basics of neural network analysis

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BASICS OF NEURAL NETWORK ANALYSIS Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks Kohonen Neural Networks

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Neural network analysis can be used to predict the performance characteristics of formulations or multi-step processes -- even when there are a large number of variables with complex interactions.

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Page 1: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

BASICS OF NEURAL NETWORK ANALYSIS

Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks

Kohonen Neural Networks

Page 2: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

•  What  is  a  Neural  Network?  •  What  can  it  do  for  me?  •  Advantages  and  Disadvantages  •  Two  Common  Types  of  Neural  Networks  

– Mul?layer  Perceptron    •  A  “black  box”  model  predicts  output  values  

–  Kohonen  Classifica?on    •  Experimental  cases  are  classified  into  groups  

•  Training  Neural  Networks    

CONTENTS

Page 3: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

What  is  a  Neural  Network?  

A  neuron  is  a  func?on,  Y=f(X),  with  input  X  and  output  Y:        Neurons  are  connected  by  synapses.  A  synapse  mul?plies  the  output  by  a  weigh?ng  factor,  W:  

X   Y  Y  =  f(X)  

X   WY   Z  Y  =  f(X)   Z  =  g(WY)  

Page 4: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

The  func?on  in  a  neuron  can  be  linear  or  nonlinear.  A  typical  nonlinear  func?on  is  the  Sigmoid  func?on:        

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Neural  networks  are  trained  with  cases  

•  What  is  a  case?  –  A  case  is  an  experiment  with  one  or  more  inputs  (controlled  variables)  and  one  or  more  outputs  (results  or  observa?ons)  

–  Example  •  Inputs:  temp  298°K,  ini?al  concentra?on  1.0  g/l,  ?me  7  days;  Outputs:  final  concentra?on  0.9  g/l,  degrada?on  product  0.15  g/l  

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When  a  neural  network  is  “trained”  with  different  cases,  the  parameters  of  the  neuronal  func?ons  and  synap?c  weigh?ng  factors  are  adjusted  for  the  best  “fit”:              The  inputs  are  x1  thru  xp.  The  outputs  are  y1  thru  ym.    The  w-­‐values  are  the  synap?c  weigh?ng  factors.  The  u-­‐values  are  sums  of  weigh?ng  factors.  

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What  can  a  neural  network  do  for  me?  

•  Analyze  data  with  a  large  number  of  variables  with  complex  rela?onships.  

•  Develop  formula?ons  or  mul?-­‐step  processes.  

•  Compare  performance  characteris?cs  of  mul?ple  formula?ons  or  processes.  

•  Analyze  experimental  data  even  when  data  points  are  missing  or  not  in  a  balanced  design.  

Page 8: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Advantages  

•  No  need  to  propose  a  model  prior  to  data  analysis.  

•  Can  handle  variables  with  very  complex  interac?ons.  

•  No  assump?on  that  inputs  and  outputs  are  normally  distributed.  

•  More  robust  to  noise.  

•  No  need  to  pre-­‐determine  important  variables  and  interac?ons  with  a  Design  of  Experiments  

Page 9: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Disadvantages  

•  Need  a  lot  of  data.  –  (Number  of  Training  Cases)  ≈  10  x  (Number  of  Synapses)  

•  Output  variables  are  not  expressed  as  analy?c  func?ons  of  input  variables.  

 

Page 10: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Training  Kohonen  Neural  Networks    and    

Mul?layer  Perceptron  Neural  Networks  

•  A  por?on  of  the  cases  are  randomly  selected  to  be  training  cases  –  typically  about  70%.  

•  A  por?on  of  the  cases  are  randomly  selected  to  be  verifica?on  cases  –  typically  about  20%.  

•  The  remainder  are  test  cases  –  typically  about  10%.    

Page 11: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Teaching  the  neural  network  with  just  the  training  cases  will  result  in  “over-­‐fieng”  the  data:  

Page 12: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

So,  the  verifica?on  cases  are  added:  

Page 13: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Then  the  network  is  “retrained”  with  the  verifica?on  cases  and  the  final  model  is  the  result:  

Page 14: Basics Of Neural Network Analysis

Finally,  the  test  cases  are  used  to  determine  how  well  the  “black  box”  model  predicts  the  outputs.  

The  outputs  of  a  Kohonen  Neural  Network  will  be  the  different  “classes”  into  which  the  cases  have  been  classified.  

The  outputs  of  a  Mul?layer  Perceptron  Neural  Network  will  be  con?nuous  variables  represen?ng  the  performance  characteris?cs  of  all  the  formula?ons  or  all  the  mul?-­‐step  processes.  (Remember,  each  formula?on  or  process  is  a  “case”.)