If the cells are supplied filled, check electrolyte level for evidence of leakage

and to ensure that the plates are covered. Electrolyte should be added to any cell in which the electrolyte level is below the top of the plates.

5.2.3 If the cells are supplied unfilled, do not remove the plastic transportation seals

until the cells are to be filled. 5.2.4 All cells with defects such as cracked jar, loose terminal posts, improperly

aligned plates or other irreparable defects should be replaced.




5.3 Storage

Store the batteries indoor in a clean, cool and ventilated location. The recommended storage temperature is 0ºC-30ºC. Storage at higher temperature will increase the self discharge rate. The batteries should not be stored more than the period recommended by the manufacturer, without applying a charge to the battery.

5.4 Assembly of Racks

Assemble the battery racks conforming to 46-TMSS-01 or 46-TMSS-04 or 46-TMSS-06 (as applicable) accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Racks shall be firmally anchored, preferably to the floor. Anchoring the rack to both the floor and the wall is not recommended as it may cause stress due to conflicting modes of vibration in case of seismic forces.

5.5 Cell Mounting and Connections The following sequence of action shall be followed:

a. If the cells are supplied unfilled, they should be filled in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation before mounting on the racks.

b. Lift and mount the cells as per manufacturer’s recommendations. c. Remove the transport seals and ensure that flame arrester vents are properly installed.

d Check cell polarity for positive to negative connections through out the battery bank.

e. Unless otherwise instructed by the manufacturer clean all the terminal posts

with non metallic brush and apply thin film of manufacturers approved corrosion inhibiting compound.

f. Make inter cell connections using connectors furnished with the battery.

g. Tighten the connection bolts with torque wrench to recommended torque

value.

h. Measure the voltage of the battery to ensure that cells are connected correctly (the total voltage should be approximately equal to the number of cells multiplied by the measured voltage of one cell).

i. Measure and record inter-cell resistance which should be within

manufacturers limit.

j. For future identification mark individual cell numbers in sequence beginning at the positive end of the battery.




k. After satisfactory completion of the above steps, make connections from battery to the charger.

5.6 Freshening/Initial Charge

An initial charge should be applied after installation. Filled and charged cells also require recharging to compensate for self discharge. Follow manufacturer’s instructions regarding applied voltage and duration of freshening charge. During freshening charge, periodic battery readings (voltage and temperature of cells, specific gravityof cell’s electrolyte) shall be recorded as per manufacturer’s instructions. The cells shall be thoroughly inspected for any abnormality.

6.0 SITE TESTS

Site tests including acceptance and commissioning tests shall be carried out as specified in TCS-P-105 and in accordance with IEEE 450, IEEE 1106 and IEEE 1188 or equivalnt IEC standards as applicable. The battery banks are required to be discharged to their end voltage irrespective of discharge duration to determine actual bank capacity as a percent of its rated capacity. After determining the actual battery bank capacity , the battery shall be charged as per manufacrurer’s instructions.

7.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

The operation, maintenance and periodic performance testing of the batteries shall be in accordance with the recommendations given in operation and maintenance manual of the battery manufacturer and the guidelines laid down by the SEC departments/divisions responsible for the operation and maintenance.

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. IEEE 450 Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and Replacement of Vented Lead Acid Batteries for Stationary Appliactions.

2. IEEE 484 Recommended Practice for Installation Design & Installation

of Vented Lead Acid Storage Batteries for Stationary Applications.

3. IEEE 1106 Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance Testing

& Replacement of Vented Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Stationary Applications.

4. IEEE 1187 Recommended Practice for Installation Design & Installation

of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Storage Batteries for Stationary Applications.




5. IEEE 1188 Recommended Practice for Maintenance Testing & Replacement of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications.

6. IEC 61438 Possible Safety and Health Hazards in the Use of Alkaline

Secondary Cells and Batteries.

7. NESC/ANSI C2 National Electrical Safety Code

8. NFPA 70 National Electrical Code

battery installation

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