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Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University [email protected] 607-255-0621

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Page 1: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know

Neil MattsonAssociate Professor, HorticultureCornell University

[email protected] 607-255-0621

mailto:[email protected]
Page 2: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

www.cornellcea.com

Page 3: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Outline

• Crops• Systems• Fertilizers• Supplemental Light• Pests and Diseases

Page 4: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Most common hydroponic veggies

Vine Crops• Tomatoes• Pepper• Cucumber• EggplantHerbs• Basil• Dill• Cilantro• Parsley

Leafy Greens• Lettuce• Arugula• Kale• Swiss chard• Bak choiNiche Crops• Microgreens• Edible Flowers

Page 5: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Dutch bucketsaka Bato buckets

Vine crop production systems

Page 6: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 7: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Tomatoes in Bag Culture

Page 8: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Rockwool slabsDrip irrigation

Page 9: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 10: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 11: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Lettuce, leafy greens, and herbs

• Floating Raft Technique (pond)• Nutrient Film Technique (gutter)

Page 12: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 13: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Cornell CEA Float Pond System

• Seedling stage (11 days in rockwoolblocks) then transplant to rafts

• Initial raft spacing at 9 plants per square foot until day 21

• Then respaced to 3.5 plants per square foot until day 35

• Daily light integral 17 mol / m2 / d • Produces 1200 5 ounce heads a day in

7,000 square feet of pond

Page 14: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 15: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Day 11 – transplant to raft

Page 16: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Day 21 – transplant to wider spacing

Page 17: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Day 35 - Harvest• Heads about 5 oz. if everything went

according to plan• Package and store at 40 °F

Page 18: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 19: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Baby leaf greens in float pond• Styrofoam Speedling trays with soilless mix• Germination chamber 1-3 days• Float 14 days (17 mol DLI, 72/68 DT/NT)

Page 20: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Ebb & Flood Bench Pond

Page 21: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

Page 22: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 23: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Gabrielsen Farms, Jamesport, NYHydroponic lettuce in gutters

Page 24: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 25: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Hybrid system containers with substrate in gutters

Page 26: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Plant nutrition and fertilizers

Page 27: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Some fertilizers don’t play nicely with each other

• Incompatibility – blending of fertilizers results in a precipitate

• Don’t mix calcium with phosphate or sulfates

Page 28: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Fertilizer Article

A Recipe for Hydroponic Succes

Neil Mattson and Cari Peters

http://www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/crops/factsheets/hydroponic-recipes.pdf

http://www.greenhouse.cornell.edu/crops/
Page 29: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Lettuce feed, Simple to complex

Page 30: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 31: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

How do they stack up?

Page 32: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Tomato, pepper, cucumber

Page 33: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Jack’s Hydroponic (5-12-26) + Calcium

nitrate

UA CEAC Recipe

Nitrogen (N) 190 189Phosphorus (P) 50 39Potassium (K) 205 341Calcium (Ca) 176 170Magnesium (Mg) 60 48Iron (Fe) 2.85 2.00Manganese (Mn) 0.48 0.55Zinc (Zn) 0.14 0.33Boron (B) 0.48 0.28Copper (Cu) 0.14 0.05Molydenum (Mo) 0.10 0.05

Page 34: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Supplemental Light

Page 35: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Lettuce and Light• 17 mol m-2 d-1 target

– Assumes good air flow (paddle fans)• If > 17 mol m-2 d-1 for 3 days in a row

leaf tip burn• If poor air flow or concerned about tip

burn, set a lower target• Days to harvest at:

– 17 mol 35 days– 10 mol 60 days– 5 mol 119 days!

Page 36: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Leaf Tip Burn (Calcium deficiency at high light)

Page 37: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu
Page 38: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Tomatoes and Light• Daily Light Integral should be at least 15

mol m-2 d-1 (Ideally >20)• high light best for optimal yield, in northern

climates a 1% decrease in light reduces yield by 1%

• balance the cost of supplemental lighting with yield increases (this is why tomatoes are often not grown in winter in northern climates)

Page 39: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

10 mol/day 20 mol/dayLighting treatments

Winter trials at Cornell

Page 40: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Lamps HPS vs. LED

Page 41: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Source: Nelson and Bugbee 2014

Fixture Type of LampWall-plug efficacy

(mol/kWh)

Capital cost per unit light ($ per

mol/s)

Five-year cost of fixture plus electric $/(µmol/s)yr

PAR Source GLXI

HPS 1000 W magnetic ballast 4.18 $0.30 $0.31

PAR Source GLXI

HPS 1000 W electronic ballast 4.68 $0.29 $0.28

GavitaHPS (double-ended) 1000 W electronic ballast

6.12 $0.29 $0.23

LSG LED red/blue 6.12 $1.84 $0.54BML LED red/white 5.98 $1.85 $0.54Lumigrow Pro 325

LED red/white/blue 4.68 $2.56 $0.73

Apache LED red/white 3.46 $5.28 $1.35Hydrogrow LED red/white 3.20 $3.44 $1.01T8 Fluorescent 60W 3.02 $0.83 $0.51

HPS vs. LED Lamps

Page 42: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

InsectsCommon problems:• Aphids (Lettuce)• Thrips (Tomatoes)• Whiteflies (Tomatoes)

• Use of registered pesticides• Biologicals (ex: aphidius colemani for

green peach aphids)• Removal of lower leaves (tomato)

Page 43: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

DiseaseCommon problems:• Powdery Mildew • Botrytis (mainly on dying tissue)

• Use of registered fungicides– Ex: Milstop (potassium bicarbonate)– Ex: Serenade (Bacillus subtilis)

• Environmental control (low humidity, air flow)• Removal of lower leaves (tomato)

Page 44: Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need …...Basics of Hydroponic Production: What You Need to Know Neil Mattson Associate Professor, Horticulture Cornell University nsm47@cornell.edu

Questions???

Neil MattsonAssociate Professor, HorticultureCornell University

[email protected] 607-255-0621

mailto:[email protected]

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