bat research in the uk and ireland 2014 book

8/9/2019 Bat Research in the Uk and Ireland 2014 Book

1/72

CARLETON'S BAT RESEARCH IN THE UK AND

IRELAND.

Ronnie Carleton (c) 20!

Intro"#ction.

T$i% i% & %econ" oo on at% o* t$e UK+ Irelan" an" %o&e &i,rant %-ecie% t$at t#rn #-

*ro& E#ro-e. I ill "eal it$ t$e '&i,rant%' later.


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On re*lection a*ter *ort ear% or &ore in il"li*e con%er/ation+ -ai" an" #n-ai"+ ritin,

il"li*e article% an" oo%+ & on il"li*e re%earc$ I ne/er lo%t intere%t in il"li*e an" e/en

no in retire&ent I a& %till ,oin,. T$i% oo i% ao#t at %-ecie% an" & re%earc$. It onl

"eal% it$ ot$er to-ic% on nati/e il"li*e in -a%%in, i* it i% line" to a at an" %o&eti&e% t$ere

i% con*lict an" I $a/e to %ta on a %tea" co#r%e to rite it.

I &ae no a-olo, to anone on at nat#ral $i%tor a% I a& o* t$e o-inion no no one &an or

o&an no% e/ert$in, t$ere i% to no on o#r at %-ecie%. In *act I ill ,o a% *ar to %a t$at

a ,oo" *e no little or not$in, $en it co&e% "on to at -rotection an" at cri&e an"

t$ere are -eo-le o#t t$ere $o %tate t$e $a/e at% intere%t% at $eart #t c$ar,e /a%t %#&% *or

a %i&-le at %#r/e. T$e &a no t$eir at%+ no $o to #%e a at "etector #t $en it

co&e% to &one+ 100 000 -er %#r/e t$e %ee t$e an acco#nt an" not at con%er/ation.

A /er %a" re*lection on t$e &an at /ol#nteer% $o ,i/e t$eir ti&e *ree to "o at %#r/e%

acro%% t$e UK an" Irelan". 3o%t o* t$e -eo-le $o "o c$ar,e ten" to call t$e&%el/e%

'Ecolo,i%t%' $a/e a "e,ree o* co#r%e an" $a/e otaine" a at licence *or t$e etter o* t$eir

an acco#nt%. T$e %t $a/e &eant Econo&ic% an" alance %$eet e4-ert5

Bat% are %till in "an,er acro%% t$e UK+ Irelan" an" &an -art% o* E#ro-e an" t$e *oreca%t

cli&ate c$ar,e $a% a""e" to t$e -role&% lie roo%t% ein, "e%troe"+ %o&e *ar&in, &et$o"%+

,reen elt lan" lo%t an" eco&e% a $o#%in, %ite #t #il"er% are not to la&e *or t$i%. It i%

t$o%e in -lannin, "e-art&ent% acro%% t$e co#ntr $o -#%$ it t$ro#,$ an" %o&e e/en &ae

#- %#r/e% carrie" o#t t$eir on -eo-le an" %tate t$ere are ' No at%' or 'Ri% to at%' an"

e$in" it all i% &one on t$e tale+ a no" an" a in an" it i% -a%%e".

B#t at re%earc$ an" con%er/ation a% ell a% -rotection o* %-ecie% %t contin#e ot$eri%e e

lo%e t$e&. Re%earc$ an" -rotection i% t$e an%er an" re-ort% %ent in.

3 t$an% to all t$e -eo-le in t$e 3an"ala 6o,a A%$ra& in 7ale% $o too -art in & at

%#r/e%+ to t$e &an -eo-le in 7ale% an" t$e 3i"lan"% $o al%o $el-e" in #n-ai" %#r/e% o*

t$eir area% an" to t$e Bat Con%er/ation Tr#%t UK *or ein, t$ere.


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CARLETON'S BAT RESEARCH IN THE UK AND IRELAND

CHA8TER ONE.

THE BAT S8ECIES.

Intro"#ction

C$iro-tera

9reater $or%e%$oe at (R$inolo-$#% *err#&e:#in#&)

Detail%

9reater $or%e%$oe at

7in,%-an; =

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e"


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cloa. T$e e&er,e *ro& t$eir roo%t% ao#t $al* an $o#r a*ter %#n%et an" ,enerall *l lo to

t$e ,ro#n".

7$il%t o#t $#ntin,+ t$e con%er/e ener, $an,in, on a -erc$ an" aitin, *or in%ect% to

-a%% e*ore :#icl *lin, o#t to catc$ t$e&. T$e n#&er o* $or%e%$oe at% in Britain "ecline"

"ra&aticall "#rin, t$e 20t$ cent#r. Rea%on% *or t$i% incl#"e t$e i"e%-rea" lo%% o*

oo"lan"+ lo%% o* t$eir roo%tin, %ite% an" t$e e4ten%i/e #%e o* -e%tici"e%+ $ic$ ill t$e in%ect%

on $ic$ t$e *ee"+ a% ell a% c$e&ical% #%e" in ti&er treat&ent $ic$ are $i,$l to4ic to

at%+ #t le%% *re:#entl #%e" no. T$i% at i% t$e lar,e%t $or%e%$oe at in E#ro-e incl#"in,

t$e UK an" Irelan" it$ a /er %tron, "ental *or&ation it$ t$e loer li- it$ < %&all

,roo/e%+ %o&eti&e% non a% &ental ,roo/e%.

S#&&er roo%t%;

3o%tl in #il"in,% t$at $a/e ,oo" #ninterr#-te" acce%% to a lar,e+ o-en roo* %-ace.

7inter roo%t%;

Relati/el ar& ca/e%+ "i%#%e" &ine% an" t#nnel% #t %o&eti&e% t$e ae #- an" c$an,e

%ite+ occa%ionall *lin, #- to


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lo t$i% ill $a/e an on,oin, e**ect on -re %-ecie%. e&ale% can ,i/e irt$ in 2 to < ear%.

I a& o* t$e o-inion t$at &ale% &ate it$ *e&ale% t$at t$e no an" &atin, tae% -lace in t$e

roo%t%. 6o#n, *e&ale% can e ID it$ t$e e/i"ence o* *al%e ni--le% "#rin, t$e *ir%t -re,nanc.

Diet;

Beetle%+ incl#"in, c$a*er% an" "#n, eetle%+ &ot$%+ crane *lie% an" ca""i% *lie%.

T$e $#ntin, o* -re %-ecie%+ &ot$%+ c$a*er%+ "#n, eetle%+ t$e *li,$t i% %lo ao/e t$e ,ro#n"

or clo%e to /e,etation #t at ti&e o/er -a%t#re t$e ill at ti&e% *l


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9reater $or%e%$oe at% are /er rare an" en"an,ere". 8o-#lation% are con*ine" to %o#t$

e%t En,lan" an" %o#t$ 7ale%. In E#ro-e t$ere are a n#&er o* %#%-ecie% %#c$ a%G

R. *. *err#&e:#in#&+ *o#n" in E#ro-e+ Nort$ A*rica an" A%ia 3inor. On t$e i%lan" o* Crete+

9reece t$ere i% R. *. cretic#& #t a& no o* t$e in*or&e" o-inion t$at it i% not a %#%-ecie%

an" t$ere*ore #ntil an" ot$er% $a/e e/i"ence o* %#c$ all e can "o i% li%t it *or t$e &o&ent a% a

'-o%%ile'. T$ere i% a "i**erence in %ie o* t$i% %-ecie% *ro& t$e e%t to t$e ea%t.

Hor%e%$oe at% -er*or& a %ille" an" -er*ectl ti&e" %o&er%a#lt a% t$e a--roac$ t$eir

c$o%en re%tin, %ite. T$e *li- %i"ea% an" ,ra a -erc$ it$ t$eir *eet $il%t reain, t$eir

&o&ent#& it$ o#t%tretc$e" in,%.

Le%%er $or%e%$oe at (R$inolo-$#% $i--o%i"ero%)

Detail%

Le%%er $or%e%$oe at

7in,%-an; =21c&.

7ei,$t; 1=,.

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" 2 ear% #t ! to *i/e ear% in 7ale% i% t$e nor&.

T$i% %-ecie% "oe% not *air ell it$ at rin,in, an" "eat$% $a/e een re-orte" o/er t$e ear%

a% ell a% in#r to t$e%e at% "#rin, t$e rin,in, -roce%%.

Le%%er $or%e%$oe at% are one o* t$e %&alle%t Briti%$ &a&&al %-ecie%+ onl ei,$in, a% c$

a% a 2 -ence -iece5 Lie ,reater $or%e%$oe at%+ t$e $a/e ,reron *#r an" a co&-le4 *la-


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o* %in *or a no%e+ $ic$ i% relate" to t$eir %-ecial %%te& o* ec$olocation+ $ic$ t$e #%e to

na/i,ate an" catc$ t$eir -re. T$eir in,%-an i% $al* t$at o* t$e ,reater $or%e%$oe'% an"+ it$

t$eir in,% *ol"e"+ t$e are onl ao#t t$e %ie o* a -l#&5 T$e $an, *reel t$eir *eet an"

ra- t$eir in,% aro#n" t$eir o" lie a cloa.

Be*ore *lin, o**+ t$e ti%t t$eir o"ie% aro#n" to %can t$eir %#rro#n"in,% an" c$ec t$at t$e

coa%t i% clear. Le%%er $or%e%$oe% $#nt clo%e to t$e ,ro#n"+ rarel &ore t$an *i/e &etre% $i,$

an" o*ten %natc$ t$eir -re o** %tone% an" ranc$e%. T$e %o&eti&e% $an, #- in -orc$e% or

t#nnel entrance% to eat t$e lar,er in%ect% t$at t$e catc$ an" lea/e %cattere" in%ect re&ain% on

t$e ,ro#n" elo.

S#&&er roo%t%;

3o%tl roo* %-ace% o* lar,e r#ral $o#%e% or %tale loc% $ere t$e can *or& "en%e cl#%ter%

to ee- ar&+ -artic#larl "#rin, a" eat$er.

7inter roo%t%;

9enerall $iernate *ro& Octoer an" roo%t in ca/e%+ t#nnel%+ cellar% an" &ine%.

It %$o#l" e note" t$at $ere t$ere i% an acti/e roo%t o* t$i% %-ecie% t$e ra"i#% *or $#ntin, i%

!@&.

Bree"in,;

Le%%er $or%e%$oe% &ate *ro& Se-te&er to No/e&er an" *e&ale% *or& &aternit colonie%

in late %-rin,. e&ale% ,i/e irt$ to one o#n, in ?#ne or ?#l+ $ic$ t$en eco&e%

in"e-en"ent at @ ee% ol". In n#r%er colonie% *e&ale% t$at re-ro"#ce i% onl >0 a% not all

*e&ale% ill ,i/e irt$ an" o#n, *e&ale% in t$e *ir%t ear i% le%% t$an 20

In t$ree ee% t$e o#n, at% are in t$e -roce%% o* trin, to *l an" in t$e *ort$ or *i*t$ ee

,o on t$eir *ir%t real *li,$t a*ter t$e are eane". 6o#n, Le%%er Hor%e%$oe at% ill eco&e

in"e-en"ent at %i4 ee%. 3ale an" *e&ale at% ten" to reac$ %e4#all &at#rit in t$eir

%econ" a#t#&n o* irt$. D#rin, t$e ree"in, %ea%on t$ere i% %o&e c$a%in, in/ol/e" in *li,$t

&atin, t$en tae% -lace *ree $an,in, in #n"er,ro#n" roo%t% or inter roo%t%.


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T$e nor&al li*e%-an *or t$i% %-ecie% i% 1 ear% #t one at a% ca#,$t t$at $a" a rin, a% 2

ear% an" I o#l" %a 1@ ear% i% t$e a/era,e in t$e UK an" Irelan".

Diet;

3i",e%+ %&all &ot$%+ ca""i%*lie%+ lacein,%+ eetle%+ %&all a%-% an" %-i"er%.

All *oo" i% taen in *li,$t an" I $a/e no e/i"ence t$at -erc$ $#ntin, tae% -lace.

Beca#%e o* it% *l#tterin, *li,$t it can ,et in clo%e to #%$e% an" tree% an" tae -re t$ere #t I

$a/e al%o o%er/e" in t$e A%$ra& area o* 7ale% t$i% %-ecie% tain, *oo" o* lea/e%.

3o%t o* t$e $#ntin, i% "one in oo"% or *ore%t% it$ a %cr# laer #n"erneat$ #t can al%o

$#nt c$ $i,$er at 0&.

Crane*lie% ( "a"" lon, le,%)+ lacein,%+ %o&e %&all &ot$%+ a% ell a% o#r local itin, *lie%

$ic$ &an -eo-le call '&o%:#itoe%' *or& a &aor -art o* t$e -re #t I $a/e al%o *o#n" t$e

re&ain% o* %-i"er% in %o&e "ro--in,% ID #n"er & &icro%co-e. 7$at %-ecie% o* %-i"er% t$e

ere I co#l" not ID. 7$en e ,et *lin, ant% in t$e UK an" Irelan" t$e%e too are taen a%

-re.

Haitat;

T$e *ee" &ainl alon, oo"lan" e",e%+ -a%t#re% an" etlan"%. So *ar e no t$at t$i% i%

a oo"lan" %-ecie% an" I $a/e o%er/e" t$en alon, t$e e",e% o* coni*er oo"% a% ell a% in

nati/e oo"lan"% %o it $a% to e a 'oo"lan"' %-ecie% #t %o&e t-e o* ater %t e clo%e .

I $a/e al%o note" t$at aro#n" t$e ,ar"en a%te #nit% in t$e A%$ra& area $en it %&ell% 'ri-e'

&an in%ect% incl#"in, *lie% ,at$er an" $a/e %een a n#&er o* Le%%er Hor%e%$oe at% *ee"in,

t$ere it$ %o&e ot$er %-ecie% lie -i-i%trelle%.

Ultra%o#n";

T$e ec$o locate at a con%tant *re:#enc o* 0H an" a contin#o#% arlin, %o#n" can

%o&eti&e% e $ear" on a at "etector. So&eti&e% a lon, call o* @0&% can e recor"e" an" I

ten" to or on t$e *re:#enc o* 0H to !H %o t$at I "o not &i%% t$e ant$in, it$

t$i% %-ecie%.


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Stat#% F "i%tri#tion;

Le%%er $or%e%$oe at% are rare an" en"an,ere" in t$e UK an" colonie% are con*ine" to

7ale%+ e%tern En,lan" an" e%tern Irelan".

Unlie ot$er at %-ecie%+ $or%e%$oe at% are ale to i,,le t$eir ear%5 Le%%er $or%e%$oe%

$a/e -artic#larl &oile ear%+ $ic$ "etect tin %o#n"% an" ec$oe%+ $el-in, t$e& to catc$

in%ect% e**icientl. It "e-en"% $ic$ &a- "i%tri#tion area o# are in acro%% t$e UK an"

E#ro-e t$ere &a ell e %#%-ecie% an" ,eo,ra-$ical /ariation% an" t$o#,$ %i4 %#%-ecie%

$a% een %#,,e%te" t$e "eate ,oe% on an" t$e%e areG

R. $. $i--o%i"ero%+ (E#ro-e) R. $. &in#t#%+ (Briti%$ I%le%)+ R. $. e%calerae (N7 A*rica)+

R. $. &aori (Cor%ica an" Sar"inia)+ R. $. &i"a% (Ea%t T#re+ t$e Near Ea%t an" C-r#%)

R. $. &ini% $a% een %#,,e%te" #t I a& not %#re $ere.

7$i%ere" at an" Bran"t'% at (3oti%

&%tacin#% an" 3oti% ran"tii)

Detail%

7$i%ere" at an" Bran"t'% at


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11/72

t$e tr#e ta4ono&ic #n"er%tan"in, o* '7$i%ere" at% an" Bran"t'% at% i% *ar *ro& ein,

ac$ie/e". Unle%% o# *in" a "ea" at t$at loo% lie one or t$e ot$er an" recor" all t$e "etail%

t$en o# are ,oin, to %tate lie &an ot$er% "o an" %a+ a -o%%ile 7$i%ere"J Bran"t'% at

an" t$at i% lie %ain,+ a $en &a e a c$icen an" i* o# ,et to $ite one% to,et$er or to

ron $en% to,et$er o# &le+ cro%%ree" or %o&e %#c$ non%en%e #n"er o#r reat$.

I $a/e een l#c eno#,$ to $a/e $an"le" &an "ea" $i%ere" at% in Irelan" an" al%o

ore" on at re%earc$ in Bel*a%t $a/in, e4ce%% to "ea" %-eci&en% in t$e Ul%ter 3#%e#&

#n"er t$e atc$*#l ee o* t$e Director o* t$e ti&e C D. Deane ( Di4ie) an" $e ne $i% Iri%$

at% %o $e o#l" not let ant$in, %li- $i& an" nor co#l" I %li- ant$in, $i&5

So eteen cleanin, &an *o4 %#ll% a*ter oilin, t$e& I al%o $a% a c$ance to or on at% in

t$e *reeer t$at $a" to e "e*ro%te" rea" *or &o#ntin, a% -art o* t$e nat#ral $i%tor %ection

at t$at ti&e.

Irelan" o* co#r%e "oe% not $a/e a% &an %-ecie% a% t$e UK an" I incl#"e t$e %i4 co#ntie% o* t$e

nort$ern -art o* Irelan" *or t$i% re%earc$ a% 'Irelan"'.

So *ro& a *oren%ic% -oint o* /ie I ill "eal it$ ot$ t$e %-ecie% $ere.

T$e $i%ere" at in t$e UK an" Irelan" i% /er %i&ilar to %o&e %-ecie% o* $i%ere" at%

acro%% E#ro-e %#c$ a% t$e Ste--e $i%ere" at+ Alcat$oe $i%ere" at+ an" o* co#r%e t$e

UK an" E#ro-e Bran"t'% at. To %et &atter'% %trai,$t I $a/e onl %een t$e Ste--e $i%ere"

at in B#l,aria #t I %#%-ect t$e ill no e *o#n" in t$e Uraine+ 3ol"o/a an" in Ro&ania.

It i% no t$at t$e A. $i%ere" at i% c$ %&aller in t$e ca%e o* t$e tra,#%+ tiia+ *oot an"

t$#& i% %&all an" %$orter.

3ale Bran"t'% at% $a/e a #lo#% -eni% an" *e&ale% $a/e a $i,$ -rotoco&e on t$e lar,e

#--er -re&olar (83) an" %&aller -rotocon#le% on t$e &olar% $ic$ I -oint o#t are &i%%in, in

t$e $i%ere" at.

A "ea" $i%ere" at ill %$o t$at it i% a %&all %-ecie% it$ a "ar or lac *ace an" ear%

it$ a lon, tra,#%. T$e ac o* t$i% at ill e "ar ron or n#t ron in colo#r+ at ti&e%


12/72

it$ ,ol" ti-% to t$e $air% an" t$e /entral ill e %$a"e% o* ,re.

8eni% o* t$e $i%e" at i% lon, an" narro t$e $ole len,t$.

Bran"t'% at% are al%o a %&all %-ecie% #t it$ lon, ear%+ t$e *#r li,$t ron it$ ,ol" ti-% on

t$e $air+ t$e /entral %i"e i% li,$t ,re in colo#r. T$e loer -art% o* t$e ear% an" tra,#% i% c$

-aler. No%tril% o* t$i% %-ecie% i% i"e an" $eart%$a-e". 7$en it co&e% to t$e teet$ o* t$i%

%-ecie% it ill e note" t$e lar,e 83 ! $a% a /er clear cin,#l#& cl#%- (-rotocone) $ic$ &a

reac$ t$e $ei,$t o* t$e %&all #--er 83'% 2M


13/72

%erie% o* re,#lar clic% #t are :#iet an" can e "i**ic#lt to "etect.

T$e can al%o e con*#%e" it$ -i-i%trelle% or Natterer'%.


T$eir "i%tri#tion% are #ncertain "#e to t$e "i**ic#lt o* tellin, t$e 2 %-ecie% a-art. T$e are

t$o#,$t to e i"el "i%tri#te" in En,lan"+ 7ale% an" Irelan"+ #%t reac$in, into Scotlan"

#t n#&er% are lo an" t$e are /#lnerale to e4tinction. T$e &ain "i**erence% eteen

$i%ere" an" Bran"t'% at% lie in %#tle "i**erence% in t$e %$a-e o* t$eir inner ear (calle" t$e

tra,#%)+ t$eir teet$ an" t$eir -eni%.

Natterer'% at (3oti% nattereri)

Detail%

Natterer'% at

7in,%-an; 2!==2,.

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" 20 ear%. 1 to > ear% &ore lie in t$e UK

NOTEG

Natterer'% loo /er %i&ilar to Da#enton'% an" $i%ere" at%+ #t $a/e a are -in *ace+

$ic$ i% "i%tinctl "o,lie. Bec$%tein'% at can al%o e &i%taen a% a natter% at.

T$e ti-% o* t$eir ear% c#r/e %li,$tl acar"% an" are -in at t$e a%e an" "arer at t$e ti-.

T$e $a/e %an",re *#r on t$eir ac an" $ite *#r on t$eir #n"er%i"e+ $ic$ can e clearl


14/72

%een at "#% a% t$e *l ao/e. T$eir -ini%$ li&%+ $ic$ are clearl /i%ile t$ro#,$ t$eir

in,%+ ,a/e t$e& t$e ol" na&e o* 're"ar&e" at'.

T$eir tail &e&rane+ $ic$ i% line" it$ a *rin,e o* %$ort $air%+ i% o*ten $el" "onar"%+

$ic$ i&-ro/e% t$eir &anoe#/railit. T$eir in,% are *airl roa" an" %li,$tl -ointe" an"

%o t$e are /er a,ile an" can ca-t#re in%ect% "irectl *ro& lea/e% an" ranc$e%. T$e are ale

to $#nt in con*ine" %-ace% an" are o*ten *o#n" *ee"in, o/er -atc$e% o* ro#,$ ater+ &ain,

/er narro t#rn% a&on,%t "en%e o/er$an,in, /e,etation.

S#&&er roo%t%;

Ol" %tone #il"in,%+ c$#rc$e%+ ,a-% in ol" oo"en ea&% in lar,e arn% an" tree $ole%.

T$e are o*ten *o#n" cl#tc$in, roo* ea&%.

7inter roo%t%;

9enerall $iernate *ro& &i" OctoerJ No/e&er to t$e %-rin, an" are co&&onl *o#n"

in #n"er,ro#n" %$elter% %#c$ a% ca/e%+ cellar% an" &ine%.

Bree"in,;

Natterer'% &ate t$ro#,$o#t a#t#&n an" inter an" t$en t$e *e&ale% *or& &aternit

colonie% in 3a t$ro#,$ to ?#l. Eac$ *e&ale ,i/e% irt$ to a %in,le o#n, in ?#ne or ?#l+

$ic$ i% eane" an" in"e-en"ent it$in @ ee%.

Diet;

3i",e%+ %&all *lie%+ &o%:#itoe%+ lacein,% an" %&all &ot$%. 7ill al%o -ic o** oo"lice+

%-i"er%+ an" centi-e"e% a% ell a% ater in%ect% on t$e %#r*ace. 3#c$ o* t$e *oo" taen i%

,leanin,+ t$e -re -ice" o** t$e tail &e&rane #t I -oint o#t t$e al%o catc$ *oo" in

*li,$t.

Haitat;

7oo"lan"+ -arlan"+ $e",ero% an" alon,%i"e atera%. T$e can o*ten e %een alon,

roa"% line" it$ $i,$ $e",e%.


15/72

Ultra%o#n";

Natterer'% at% are :#ieter t$an ot$er %-ecie% an" can e "i**ic#lt to "etect on a at "etector.

T$e $a/e %$ort call% $ic$ -ea at ao#t 10H. At ti&e% %#c$ call% &a %tart o** at 00H

an" "ro- "on a% lo a% 20H. I* t$e *l clo%e to a $#&an t$e can at ti&e% e $ear" t$e

$#&an ear.


Natterer'% at% are i"el "i%tri#te" t$ro#,$o#t &o%t o* t$e UK #t n#&er% are lo an"

t$e are /#lnerale to e4tinction. T$e are &ore co&&on in %o#t$ern En,lan" t$an nort$ern

Scotlan". Natterer'% are %o&eti&e% *o#n" $iernatin, in #n#%#al -o%ition%+ %o&eti&e%

re%tin, on t$eir $ea"% or lin, on t$eir ac% an" e/en in ir" o4e%.

Bec$%tein'% at (3oti% ec$%teinii)

Detail%

Bec$%tein'% at

7in,%-an; 21==


16/72

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" 2 ear%.

Not *o#n" in Irelan" or Scotlan".

Bec$%tein'% at% $a/e /er lon,+ "i%tincti/e ear% (alt$o#,$ not a% lon, a% t$e lon,eare" at%)+

$ic$ c#rl ac %li,$tl at t$e ti-%. T$e $a/e a are -in *ace an" %$a,, elloron *#r.

T$e e&er,e a*ter "ar an" #%e *eat#re% %#c$ a% roa"% an" $e",e% to na/i,ate *ro& t$eir

roo%t% to t$eir *ee"in, %ite%. T$e $a/e roa" in,% an" are ale to *l %lol+ o*ten $i,$ #-

a&on,%t t$e tree%+ an" can %natc$ in%ect% *ro& lea/e% or e/en *ro& t$e ,ro#n". T$e ill *ee"

in col" an" et #t not in" eat$er. Bec$%tein'% at% ere *ir%t i"enti*ie" on t$e continent

an" ere na&e" a*ter a t$ cent#r 9er&an nat#rali%t.

S#&&er roo%t%;

3o%tl nat#ral $ole% (e.,. oo"-ecer $ole%) in &at#re tree% an" %o&eti&e% at o4e%. T$e

are rarel *o#n" in $o#%e%. o#n" in ir" o4e%.

7inter roo%t%;

It i% t$o#,$t t$at t$e %-en" t$e inter &ainl in tree% #t t$e are occa%ionall %een in

#n"er,ro#n" %ite%+ e%-eciall li&e%tone &ine%. Ha/e *o#n" t$e& in ir" o4e% in inter.

Bree"in,;

3ate eteen a#t#&n an" %-rin, an" ,ro#-% o* ao#t


17/72

Ultra%o#n";

Bec$%tein'% are /er :#iet at% an" can e "i**ic#lt to "etect on a at "etector. T$e $a/e

%$ort call% t$at -ea at ao#t 10H. 2.11.0&% an" &a ell %tart at 00H t$en "ro- *a%t to

elo 10H to aro#n"


18/72

lae% or ri/er%. T$e $a/e %$in re"ron *#r it$ -ale #n"er-art% an" a -ini%$+ ro#n" *ace

it$ a -in $airle%% -atc$ aro#n" t$eir ee%. T$e are ell a"a-te" to a li*e near ater.

T$e $a/e lar,e $air *eet t$at t$e #%e to ,ra -re *ro& t$e ater'% %#r*ace. T$e%e at%

%i& :#icl o/er ater it$ a %$allo in, eat an" eit$er ,ra in%ect% it$ t$eir lar,e *eet

or %coo- t$e& #- it$ t$eir tail &e&rane. 3a *l at #- to 1&-$ an" can o*ten e %een an

$o#r a*ter %#n%et circlin, o/er t$e ater. l in %trai,$t line% an" "on't *l#tter aro#n" lie

-i-i%trelle% "o.

S#&&er roo%t%;

Tree $ole%+ t#nnel%+ ri",e%+ ca/e% an" %o&eti&e% %tone #il"in,%.

7inter roo%t%;

Un"er,ro#n" %ite% %#c$ a% ca/e% an" &ine% $ere t$e o*ten lo",e t$e&%el/e% in ti,$t

cre/ice% an" crac% in t$e roc. T$e can e *o#n" cl#%terin, to,et$er.

Bree"in,;

T$e ree" "#rin, a#t#&n an" inter an" t$e *e&ale% *or& &aternit roo%t% in late %-rin,.

One o#n, i% orn to eac$ *e&ale in ?#ne or ?#l an" i% in"e-en"ent at %i4 ee% ol".

Diet;

3i",e%+ ca""i% *lie%+ -on" %ater% an" &a*lie%.

Haitat;

Lae%+ %lo&o/in, ri/er%+ -on"% an" oo"e" co#ntr%i"e t$at i% clo%e to a ater %o#rce.

In 7ale% t$e *l #- an" "on %&all %trea&% clo%e to ater %#r*ace tain, in%ect%.

Ultra%o#n"; &% 111 H

T$eir call% ran,e *ro& 11=1H an" -ea at !1=10H. T$e can ea%il e $ear" on a at

"etector an" %o#n" a it lie &ac$ine ,#n *ire in #r%t% o* 1=0 %econ"%.

T$ere &a ell e at ti&e% in E#ro-e con*#%ion it$ call% eteen Lon, in,ere" an" 8on"

at%



19/72

Da#enton'% are *airl co&&on an" i"el "i%tri#te" in t$e UK+ incl#"in, t$e nort$ o*

Scotlan" an" in Irelan" an" t$e I%le o* 3an. T$e are %till $oe/er con%i"ere" to e

/#lnerale to e4tinction.

Da#enton'% %ee& to $a/e ene*ite" *ro& t$e e4ten%i/e netor o* canal% t$at a% "#,

t$ro#,$ lolan" area% in Britain "#rin, t$e In"#%trial Re/ol#tion. T$e canal% an" ri",e%

o/er t$e& -ro/i"e" t$e%e at% it$ -er*ect *ee"in, ,ro#n"% an" al%o o**ere" i"eal roo%t% ri,$t

ne4t to -lenti*#l *oo" %#--lie%.

Serotine (E-te%ic#% %erotin#%)

Detail% No recor"% *ro& Irelan". Not *o#n".

Not *o#n" in Scotlan". I $a/e no recor"% *or Nort$ 7ale%.

Serotine

7in,%-an;


20/72

"i%t#rance "#rin, #il"in, or%. Serotine% can o*ten e $ear" %:#eain, lo#"l #%t e*ore

t$e e&er,e at "#%. T$i% at ,enerall *ee"% alon, t$e e",e% o* oo"lan"% an" t$eir lon,+

roa" in,% enale t$e& not onl to *l *a%t an" "i/e :#icl to catc$ in%ect% #t al%o to

&anoe#/re /er %il*#ll a&on,%t t$e tree%. T$e al%o *ee" aro#n" %treet la&-% or e/en %natc$

in%ect% *ro& lea/e% or t$e ,ro#n".

S#&&er roo%t%;

3ainl $o#%e% #t t$e -artic#larl lie c$#rc$e% an" #il"in,% #ilt aro#n" 00+ $ic$

$a/e ea% acce%% to roo* %-ace% an" ca/itie% in t$e all%. T$e are rarel *o#n" in &o"ern

#il"in,% or tree%.

7inter roo%t%;

It i% ,enerall not non $ere %erotine% %-en" t$e inter #t it i% t$o#,$t t$at t$e lo",e

in $o#%e%+ in c$i&ne%+ #n"er *loor% or in t$e cre/ice% in t$e roo*% o* ca/e%. 3ore re%earc$ i%

nee"e" on t$i% *ro& 20!J201

Bree"in,;

e&ale %erotine% %tart to ,ro#- to,et$er in 3a to *or& a &aternit colon an" &o%t

*e&ale% #%#all ,i/e irt$ to a %in,le o#n, in earl ?#l. T$e o#n, #%#all &ae t$eir *ir%t

*li,$t at ao#t < ee% an" can *ora,e *or t$e&%el/e% a*ter ao#t @ ee%. T$e colon #%#all

"i%-er%e% in earl Se-te&er.

Diet;

lie%+ &ot$%+ c$a*er% an" "#n, eetle%. 7ill al%o -ic -re o* t$e ,ro#n".

Haitat;

8a%t#relan"+ -arlan"+ o-en oo"lan" e",e+ tall $e",ero% an" %##ran area%.

Ultra%o#n";

T$eir ec$olocation call% ran,e *ro& 1=@1H an" -ea at 21=


21/72


T$e %erotine i% -atc$il "i%tri#te" acro%% t$e UK an" i% not a co&&on %-ecie%. It i%

$oe/er locall a#n"ant in %o#t$ern En,lan"+ %o#t$ o* a line *ro& t$e 7a%$ to So#t$ 7ale%.

Serotine% are ale to %il*#ll eat lar,e in%ect% $ile in *li,$t+ &ani-#latin, t$e in%ect in

t$eir a an" t$en c$ein, o** t$e $ar" in, ca%e% an" "ro--in, t$e%e ine"ile -art% to t$e

,ro#n".

Lei%ler'% at (Nctal#% lei%leri)

Detail% Not *o#n" in t$e *ar N7 o* Scotlan" a% et

Lei%ler'% at

7in,%-an; 2@=


22/72

Lei%ler'% loo /er %i&ilar to noct#le% e4ce-t t$e are %li,$tl %&aller. T$e $a/e "ar+ ,ol"en

ron *#r+ $ic$ i% -artic#larl t$ic aro#n" t$eir #--er ac an" $ic$ ear% %o&e

re%e&lance to a lion'% &ane. T$e%e at% are /er noi%+ an" can e $ear" %:#eain, #%t

e*ore t$e e&er,e at %#n%et+ e%-eciall on $ot %#&&er "a%. T$e *l $i,$ an" *a%t an" "i/e

to catc$ in%ect% in *li,$t. T$e %o&eti&e% *ee" on in%ect% attracte" to %treet li,$t% in :#iet

area%.

In %#&&er+ t$e colonie% are $i,$l &oile an" o*ten &o/e to ne roo%t%. T$e are &i,rator

an" one at i% re-orte" to $a/e tra/elle" o/er 200& in Britain+ $ic$ i% a% *ar a% *ro&

Ca&ri",e to 8ort%&o#t$ roa"+ $oe/er t$i% i% not t$e nor&

S#&&er roo%t%;

3ainl ol" oo"-ecer $ole% or nat#ral ca/itie% in &at#re tree%. T$e are al%o *o#n"

roo%tin, in #il"in,%+ ol" an" ne+ an" $a/e taen ell to at o4e%.

7inter roo%t%;

Rarel %een in inter a% t$e &i,rate #t t$o#,$t to $iernate in tree $ole% or occa%ionall

in cre/ice% in ca/e% an" t#nnel%. 3ore re%earc$ nee"e" 201 onar"% on t$i%.

Bree"in,;

3atin, occ#r% *ro& late %#&&er #ntil earl a#t#&n. T$e &ale% *l aro#n" %lol clo%e to

t$e roo%t callin, to t$e *e&ale%. T$e *e&ale% t$en *or& &aternit roo%t% in tree $ole% an" eac$

,i/e% irt$ to one o#n, in &i"?#ne. T$e o#n, eco&e in"e-en"ent an" can *l an" *en" *or

t$e&%el/e% at ao#t @ ee% ol".

Diet;

lie%+ &ot$%+ ca""ie% *lie% an" eetle%. 6ello "#n, *lie% are a *ea%t *or t$i% %-ecie% in Irelan"

an" 7ale% a% ell a% "#n, eetle%

Haitat;

8a%t#re an" oo"lan" a% ell a% #ran -ar%.


23/72

Ultra%o#n"; 20&% lon, t$at en"% aro#n" 22@H

T$eir ec$olocation call% ran,e *ro& 1=!1H an" -ea at 21H. Hear" t$ro#,$ a at

"etector+ t$eir call% &ae a "i%tinct 'c$i- c$o-' %o#n".


3an -art% o* t$e UK an" Irelan". Al%o a &i,rant at

Lei%ler'% $a/e t$ic *#r+ $ic$ -artl co/er% t$e to-% o* t$eir in,%+ alon, t$eir *orear&+

an" %o t$e #%e" to e calle" t$e $airar&e" at at ti&e%.

Noct#le at (Nctal#% noct#la)

Detail% A *e *o#n" on Ea%t Coa%t o* Irelan"+ not -re%ent in *ar nort$ o* Scotlan" or e%t o*

Irelan". o#n" in 7ale% an" En,lan".

Noct#le at

7in,%-an;


24/72

Noct#le% are a lar,e at an" are %o&eti&e% re*erre" to a% tree at% eca#%e t$e o*ten roo%t in

lar,e tree%. T$e a"#lt% $a/e #ni*or&+ ,ol"en ron *#r an" roa" "ar ron ear% it$ a

"i%tincti/e %$roo&%$a-e" inner ear+ calle" t$e tra,#%. T$e are #%#all t$e *ir%t at% to

a--ear in t$e e/enin, $ile it i% %till li,$t. T$e $a/e lon, narro in,% an" are "e%i,ne" *or

*a%t *li,$t an" can %o&eti&e% e con*#%e" it$ %i*t% a% t$e *l ao/e t$e treeto-%. Noct#le

at% can *l at 10& -er $o#r5 T$e &ae %-ectac#lar "i/e% to catc$ t$eir in%ect -re in &i"

air+ an" %o&eti&e% *ee" on in%ect% t$at ,at$er aro#n" %treetli,$t%. 3ale% are ,enerall %olitar

"#rin, t$e %#&&er an" roo%t in tree $ole%.

S#&&er roo%t%;

3ainl ol" oo"-ecer $ole% or nat#ral ca/itie% in &at#re tree%. So&eti&e% *o#n" in tall

#il"in,% "#rin, t$e %#&&er.

7inter roo%t%;

Tree%+ crac% in roc% an" %o&eti&e% #il"in,%.

Bree"in,;

In t$e a#t#&n+ &ale% e&it &atin, call% an" a %tron, %cent+ $ic$ attract ! or 1 *e&ale% t$at

%ta it$ t$e &ale% *or one or to "a%. e&ale% t$en ,i/e irt$ to t$eir %in,le o#n, t$e

*olloin, ?#ne or ?#l. T$e &ot$er% lea/e t$eir o#n, in crc$e% $ile t$e ,o o** to *ee". T$e

o#n, eco&e in"e-en"ent a*ter @ ee%.

Diet;

3ot$%+ eetle%+ &a*lie%+ &i",e% an" in,e" ant%. 3a $#nt "#rin, t$e "a in A#t#&n in

late a*ternoon i* t$ere i% %#n%$ine.

Haitat;

9enerall oo"lan" or -a%t#re. I% not een on Coni*er *ore%t%.

Ultra%o#n";

Noct#le% ec$o locate at lo *re:#encie% an" can e%t e "etecte" at 21H on a at "etector


25/72

#t can al%o o*ten e $ear" c$il"ren an" %o&e a"#lt%. T$ere i% to t-e% o* call%


26/72

*li,$t. T$e o*ten *ee" o/er ater on %ar&% o* %&all *lie%. T$e are non to e $i,$l

&i,rator on t$e continent an" $a/e een recor"e" tra/ellin, &ore t$an 00&.

S#&&er roo%t%;

3o%tl $ollo tree% or #n"er ar an" in t$e roo* %-ace o* ol" #il"in,%. T$e are :#ite

&oile an" o*ten c$an,e roo%t% "#rin, t$e %#&&er.

7inter roo%t%;

T$e $iernate in OctoerJNo/e&er in lar,e ,ro#-%+ o*ten in #n%$eltere" -lace% %#c$ a%

e4-o%e" ca/e entrance%+ t#nnel% or cellar%.

Bree"in,;

T$e &ate in t$e a#t#&n an" t$e *e&ale% *or& %&all &aternit colonie% t$e *olloin,

%-rin, an" eac$ ,i/e% irt$ to a %in,le o#n,.

Diet;

lie%+ %&all &ot$% an" eetle%.

Haitat;

3o%tl oo"e" ri/er /alle%+ #ran -ar% an" o*ten not *ar *ro& ater.

Ultra%o#n";

On a at "etector+ t$e ara%telle call can e%t e $ear" at


27/72

SUBS8ECIES

B.. ara%tell#% *ro& t$e Canar I%lan"% i% &ore roni%$ an" it$o#t t$e %il/er $air ti-%.

In t$e Ea%t o* E#ro-e t$ere i% a $i%tor o* %o&e alini%& in t$e Cec$ Re-#lic.

HABITATS OR THIS S8ECIESG

ore%t% an" oo"%+ #t an ,ar"en% clo%e to oo"% an" it$ ,oo" $e",e% #t 3at#re oo"%

an" *ore%t% it$ ,oo" area% *or $#ntin, i% e%t. 3an o* t$e S#&&er roo%t% are e$in" loo%e

ar in *ore%t%+ in tree crac% an" at o4e% #t I al%o %#%-ect in t$e UK &an ill al%o #%e

ol" %$e"% an" *ar&ar" %$e"% e$in" oo"en cla""in,. I ill not r#le o#t t#nnel% or %tone

r#in% in t$e UK. T$i% at i% *ree $an,in, an" &a e *o#n" in cl#%ter%.

So&e tree roo%t% &a e c$an,e" "ail $ile roo%t% in #il"in,% &a contin#e t$ro#,$ t$e

%#&&er it$ le%% *e&ale% in tree roo%t% t$en in #il"in,%. In inter "#rin, $iernation ill

%$are a roo%t it$ ot$er %-ecie% o* at% #t in %#&&er t$e roo%t ill onl contain t$i% %-ecie%.

D#rin, inter $iernation t$e o" ei,$t ill "ro- aro#n"


28/72

t$e n#r%er roo%t% o* $ic$ t$ere &a e a *e it$in t$e @!$a li&it.


Qer rare an" en"an,ere" an" $a/e an erratic "i%tri#tion t$ro#,$o#t En,lan"+ 7ale% an"

Irelan". T$e are entirel a%ent *ro& Scotlan".

Bara%telle% $a/e a ea a an" can't o-en t$eir &o#t$% /er i"e+ %o t$e are #nale to

eat lar,e eetle% or ot$er lar,e in%ect% it$ $ar" in, ca%e%.

8i-i%trelle at (8i-i%trell#% -i-i%trell#%)

Detail%G o#n" acro%% t$e UK an" Irelan". No recor"% *ro& t$e Scotti%$ I%le% on t$e N7

coa%t.

8i-i%trelle at

7in,%-an; =2@c&.

7ei,$t; ,.

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" @ ear% #t I %#,,e%t in t$e UK an" Irelan" t$i% co#l" e a% lo a% <

ear%

8i-i%trelle% are a&on,%t t$e %&alle%t &a&&al% in Britain. T$e are t$e &o%t co&&on at

%-ecie% #t t$eir n#&er% are t$o#,$t to e "eclinin,. T$e co&&onl $a/e a "ar ron


29/72

coat o* *#r+ $ic$ i% onl %li,$tl -aler #n"erneat$. It i% onl in t$e la%t *e ear% t$at

%cienti%t% $a/e reco,ni%e" t$at t$ere are in *act a n#&er %e-arate %-ecie% or %#%-ecie% o*

-i-i%trelle+ $ic$ #ntil no $a/e een laelle" #n"er t$e %a&e na&e. T$e loo /irt#all

i"entical an" t$eir e$a/io#r can e /er %i&ilar. I $a/e li%te" t$e%e ot$er -i-i%trelle at% t$at

$a/e een recor"e" in t$e UK an" Irelan" #- to 20!.

So-rano -i-i%trelle+ (recor"e" in Irelan" an" UK)+Nat$#%i#%'% -i-i%trelle+ (recor"e" ea%t coa%t

o* t$e UK "on to S 7ale% an" into Cornall a% ell a% t$e ea%t coa%t o* Irelan")

K#$l'% -i-i%trelle+( recor"e" %o#t$ En,lan" an" &a $a/e een ro#,$t in *ro& E#ro-e on

container lorrie% #t I $a/e no "o#t t$at t$e ill %lol %-rea" nort$ar"%. I al%o %#,,e%t

t$at t$e K#$l'% -i-i%trelle i% a %e-arate %-ecie% an" non a% t$e 'D#%t -i-i%trelle'

8. $e%-eri"#%.)

T$e onl reliale a to tell t$e& a-art i% *ro& t$eir ec$olocation call%. 8i-i%trelle% #%#all

e&er,e ao#t 20 &in#te% a*ter %#n%et an" o*ten *l *a%t an" c$aoticall #%t ao/e $ea" $ei,$t

in -#r%#it o* %&all+ *a%t&o/in, *lin, in%ect%. T$e can eat #- to


30/72

Diet;

3i",e%+ %&all *lie%+ &o%:#itoe%+ lacein,% an" %&all &ot$%.

Haitat;

O-en oo"lan"+ oo"lan" e",e%+ o/er ater an" &ar%$e%+ *ar&lan"+ alon, $e",ero%+

%##ran ,ar"en% an" #ran area%.

Ultra%o#n";

Ec$olocation call% *ro& 8. -i-i%trell#% -ea at ao#t !1H $erea% call% *ro& 8. -,&ae#%

-ea at ao#t 11H. T$i% i% t$e &o%t reliale a o* tellin, t$e%e to %-ecie% a-art an" t$i%

can e "one it$ an electronic at "etector. K#$l'% -i-i%trelle i% 2&% at


31/72

7in,%-an; 22=21c&.

7ei,$t; @=1,.

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" @ ear%.

Nat$#%i#%'% -i-i%trelle% are /er %&all at% an" are onl %li,$tl lar,er t$an t$e ot$er to

-i-i%trelle %-ecie% in t$e UK. T$e $a/e roa"er an" lon,er in,% an" %$a,, ,ol"en ron

*#r+ $ic$ i% -aler #n"erneat$+ a% ell a% a "ar colo#re" *ace an" ear%. T$e are &ore

&anoe#/rale t$an co&&on -i-i%trelle% in con*ine" %-ace% an" are /er %ille" at catc$in,

in%ect% in *li,$t.

T$i% %-ecie% i% non to &i,rate &an $#n"re"% o* ilo&etre% an"+ #ntil recentl+ it a%

t$o#,$t t$at t$e ere onl occa%ional /i%itor% to t$e UK. T$e *ir%t ree"in, roo%t% in t$e

co#ntr ere "i%co/ere" in > an" &ore colonie% $a/e %ince een *o#n" in t$e UK.

S#&&er roo%t%;

Tree $ole% or at o4e%+ i* a/ailale+ an" occa%ionall #il"in,%. T$e $a/e een non to

%$are roo%t% it$ t$e co&&on -i-i%trelle an" Bran"t'% at.

7inter roo%t%;

In inter+ t$e &o/e to crac% an" cre/ice% in all%+ ca/e% or $ollo tree%.

Bree"in,;

T$e &ate eteen earl Se-te&er an" No/e&er an" *e&ale% ,at$er to,et$er *ro& A-ril

to 3a. A *e&ale ill ,i/e irt$ to one or to aie% in ?#ne or ?#l an" t$eir o#n, &ae

t$eir *ir%t *li,$t at ao#t < ee% ol".

Diet;

3i",e%+ &o%:#itoe%+ &a*lie%+ lacein,% an" %&all &ot$%.

Haitat;

7oo"lan"+ -artic#larl alon, oo"lan" e",e%+ atera%+ ri"e% an" -at$%. O*ten %een on

*ar&lan" #t not o*ten near $#&an %ettle&ent.


32/72

Ultra%o#n";

Nat$#%i#%'% -i-i%trelle% %o#n" %i&ilar to ot$er -i-i%trelle% on a at "etector #t t$eir -ea

*re:#enc i% loer+ at ao#t ! H.


T$ere are onl a *e recor"% o* Nat$#%i#%'% -i-i%trelle% in Britain+ incl#"in, %i,$tin,% in

Dor%et+ Hert*or"%$ire an" E%%e4. 8i-i%trelle at% are %o %&all t$at+ it$ t$eir in,% *ol"e"+

t$e can *it into /er %&all %-ace% lie crac% an" #n"er %late%. I $a/e non t$e& to inter

o/er in Tit o4e% in 7ale%.

Bron lon,eare" at (8lecot#% a#rit#%)

Detail% o#n" acro%% t$e UK an" Irelan".

Bron lon,eare" at


33/72

7in,%-an; 2


34/72

Bree"in,;

T$e &ate eteen Octoer an" A-ril an" ,ro#-% o* 0


35/72

9re lon,eare" at (8lecot#% a#%triac#%)

Detail%G recor"e" *ro& t$e /er %o#t$ o* En,lan" an" %o *ar no recor"% *ro& Irelan".

9re lon,eare" at

7in,%-an; 21==!,.

Li*e%-an; 3a4. recor"e" ! ear%.

9re lon,eare" at% are one o* t$e rare%t &a&&al% in t$e UK. T$e loo /er %i&ilar to

ron lon,eare" at% an"+ e/en clo%e #-+ it can e /er "i**ic#lt to tell t$e to %-ecie% a-art.

9re lon,eare"+ a% t$eir na&e %#,,e%t%+ $a/e a ,reer coat #t t$i% can e &i%lea"in, eca#%e

#/enile ron lon,ear% are ,re an" re&ain %o *or one ear. 9re lon,ear% $a/e a "arer

ronlac *ace an" are ,enerall lar,er an" $a/e a roa"er inner ear (calle" t$e tra,#%)

t$an t$e ron lon,eare".

7$il%t %lee-in, or $iernatin,+ ot$ ron an" ,re lon,eare" at%+ t#c t$eir ear% eneat$

t$eir in,% an" lea/e onl t$eir lon, tra,#% e4-o%e". Bot$ %-ecie% o* lon,eare" at% #%#all

*ee" relati/el clo%e to t$eir roo%t%. T$e *l %lol an" t$eir roa" in,% &ean t$at t$e are

$i,$l &anoe#/rale. T$eir ear% are /er -ro&inent an" ,i/e t$e& an #n&i%taale -ro*ile


36/72

$ic$ can e/en e reco,ni%e" i* t$e *l clo%e .

S#&&er roo%t%;

T$e are %o rarel %een t$at little i% non ao#t t$eir -re*erre" roo%tin, %ite% in t$e UK.

T$ere $a/e een %o&e recor"e" in attic% o* ol" $o#%e% or c$#c$e%+ %i&ilar to t$e ron lon,

eare" at%.

7inter roo%t%;

T$o#,$t to roo%t in #n"er,ro#n" %ite% %#c$ a% ca/e%+ t#nnel%+ an" cellar%.

Bree"in,;

e&ale% onl %tart ree"in, at 2 or < ear% ol". T$e &ate in t$e a#t#&n an" *e&ale% *or&

&aternit colonie% in late %-rin,. e&ale% #%#all ,i/e irt$ to a %in,le o#n, in &i" to late

?#ne.

Diet;

3ot$%+ lacein,%+ crane*lie% an" eetle%.

Haitat;

T$e are %o rare t$at little i% non ao#t t$eir $aitat in t$e UK #t it i% t$o#,$t to e

%i&ilar to t$at o* t$e ron lon,eare" at%.

Ultra%o#n";

9re lon,eare" at% -ro"#ce /er lo inten%it call% t$at ran,e *ro& 21=10H an" are

/er "i**ic#lt to $ear on a at "etectorG t$e are o*ten calle" '$i%-erin, at%'.

Ao/e. a ,oo" Bat Roo%t in an" A%$ tree clo%e to & $o&e.


37/72

THE 7ILDLIE BIOLO96 O IRISH+ UK AND BATS O EURO8E. 20!

T$e A#t$orG Ronnie Carleton. 20!

In or"er to ,et a alance I $a/e incl#"e" %o&e at %-ecie% *ro& E#ro-e in t$i% re%earc$ an"

$ere I t$in co&&ent% are nee"e" I $a/e &a"e t$e&. Kee- in &in" t$at all t$e at %-ecie%

li%te" in t$e iolo, are not *o#n" in t$e UK or Irelan". 6et.

T$e iolo, o* UK+ Irelan" an" -art% o* E#ro-e i% a co&-le4 %#ect+ &i%tae% in ID are

&a"e+ "eate on a %-ecie% an" &an a lot o* ,#e%% or.


38/72

9#e%% or i% #%ele%% in at iolo, an" it o#l" e c$ etter to %a+ '"on't no+ #t ill

*in" o#t.' O#t t$ere in t$e real iolo, orl" t$ere are %o &an 'e4-ert%' &an o* t$e&

t$inin, eca#%e t$e $a/e a "e,ree or a 8$.D. t$at t$e no e/ert$in, t$ere i% to no

an" $en it co&e% "on to it+ a *e I no+ $a/e a at "etector+ a at oo+ a at licence an"

clai& to no e/ert$in, t$ere i% to no ao#t UK+ Irelan" an" at% o* E#ro-e.

In *act i* t$e tr#t$ e non+ &an o* t$e& no a little #t not a lot an" t$e &an or o&an

i% not et orn $o no% it all $en it co&e% to at% an" t$eir iolo,.

3 re%earc$ i% not ritten #- in oo *or& eca#%e I a& an 'e4-ert' an" I o#l" ne/er clai&

I a% or ant to e+ it o#l" e "ea" orin, an" e,o o#l" tae o/er a% i% t$e ca%e o* &an

at e4-ert%. I "o no %o&e t$in,% ao#t Bat iolo, an" t$an*#ll I a& %till learnin,.

3 at re%earc$ %tarte" o** in Irelan"+ a,e" 1 ear% an" all I "i" a% atc$ at% #t $a" not

a cl#e $at %-ecie% t$e ere. Bi, at% in t$o%e "a% ere t$o#,$t to e t$e a"#lt% an" t$e

%&aller %-ecie% I t$o#,$t ere t$eir c$il"ren. It too a $ile *or a o#n, teena,er ac t$en

t$at t$ere ere &ore t$an one at %-ecie% in Irelan"5

Bat iolo, i% not #%t ao#t t$e &a&&al%. It i% #%e*#l to no o* co#r%e an" I ill co&e to

t$at later #t to %t#" at% o# $a/e to %t#" t$eir $aitat%+ rea" t$e lan"%ca-e e it in ton

or co#ntr+ &a- o#t area% $ere o# t$in t$ere &a e at%+ e ale to rea" a &a- ell+

c$ec o#t -o%%ile at %ite% an" c$ o* t$i% can e "one in t$e inter &ont$% in o#r area.

3o%t o* t$e at% in t$e UK an" Irelan" ill e in "ee- $iernation "#rin, &i" inter %o e

&ore t$an care*#l $en o# are c$ecin, -o%%ile at %ite% a% all at %-ecie% in t$e UK an"

Irelan" are *#ll -rotecte" la an" t$i% al%o co/er% at roo%t% an" -o%%ile roo%t% t$at at%

co#l" #%e.

B rea"in, t$e lan"%ca-e i% #%t t$at. 6o# %tan" in an area an" loo acro%% it. T$at ol" "ea"

tree in t$e $e",ero it$ $ole%+ t$e ol" co%$e"+ roc $ole% on a cli**+ %-lit% in tree%+

oo"-ecer $ole% in tree%+ ir" o4e% on tree%+ i/+ roo* $ole% on #il"in,% an" ,a-%+


39/72

an" %o on.

Ol" c$#rc$e% are a etter *or at% t$an a ne one+ raila t#nnel% &a e *ine *or at% #t

"an,ero#% *or t$e at re%earc$er i* train% r#n t$ro#,$ it an" o# r#n a /er $i,$ ri% o* ein,

ille" or in#rie%. 6o# &a al%o e arre%te" t$e tran%-ort -olice *or tre%-a%%.

Di%#%e" rail t#nnel% i% a ,oo" -lace+ canal ri",e%+ ol" &ine% are ,oo" #t can al%o e

"an,ero#%+ r#in% an$ere &a $ol" at%+ "r%tone all%+ :#arr'%+ ca/e% an" cellar% all are

-o%%ile at $aitat% *or roo%tin,+ %#&&er or inter.

I* o# $a/e not et ,ot a at "etector ,et one an" -#t it on o#r C$ri%t&a% or Birt$"a li%t

an" t$ere are &an ,oo" one% o#t t$ere t$at "o not co%t an" ar& or a le,. 7it$ o#r at

"etector it i% a ,oo" i"ea to al%o $a/e a %&all ta-e recor"er to recor" t$e ec$olocate %o#n"%

t$at o# can &atc$ #- later $en o# ,et $o&e. T$ere i% a n#&er o* a#"io -ro,ra&% o#

can #%e+ &an o* t$e& *ree on line.

I* o# ant a at oo *or ID+ ,et a ,oo" one an" &ae %#re t$at it ,i/e% o# t$e H o* eac$

%-ecie% in t$e UK+ Irelan" an" E#ro-e. I %a 'E#ro-e' eca#%e e "o ,et an" -o%%il ill ,et

at &i,rant% co&in, to t$e UK #t al%o i* o# are on $oli"a in E#ro-e it &i,$t e a ,oo"

i"ea to t#c o#r oo in it$ o#r at "etector an" rin, it it$ o#.

T$ere &a ell e a at ,ro#- in o#r area an" o# can learn a lot *ro& &e&er% or relearn

a lot a% ell. T$e Bat Con%er/ation Tr#%t UK are ala% looin, *or -eo-le to carr o#t at

%#r/e% in o#r area %o ,et in/ol/e".

Once o# eco&e a at orer or %#r/e orer+ %ta %a*e+ no o#r area+ $a/e o#r &oile

it$ o# an" I ill al%o %#,,e%t+ %o&eone el%e a% ell.

All t$e at% in t$e UK an" Irelan" eat in%ect% %o r#le o#t /a&-ire at% ri,$t aa. 6o# "o not

,et t$e& in t$e UK+ Irelan" or t$e UK. T$ere are &an &t$% aro#n" at%+ &o%t o* t$e& #%t

t$at #t %o&et$in, t$at i% not a &t$ i% ear ,lo/e% i* o# $a/e to $an"le an at in#re" a%

t$e can ite an" t$ere i% ala% t$e ri% o* a %train o* t$e raie% /ir#% ein, -re%ent+ &ore %o

in E#ro-e.


40/72

BAT BIOLO96 AND ID O UK+ IRISH AND BATS O EURO8E.

() KNO7 6OUR BATS.

To %-ecie% in t$e UK an" Irelan". Le%%er an" 9reat Hor%e%$oe at%.


41/72

THE 8I8ISTRELLE BATS ID.

Note t$e "ental "ata+ t$e %#ll an" "ro--in,%.

All are %&all at% #t Sa/i'% at not a re%i"ent in t$e UK or Irelan".

See %ie eloG


42/72

Note %#ll %$a-e% an" "ro--in,%. Serotine at *o#n" in UK in t$e %o#t$.


43/72

Note %#ll %$a-e%. Noct#le at not *o#n" in Irelan"+ UK onl $ere Lei%ler'% at &ore

co&&on in Irelan" t$an UK. o#n" in %&all n#&er% in t$e UK. 9reater Noct#le *o#n" in

E#ro-e+ not UK or Irelan".

All at %#ll% *o#n" %$o#l" e looe" at care*#ll an" &atc$e" i* -o%%ile.

T$in *oren%ic%+ t$in %$a-e% an" "etail% o* %#ll% a% ell a% %ie.


44/72


45/72

A 3e"i#& %ie at it$ *l#** *#r $ic$ i% ron ,re to "ar ron ao/e an" %il/er ,re

colo#re" elo it$ a or"er eteen to- an" elo. It $a% a -in colo#re" *ace it$ a re"

ron no%e. Qer %$ort ear% it$ t$e tra,#% le%% t$an $al* t$e len,t$ o* t$e ear. I $a/e note"

t$at t$e *eet are lar,e it$ lon, ri%tle%.

Roo%t% in tree $ole%+ ca/e% an" #il"in,% an" in $ole% #n"er ri",e%.

T$i% %-ecie% i% t$e non at %-ecie% o* carrin, t$e raie% /ir#% in a *e re-ort% in t$e UK

an" $a% ca#%e" t$e "eat$ a *e ear% a,o o* a at orer eca#%e $e a% not earin, ,lo/e%.

7ill ite $ar" i* in#re" or $an"le" ro#,$l %o e arne".

Al%o non a% t$e 'ater at' a% it *lie% lo o/er t$e ater at ni,$t *or in%ect% an" al%o non

to %i- ater o* t$e %#r*ace. I al%o $a/e o%er/e" it trin, to c$a%e %allo% at "#% o/er a lae

#t *or $at rea%on I "o not no.


46/72

Natterer'% at% are a &e"i#& %ie+ li,$t #** ron ao/e an" "irt $ite elo or $ite.

I $a/e *o#n" t$e *ace to e al&o%t %al&on colo#re" to re" an" al&o%t are o* *#r. It $a% a li,$t

,re an" ron in,. Donar" -ointin, i% anot$er *eat#re on t$e o#ter &e&rane.

It $a% a /er %len"er tra,#% an" $el-% in t$e ID eteen t$e %&aller %-ecie%+ Bran"t'% an"

7$i%ere" at%.

Root% in $ole% in tree%+ ca/e% an" #il"in,% an" lie% ca/e% a% a roo%t &ore t$an &an ot$er

at%. Note %#ll %$a-e.


47/72

Not *o#n" in Irelan" or Scotlan" an" onl in /er %&all -ocet% in Ne ore%t area %o#t$

En,lan". It i% a &e"i#& %ie" at it$ t$e *#r li,$t to re""i%$ ron on to- an" ,rei%$

$ite elo. T$e a%e o* t$e $air% are c$ "arer t$en t$e $air ti-%. ace are an" -ini%$

it$ t$e $ea" %$oin, lon, ear% an" roa" $en *ol"e" an" %$o a little eon" t$e at'%

no%e. T$e tra,#% i% lon, an" lance %$a-e". Roo%t% in tree% it$ $ole% or %-lit% an" ca/e%.

Note %#ll %$a-e an" "ro--in,%.

T$i% %-ecie% lie "a&- oo"lan"% t$at are &i4e" #t ill al%o tae to coni*er oo"%+ -ar%

an" ,ar"en% an" %t $a/e tree $ole% t$ro#,$o#t t$e ear an" &ore %o *or it% n#r%er roo%t%.

7ill #%e at o4e% i* -#t #- in t$e ri,$t location% #t "oe% not %ee& to e een on #il"in,%

e4ce-t in inter. Ca/e% an" ol" &ine% are al%o #%e" in E#ro-e *or inter $iernation.

Han,% in t$e roo%t $ea" "on an" al%o can ,et into crac% an" a,ain $an,% $ea" "on.


48/72

Note o" colo#r% an" %#ll%. Bara%telle at i% c$ "arer t$an t$e to t-e" o* lon, eare"

at%. Note %#ll% o* t$i% %-ecie%.

T$e ,re lon, eare" at i% no -laer in t$e UK at %-ecie% #t %o *ar in %&all n#&er% an"

in t$e %o#t$ o* t$e UK #t $ere it o/erla-% it$ t$e ron lon, eare" at t$at i% *o#n" acro%%

t$e UK an" Irelan". T$e ,re L. E. Bat i% not *o#n" in Irelan" a% et.

Bot$ $a/e lon, *#r an" lar,e ear%.


49/72

8OSSIBLE 3I9RANTS INTO THE UK B6 2020.

THE SUS8ECTS BELO7.

3e"i#& %ie" at+ *#r lon, an" %$a,, it$ #n"er%i"e% elloron. T$e no%e+ ear% an"

in,% are lac #t t$e ear% I note *ro& Se"en are %$ort. Tra,#% i% %$ort an" roa" an" $a%

een recor"e" in t$e UK a% a /a,rant in t$e -a%t. 3i,rate% a% *ar a% t$e Arctic circle an"

&o/e% %o#t$ an" %o#t$ e%t in late A#t#&n.

Lie% t$e #%e o* #il"in,%+ %o&eti&e% oo" -ile%+ roo* it$ crac% in it+ an" in inter ca/e%+

&ine%+ cellar% an" %o&eti&e% "i%#%e" t#nnel%.

Ha% t$ic lon, *#r+ ,re ron+ $ite ,re #n"erneat$+ lon, roa" in,%. Lie% oo"e" area%

it$ ater clo%e . S$ort &i,ration% tae -lace #- to 00&. In N. rance an" 9er&an.


50/72

o#n" in rance+ S-ain an" Ital t$i% %-ecie% $a% lon, *#r+ li,$t ron colo#re" ao/e+ "irt

$ite elo it$ %o&e ,re ello on t$e %i"e%. T$e tra,#% in t$e ear i% lance %$a-e" it$ *ine

notc$e% on t$e o#ter e",e. It lie% oo"lan"% it$ ater clo%e an" al%o li&e%tone area%

it$ ater. Diet i% &ainl %-i"er% an" lacein,% #t ot$er in%ect taen a% ell.

3i,rate% onl %$ort "i%tance #- to !0& #t &a arri/e in t$e UK in Container tr#c% rat$er

t$an tr#e &i,ration. At $i,$ ri% o* total e4tinction in %o&e area% o* E#ro-e.

Lar,e at an" no e4tinct in t$e UK %ince 0 an" on "ecline el%e$ere in rance an"

S-ain. 7a% *ir%t "i%co/ere" in t$e UK in 1. S&all ti&e &i,rant #- to @0&

ee"% on eetle%+ &ot$%+ cocc$a*er% ca#,$t in *li,$t #t al%o $a% een non to *ee" on t$e

,ro#n". At $i,$ ri% no in &an area% o* E#ro-e. ee"% in *ore%t area #t it$ o-en %-ace%.


51/72

THE BAT 8ARASITES.

All t$e at %-ecie% in t$e UK an" Irelan" are -rone to -ara%ite in*ection an" t$i% i% ea%

%-rea" on to ot$er at% in t$e roo%t. To &ae a re%earc$ %t#" o* at -ara%ite% o# nee" ti&e

an" %o&e$ere to or.

Knole",e ao#t t$e i&ne %%te& o* E#ro-ean at %-ecie% i% e%%ential *or inter-retin, t$e

occ#rrence o* -ara%ite in*e%tation% an" "i%ea%e%. 3o%t E#ro-ean at %-ecie% are in*e%te" it$

ecto-ara%ite% $o%e "i/er%it an" a%%ociation it$ t$eir $o%t% %t e e4-laine" a

co&ination o* -$lo,enetic+ i&nolo,ical+ ecolo,ical an" -$%iolo,ical a%-ect%.

T$e i&noco&-etence i% t$e ailit to rai%e an i&ne re%-on%e *olloin, a -at$o,en

contact. It i% /er /ariale in &a&&al%.

T$e ti&e o* coe4i%tence o* at an" -ara%ite %-ecie% in*l#ence% t$e i&noco&-etence o*

$o%t%. Clo%el relate" $o%t %-ecie% %$o a %i&ilar i&noco&-etence.

Intra%-eci*ic "i**erence% a%e" on in"i/i"#al ener, "e&an"+ ,en"er an" a,e in*l#ence

i&noco&-etence.

To a%%e%% t$e i&noco&-etence+ o# #%e an inno/ati/e lti-ara&eter loo" te%t to anal%e

t$e o/erall -ict#re o* t$e i&ne re%-on%e o* "i**erent at %-ecie%.

7e in/e%ti,ate intra an" inter%-eci*ic "i**erence% in i&noco&-etence o* E#ro-ean at%

%-ecie%. T$e in*l#ence o* t$e e/ol#tionar $i%tor on i&noco&-etence it$ re,ar" to t$e

ecto-ara%ite% i% "eter&ine". 7it$ t$e%e re%#lt% it i% -o%%ile to i"enti* t$e i&-ortance o* t$e

i&noco&-etence o* at $o%t concernin, $o%t %-eci*icit o* ecto-ara%ite%. In a""ition+ t$e

,i/e *#n"a&ental in%i,$t% into i&noco&-etence o* %e/eral at %-ecie% an" into t$e

e/ol#tionar %trate,ie% o* t$e $o%t% to re,#late t$e ener, #",et an" -ara%ite in*e%tation.

T$i% i% $at I %#,,e%t o# loo *orG


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Note -ara%ite% aro#n" t$e ear%.

7in, -ara%ite%.


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No %o&et$in, ne *or at -eo-le in E#ro-e+ t$e UK an" Irelan"

3 t$an% to t$e a#t$or% o* t$eir re%earc$.

A ne %-ecie% o* lon,eare" at *ro& E#ro-e

(C$iro-tera; Qe%-ertilioni"ae)

An"rea% K i e * e r F 3ic$ael Q e i t $

A % t r a c t . A ne %-ecie% o* at o* t$e ,en#% 8lecot#% *ro& t$e Al-% an" ot$er &o#ntaino#%

re,ion% o* E#ro-e i% "e%crie". 8lecot#% al-in#% %-. no/. can e "i%tin,#i%$e" *ro& ot$er

8lecot#% %-ecie% it% %e:#ence o* -art% o* t$e @S an" Dloo- re,ion o* t$e &itoc$on"rial

DNA. 8lecot#% al-in#% %-. no/. i% ,eneticall a clo%e relati/e to 8lecot#% a#rit#%+ alt$o#,$ in

%o&e &or-$olo,ical c$aracter% it %$o% a clo%er relation to 8lecot#% a#%triac#%. 8lecot#%

al-in#% %-. no/. %$are% &or-$olo,ical %i&ilaritie% it$ 8. a#rit#% an" 8. a#%triac#%+ %o in

*or&er %t#"ie% it a--eare" a% inter&e"iate eteen 8. a#rit#% an" 8. a#%triac#%. Hoe/er+ a

co&ination o* c$aracteri%tic trait% "i%tin,#i%$e% 8. al-in#% %-. no/. clearl *ro& it% clo%e

relate" ta4a.

K e o r " % . 8lecot#% al-in#% %-. no/.+ %%te&atic%+ E#ro-e.

Intro"#ction

8artic#lar lon, ear% (21&&) are c$aracteri%tic *or all lon,eare" at%. T$e are i"el

"i%tri#te" t$ro#,$o#t t$e Nort$ern He&i%-$ere an" co&-ri%e t$e 8alearctic ,en#%

8lecot#% (9eo**re+ ) an" t$e Nearctic ,enera Cornor$in#%+ I"ioncteri% an"

E#"er&a. T$e Nearctic ta4a ere incl#"e" a% %#,enera in t$e ,en#% 8lecot#%

Han"le (1). Hoe/er+ t$i% /ie a% reecte"+ a%e" on cto,enetic (c$ro&o%o&e

an"in,+ e.,. e" F R#-rec$t


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a tri#% o* t$eir on+ t$e 8lecotini. It incl#"e% t$e Nearctic Cornor$in#%+ I"ioncteri%

an" E#"er&a+ an" t$e 8alearctic ,enera 8lecot#% an" Bara%tella.

In t$e -a%t+ %-ecie% "e%i,nation it$in t$e ,en#% 8lecot#% $a/e *re:#entl c$an,e".

Linnae#% (>1) onl reco,ni%e" t$e ron lon,eare" at+ 8lecot#% a#rit#%.

S#%e:#entl+ %e/eral ne %-ecie% ere "e%crie" (e.,. i%c$er 2+ ?enn% 2+ Koc$

@0+ BarrettHa&ilton 0>+ T$o&a% + %ee al%o Bree F D#lic @


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relation%$i- o* 8. olo&ato/ici an" 8. a#%triac#%+ $ile S-itener,er et al. (200)

*o#n" 8. a#rit#% to e t$e %i%ter %-ecie% o* 8. olo&ato/ici. A% %$on Kie*er et al.

(%#&itte")+ S-itener,er et al. (200) incorrectl a%%i,ne" t$e na&e 8. olo&ato/ici to

a cla"e t$at o/io#%l re-re%ente" a *o#rt$+ c#rrentl #nnon %-ecie% (i,. + Ta. ).

7e $ere "e%crie t$i% ne %-ecie% an" -re%ent -reli&inar "ata on it% &or-$olo,ical

/ariation.

3aterial an" &et$o"%

All %-eci&en% o* t$e ne %-ecie% ere i"enti*ie" #%in, -art% o* t$e &itoc$on"rial @S or D

loo- ,ene% (*or "etail% %ee Kie*er et al. %#&itte"). A total o* %i4 %-eci&en%

(*o#r &ale%+ to *e&ale%) a% in/e%ti,ate". i/e %-eci&en% ere "r %in%+ one %-eci&en i%

-re%er/e" in alco$ol. 7e #%e" *i/e e4tracte" %#ll% an" to ac#la *or cranial an" ac#lar

&or-$olo,. T$ree /o#c$er %-eci&en% are %tore" in t$e Voolo,i%c$e% or%c$#n,%in%tit#t #n"

3#%e#& Ale4an"er Koeni,+ Bonn (V3K)+ one %-eci&en in t$e Sencener, In%tit#te+

ran*#rt (S3) an" one %-eci&en i% "e-o%ite" in t$e -ri/ate collection o* O. /on Hel/er%en+

Erlan,en+ 9er&an. or co&-ari%on e anal%e" %-eci&en% o* all E#ro-ean 8lecot#% %-ecie%

$ic$ -re/io#%l $a/e een i"enti*ie" #%in, DNA %e:#encin,.

7e too t$e *olloin, &ea%#re&ent%; A W *orear& len,t$ (it$ ri%t)+ H W $in" *oot

len,t$ (it$o#t cla%)+ TL W tra,#% len,t$+ T7 W tra,#% i"t$+ TH W t$#& len,t$ it$o#t

cla+ CL W cla len,t$+ TA W tail len,t$+ SL W %#ll len,t$+ CBL W con"loa%al len,t$+ SH W

%#ll $ei,$t (it$ #llae)+ IO7 W interorital con%triction i"t$+ 3 < 3 < W i"t$ acro%%

#--er &olar%+ C 3 < W len,t$ o* &a4illar toot$ro+ C3 < W len,t$ o* &an"i#lar toot$ro+

3L W &an"ile len,t$+ 37 W &a%toi" i"t$+ C%#-L W Len,t$ o* #--er canine%+ 3BD W

&a4i& #lla "ia&eter+ V7 W ,o&atic i"t$+ 3DB W &ini&al "i%tance eteen #llae+


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T$e ac#la ere otaine" *olloin, t$e &aceration -roce"#re o* An"er%on (@0). T$e ere

-$oto,ra-$e" it$ a "i,ital i&a,in, #nit (Leica DC


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58/72


59/72

attaaa,tcctac,t,atct,a,t.

DLoo-G 9enBan acce%%ion n#&er A600@ ($o&olo,o#% to -o%ition% @>>@

@2@ o* t$e 8i-i%trell#% ara% &itoc$on"rial ,eno&e+ 9enBan acce%%ion n#&er

AB0@12);

tctt,ccaaaccccaaaaacaa,aa,aataatattac,acacttata,acttaactcatactct,caccaaatctataactttctccc

accacaaa,tcacacccctctactttaaa,atacaatttcctta,aca,acat,tcctca,atct,caaac,,,ccttcaaacaca

acac,c.

De%cri-tion an" co&-ari%on.

8lecot#% al-in#% %-. no/. i% a &e"i#& to lar,e%ie" re-re%entati/e o* t$e ,en#% it$ a

"en%e *#r. T$e ti- o* t$e /entral $air i% $ite+ not ,re a% in 8. a#%triac#% or

8. olo&ato/ici or elloi%$ron to crea& a% in 8. a#rit#%. It% /entral *#r a--ear% &ore

$iti%$ t$an in all ot$er E#ro-ean 8lecot#% %ince t$e $ite ti-% o* t$e /entral *#r co/er

&ore t$an 10 o* total $air len,t$ (8. a#rit#%;


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T$e %#ll (i,. 2) i% &e"i#&%ie" it$ a co&-arati/el lon, ro%tr#& an" &e"i#&

%ie" t&-anic #lla (Hna @@+ D#lic 0+ HY#%%ler F Bra#n ). T$e -roce%%#%

an,#lari% &an"i#lae $a% no ell&are" $orn lie in 8. a#%triac#% an" it% en" $a% no

cl#%$a-e" i"enin, lie in 8. a#rit#% (i,. 2+ %ee R#-rec$t @1). S$a-e an" %ie o* t$e

ac#l#& (i,.


61/72

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0.1 Z 0.0

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68/72

i,.


69/72

8. a#rit#% an" 8. a#%triac#% co#l" not e -ro/e" (3oretti et al. an" 8lecot#% /#l,ari% De%&are%t+ 2; T$e

$olot-e% o* t$e%e to %-ecie% are lo%t+ -roal "#rin, t$e t$ cent#r (3. Tranier+

-er%. co&&.)+ an" t$e rie* "e%cri-tion% o* t$e%e to ta4a "o not "ia,no%e a %-eci*ic

%-ecie% o* lon,eare" at.

Sc$in (!0) &entione" 8lecot#% &o,alato% Bre$& a% a %non& o* 8. a#rit#%


70/72


71/72

T$e Ne Lon, Eare" Bat %-ecie% *ro& E#ro-e.

See t$e re%earc$e% note% ao/e.

T$e %#ll% o* t$e ne lon, eare" at %-ecie%.

T$e A#t$or o* Carleton'% Bat Biolo, 20!


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bat research in the uk and ireland 2014 book

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