basics of technology

8/8/2019 Basics of Technology

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Basics Of Technology


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What Is Technology?


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The Practical Application of Knowledge especiallyin a particular area and a capability given by the

practical application of knowledge


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The Contribution Of Technology

For the Human Race


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What is a Computer?A computer is a machine that manipulates data

according to list of instructions.

A. InputB.Processing

C.Output

D.Storage


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Flash Drives


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USB Specification Communication Between devices and

Host controller(Computer)

Standards Like USB 1.0 -1.5Mbits/sec,USB 2.0-480Mbits/sec,USB 3.0 -4.8Gbits/sec

Connects computer peripherals such asmice,keyboard,digitalcameras,printers,media players,flash

drives and External HDs


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Flash Drive A USB flash drive consists of a NAND

type flash memory data storage device

integrated with a USB.

Storage capacity ranges from 64MB to256 GB.

Supports platforms like Windows,Linuxand Macintosh.


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USB

Pipe and Endpoints

16 each on device

and host controllerUSB-A mostcommon USB plug


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Standards:- USB 1.1,USB 2.0

IBM,Kingston,Sandisk,Transcend


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Hard Disk Drives


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Hard Disk Drives

Non Volatile Storage device that storesdigitally encoded data on rapidly

rotating platters with magnetic surfaces.

Records information as bits 0 and 1 SATA,PATA and Solid state HD.


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Seagate,WD,Hitachi,Samsung and Toshiba


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SATA Storage interface to connect Host busadapters to mass storage devices

Reduced number of wires,provision tohotswap SATA versions 1.0-1.5 Gb/s

SATA versions 2.0-3Gb/s SATA versions 3.0-6Gb/s


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PATA Interface for connecting Hard disks and

computers

Evolved as versions ATA1-6 with 48 bitaddressing.

Supports speed upto 133 Mb/s. Used the master and slave concept to

distinguish Hard disks


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SSD

No Mechanical Parts Faster Access as there is no spin up

Low power consumption and less heat


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File System Formats


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File System Formats

FAT(File Allocation Table) New Technology File System(NTFS)


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FAT Commonly used format on computers

and most memory cards,such as fordigital cameras.

It Centralizes the area which belongs to

files as clusters FAT 12,16,32.


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NTFS New Technology File System is astandard file system format of Win

NT,2000,XP,Vista,Win 7 etc

Improvements over FAT inmetadata,Improved

performance,reliability,disk spaceutilization and file system journaling.

Max vol size of 2^64 -1 clusters


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HFS Used After MFS Binary Tree over flat table structure The data is arranged in logical blocks of

512 bytes

16,32 and 64 Bit formats


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Video and AudioFormats


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Audio Formats

Audio file formats are used to store dataof the audio file.

Majorly grouped asUncompressed,Lossy and lossless

formats.


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Common Formats Mp3- MPEG Audio Layer 3

WMA- Windows Media Audio Format RA- Real Audio

WAV

MP4


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Video Formats

Defines format for videos. Depends on display resolution, colorand refresh rate.


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The AVI Format

The AVI (Audio Video Interleave) format was developed by Microsoft.

The AVI format is supported by all computers running Windows, and by all the most popular

web browsers. It is a very common format on the Internet, but not always possible to playon non-Windows computers.

Videos stored in the AVI format have the extension .avi.

The Windows Media Format The Windows Media format is developed by Microsoft.

Windows Media is a common format on the Internet, but Windows Media movies cannot beplayed on non-Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed. Some laterWindows Media movies cannot play at all on non-Windows computers because no player isavailable.

Videos stored in the Windows Media format have the extension .wmv.

The MPEG Format The MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group) format is the most popular format on the

Internet. It is cross-platform, and supported by all the most popular web browsers.

Videos stored in the MPEG format have the extension .mpg or .mpeg.


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The RealVideo Format

The RealVideo format was developed for the Internet by Real Media.

The format allows streaming of video (on-line video, Internet TV) with low bandwidths.Because of the low bandwidth priority, quality is often reduced.

Videos stored in the RealVideo format have the extension .rm or .ram.

The Shockwave (Flash) Format The Shockwave format was developed by Macromedia.

The Shockwave format requires an extra component to play. This component comespreinstalled with the latest versions of Netscape and Internet Explorer.

Videos stored in the Shockwave format have the extension .swf

The QuickTime Format The QuickTime format is developed by Apple.

QuickTime is a common format on the Internet, but QuickTime movies cannot be played ona Windows computer without an extra (free) component installed.

Videos stored in the QuickTime format have the extension .mov.


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Image Formats


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PIXELSPIXELSPIXELSPIXELS

Pixel is a smallest item of an information inPixel is a smallest item of an information in

an image.an image.

Each pixel is a sample of an original imageEach pixel is a sample of an original image

which provides more accurate representationwhich provides more accurate representationof the original.of the original.

Basic color combination is Red,Blue andBasic color combination is Red,Blue and

Green.Green.

There are 4 components cyan ,magentaThere are 4 components cyan ,magentayellow&black .yellow&black .

rovide more accuratrovide more accurat

Pixel is a smallest item of an information inPixel is a smallest item of an information in

an image.an image.

Each pixel is a sample of an original imageEach pixel is a sample of an original image

which provides more accurate representationwhich provides more accurate representationof the original.of the original.

Basic color combination is Red,Blue andBasic color combination is Red,Blue and

Green.Green.

There are 4 components cyan ,magentaThere are 4 components cyan ,magentayellow&black .yellow&black .

rovide more accuratrovide more accurat

TT

eexx

tt


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Pixel is the smallest single component of a digitalPixel is the smallest single component of a digital

image .image .

the extracted picture of an pixel.the extracted picture of an pixel.

Pixel is the smallest single component of a digitalPixel is the smallest single component of a digital

image .image .

the extracted picture of an pixel.the extracted picture of an pixel.


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Common Image

FormatsLossless compressionLossy Compression


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JPEG-Produces small files which supports 8 bitsfor color.

TIFF- Saves as 8 or 16 bit file formats.

PNG- Open source for GIF.RAW file format

Common Image

Formats


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Liquid Crystal Display


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Liquid Crystal DisplayThin flat panel used to display informationDisplay text,images and moving picturesLightweight,Portable,Ability to provide largeimages.


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How LCD Works?


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LCD Devices


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Light Emitting Diode


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Light Emitting DiodeElectronic light source based on semi conductordiode.

Works on the concept of forward and reversebias.

Used as a replacement for incandescentindicators.

LED Di l


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LED Displays

A video display which uses LEDs.LED Displays are typically used in destinationsigns on Public transport vehicles.

Stage lighting,general illumination use LEDs.


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RAM


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Random Access

MemoryForm of computer storage which allows to accessthe dataTypes of RAM Like SRAM,DRAM,DDR.


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DDR SDRAMReferred to as Double data rate RAMSynchronous ApproachTransfers data on the rise and fall of the clocksignalDDR 1 -133,166,200 Mhz(1/ns per cycle)DDR 2 - 200,266,333 or 400DDR 3- 800,1066


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PROCESSOR


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rocessor


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rocessor

The Portion of computer that carries outinstruction of a computer program.

Referred to as the brain of the computer.

Performs Fetch,Decode,Execute and Writeback

during the operation.


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Processor

ManufacturersAMDINTELMotorolaIBM


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Front Side Bus


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Cache Memory


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Graphic Card


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Graphic Card

A Video card is commonly known by thesenames Video card,video adapter,graphics

accelerator card,display adapter or graphics card.

Its function is to generate and output images to a

display.It offloads 3D Graphics rendering from theprocessor.

Mainly used in Mobile Phones,embeddedsystems,personal computers,workstations and

game consoles.


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Types

Dedicated Graphics CardIntegrated Graphics Card


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Internet


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InternetA global system of interconnected computernetworks that use standardized Protocols to serve

billions of users worldwide.Contains a wide array of information andresources through WWW.

It supports popular services such as online

chat,file transfer,social networking etc.


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Types Of

AccessibilityWiredWireless


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WirelessWi-FiWiMAX


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Wi-FiAn Alliance that warrants interoperability between

different wireless devicesThe term Wi-Fi Suggests Wireless Fidelity.The Wi-Fi Ranges between 35-95 m.Wireless Access Point connects devicesWirelessly.


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WiMAXWorldwide Interoperability for microwave access

that provides wireless transmission of data usingvarious transmission modes

Provides upto 10Mbps without the need of wires.Provides a point to multipoint link.

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