Batteries

Battery OutlineWhy is this important?Brief history of batteriesBasic chemistryBattery types and characteristicsIntroductionThere are many kinds of batteries which consist of different materials in order to produce an electric chargeA battery is a device which converts chemical energy intoelectrical energy

IntroductionThe primary battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy directly, using the chemical materials within the cell to start the action.The secondary battery must first be charged with electrical energy before it can convert chemical energy to electrical energy.The secondary battery is frequently called a storage battery, since it stores the energy that is supplied to it.

Battery (Ancient) History1800Voltaic pile: silver zinc1836Daniell cell: copper zinc1859Plant: rechargeable lead-acid cell1868Leclanch: carbon zinc wet cell1888Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell1898Commercial flashlight, D cell1899Junger: nickel cadmium cell5Daniell cell was first reliable source of energySolved corrosion problems in Voltaic cellBattery History1946Neumann: sealed NiCd1960sAlkaline, rechargeable NiCd1970sLithium, sealed lead acid1990Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)1991Lithium ion1992Rechargeable alkaline1999Lithium ion polymer61957 9v battery introduced1991 Early lithium battery recall (mobile phone battery burst into flame)

Battery CharacteristicsSizePhysical: button, AAA, AA, C, D, ... Energy density (watts per kg or cm3)LongevityCapacity (Ah, for drain of C/10 at 20C)Number of recharge cyclesDischarge characteristics (voltage drop)8Further CharacteristicsCostBehavioral factorsTemperature range (storage, operation)Self dischargeMemory effectEnvironmental factorsLeakage, gassing, toxicityShock resistance9Primary (Disposable) BatteriesZinc carbon (flashlights, toys)Heavy duty zinc chloride (radios, recorders)Alkaline (all of the above)Lithium (photoflash)Silver, mercury oxide (hearing aid, watches)Zinc air10Secondary (Rechargeable) BatteriesNickel cadmiumNickel metal hydrideAlkalineLithium ionLithium ion polymerLead acid11The Electrochemical CellHAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTPOSSIBLE EFFECTSSULFURIC ACIDCorrosive, causes severe skin burns, and can cause blindness.LEADCauses nerve and kidney damage, suspected carcinogen