basics of energy and classification
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Basics of Energy and classificationTRANSCRIPT
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CC102-ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
V.DHINAKARANFACULTY
DEPRTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
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What is Energy?
• Any physical activity in this world, whether carried
out by human beings or by nature, is cause due to
flow of energy in one form or the other.
• The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is
measured the total amount of work that the body can
do.
• Energy is the primary and most universal measure of
all kinds work by human beings and nature.
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Classifications of energy
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
• Conventional and Non-conventional energy
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Primary and Secondary Energy
• Primary energy sources are those that are either
found or stored in nature.
• Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural
gas, and biomass (such as wood).
• Other primary energy sources available include
nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal
energy stored in earth's interior, and potential energy
due to earth's gravity.
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Primary and Secondary Energy
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Commercial Energy and Non
Commercial Energy
• The energy sources that are available in the market
for a definite price are known as commercial energy..
• Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas
etc.
• Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial,
agricultural, transport and commercial development
in the modern world. In the industrialized countries,
commercialized fuels are predominant source not
only for economic production, but also for many
household tasks of general population..6
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Non Commercial Energy
• The energy sources that are not available in the
commercial market for a price are classified as non-
commercial energy.
• Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as
firewood, cattle dung a nd agricultural wastes, which
are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price
used especially in rural households.
• Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for
water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain,
fish and fruits; animal power for transport, lifting
water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy
for lifting water and electricity generation7
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Renewable Energy &Non-
Renewable Energy
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Renewable Energy &Non-
Renewable Energy • Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that
is collected from resources which are naturally
replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight,
wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal
• The most important feature of renewable energy is
that it can be harnessed without the release of harmful
pollutants.
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Conventional energy Energy
&Non- Conventional energy • Conventional energy resources which are being
traditionally used for many decades and were in
common use around oil crisis of 1973.
• Conventional energy sources includes oil, gas and
coal. These conventional sources are usually fossil
fuels
• Their use leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions
and other environmental damage.
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Conventional energy&Non-
Conventional energy
• Non-conventional energy resources which are
considered for large –scale use after oil crisis of 1973,
• Solar Energy, tidal energy, geo-thermal energy, wind
energy
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Conventional Power generation
• The sources of energy which have been in use for a
long time, e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas and water
power.
• They are exhaustable except water.
• They cause pollution when used, as they emit smoke
and ash.
• They are very expensive to be maintained, stored and
transmitted as they are carried over long distance
through transmission grid and lines.
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Non- Conventional Power
generation
• The resources which are yet in the process of
development over the past few years. It includes
solar, wind, tidal, biogas, and biomass, geothermal.
• They are inexhaustible.
• They are generally pollution free.
• Less expensive due to local use and easy to maintain.
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Conventional Power plants
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Coal-fired Power plant
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Natural gas or Oil Power plant
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Gas Turbine Power plant
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Combined cycle Power plant
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Hydro Power plant
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Non-Conventional Power plants
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GeoThermal Power plant
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Advantages and Disadvantages
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• One of the most abundant energy sources
• Versatile; can be burned directly, transformed into
liquid, gas, or feedstock
• Inexpensive compared to other energy sources
• Good for recreational use (charcoal for barbequing,
drawing)
• Can be used to produce ultra-clean fuel
• Can lower overall amount of greenhouse gases
(liquification or gasification)
• Leading source of electricity today
• Reduces dependence on foreign oil By-product of
burning (ash) can be used for concrete and roadways23
COAL-Advantages
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COAL-Dis advantages
• Source of pollution: emits waste, SO2 , Nitrogen
Oxide, ash
• Coal mining mars the landscape
• Liquification, gasification require large amounts of
water
• Physical transport is difficult
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COAL-Dis advantages
• Technology to process to liquid or gas is not fully
developed
• Solid is more difficult to burn than liquid or gases
• Not renewable in this millennium
• High water content reduces heating value
• Dirty industry—leads to health problems
• Dirty coal creates more pollution and emissions
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Natural Gas-Advantages
• Burns clean compared to cola, oil (less polluting)
• 70% less carbon dioxide compared to other fossil
fuelshelps improve quality of air and water (not a
pollutant)
• does not produce ashes after energy release
• has high heating value of 24,000 Btu per pound
• inexpensive compared to coal
• no odor until added
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Natural Gas-Disadvantages
• not a renewable source
• finite resource trapped in the earth (some experts
disagree)
• inability to recover all in-place gas from a producible
deposit because of
• unfavorable economics and lack of technology (It
costs more to recover the remaining natural gas
because of flow, access, etc.)
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Renewable energy
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Renewable energy
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Indian Energy Scenario
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Growth of Electricity Consumption in India
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Indian Energy Scenario
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Growth of Installed Capacity in India
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Tidel Power plants
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Wind Energy
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•Estimated:20,000 MW
•Installed: 732 MW
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Solar Energy
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•IIT Mumbai
•BHEL Hyderabad
•NPL ,New Delhi
•NAL,Bangaloore
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Nuclear Energy
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What is SOLAR Energy?
• Energy from the sun
• from nuclear fusion reaction that takes place deep in
the sun
• Hydrogen nucleus fuse into helium nucleus
• radiant energy
• light infrared rays. Ultra violet rays, and X- Rays
• All life on the earth depends on solar energy
• Photosynthesis
• Life cycle and food cycle
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What is SOLAR Energy?
• The solar energy that falls on India in one minute is
enough to supply the energy needs of our country for
one day.
• Man has made very little use of this enormous
amount of solar energy that reaches the earth.
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Radiation Spectrum
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Solar Radiation
• The earth surface receives most of the energy in short
wave form
• The energy received by the earth is known as
incoming energy or insolation.
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Variability of insolation
• (i)the rotation of earth on its axis;
• (ii) the angle of inclination of the sun’s rays;
• (iii) the length of the day;
• (iv) the transparency of the atmosphere;
• (v)the configuration of land in terms of its aspect.
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Terrestrial Radiation
• The insolation received by the earth is in short waves
forms and heats up its surface. The earth after being
heated itself becomes a radiating body and it radiates
energy to the atmosphere in long wave form. This
energy heats up the atmosphere from below. This
process is known as terrestrial radiation
• The long wave radiation is absorbed by the
atmospheric gases particularly by carbon dioxide and
the other green house gases. Thus,the atmosphere is
indirectly heated by the earth’s radiation.
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Terrestrial Radiation
• The atmosphere in turn radiates and transmits heat to
the space. Finally the amount of heat received from
the sun is returned to space, thereby maintaining
constant temperature at the earth’s surface and in the
atmosphere.
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Solar constant
• The solar constant is the amount of energy that
normally falls on a unit area (1 m2) of the earth's
atmosphere per second when the earth is at its mean
distance from the sun. The value of the solar
constant is found experimentally to be 1.35 kW m-2.
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Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
• The earth as a whole does not accumulate or loose
heat.
• This can happen only if the amount of heat received
in the form of insolation equals the amount lost by the
earth through terrestrial radiation.
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Heat Budget of the Planet Earth
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MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR
RADIATION
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Radiation Components
• Solar radiation reaching earth is classified into two
components : Beam & Diffuse radiation.
• Beam radiation(Iь) – Direct Sunlight.
• Diffuse radiation (Id) – solar radiation scattered by
aerosols, dust and molecules.
• Total radiation (It) – (Iь+Id) also known as global
radiation..
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Solar radiation data
• To design a solar system or to evaluate potential of
any solar application ,it is necessary to have
•Monthly average
• Hourly variation
• Radiation received per day
• Sunshine hours per day
•Daily solar radiation data on a horizontal
surface consisting of both global and diffuse
radiation
•Daily solar radiation with certain tilt angle
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Solar radiation data
51Solar radiation map(kWh/sq.m/day)
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Solar radiation data
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Pyranometer
• global or diffuse Radiation
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Pyranometer
• Thermopile sensitive surface
• Black body absorbs all wavelengths
• Cold junction of thermopile is completely shaded
• Sensing element is covered by two concentric
hemispherical class domes
• Three leveling screws
• Voltage range 9 micro volt
• Hourly basis and pyrnogram
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Pyranometer
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Pyranometer-Advanatages
• Very small temperature coefficient
• Calibrated to ISO standards
• More accurate measurements of performanceindex and performance ratio
• Longer response time than a photovoltaic cell
• Integrated measurement of the total availableshort-wave solar energy under all conditions.
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Pyranometer-Application
• Predicting insulation requirements for buildingstructures
• Establishment of greenhouse locations
• Designing photovoltaic systems
• Meteorological and climatological studies
• Measurement of solar intensity data.
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Pyrheliometer
• A pyrheliometer is an instrument formeasurement of direct beam solar irradiance.Sunlight enters the instrument through awindow and is directed onto a thermopile whichconverts heat to an electrical signal that can berecorded.
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Pyrheliometer
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Pyrheliometer
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Pyrheliometer
• Wire wound thermopile of 8 micro volt and 200om impedance
• Tube is sealed with try air-silica gel to avoid anyabsorption of beam radiation the presence owingto moister in the air
• Tracker is provided –continuously face the sunrays
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Pyrheliometer -Types
• Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer
• Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer
• Eppley pyrheliometer
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Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer
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Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer
• Thermocouples on the back of strips measure thetemperature of the strips.
• One strip exposed to the Sun.
• One strip heated by an electric current until it isthe same temperature as the strip exposed to thesun.
• When balanced, the energy absorbed by stripfrom Sun is equal to the energy absorbed by stripfrom electric current.
• Accuracy: ±1.0 to 1.5%64
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Sunshine recorder
• The duration of bright sun shine in a day ismeasured by means of a sunshine recorder
• The sun’s Rays are focussed by a glass sphere to apoint on a card strip held in a groove in a sphericalbowl mounted concentrically with the sphere.
• Whenever there is bright sunshine, the imageformed is intense enough to burn a spot on thecord strip.
• Though the day as the sun moves across the sky,the image moves alone the strip.
• Thus, a burnt trace whose length is proportional tothe duration of sunshine is obtained on the strip.
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Sunshine recorder
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Sunshine recorder
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What is Solar Energy?Solar energy can be sued in two ways
• directly as thermal energy
• indirectly using solar photovoltaic cells to convert it
to electricity
In cold climate region or other regions in winter, a large
amount of thermal energy is required to heat air to
maintain comfort conditions in space and to heat water
for washing, cleaning and drying, both for domestic and
industrial needs. Solar energy collectors are the devices
similar to heat converter which are used to obtain
thermal energy from solar energy.
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What is Solar Energy?• 5–7.5 kWh/m2
• Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency and
the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
• (i) domestic lighting, (ii) solar water heating, (iii)
street lighting, (iv) village electrification, (v) railway
signals, (vi) desalination of saline water, (vii) water
pumping, (viii) space heating, (ix) solar cooking, (x)
space cooling, (xi) solar greenhouse and (xii)
powering of remote telecommunication stations.
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Solar CollectorA solar collector is a device
• to collect and absorb solar radiation and
• to transfer the absorbed heat energy to the fluid
(generally air or water) in contact or passing through
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Features of Solar Collector
• Collector efficiency
• Concentrating ratio (CR)
• Temperature range
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Flat Plate Collector
Principle of conversion
a + r + t = 1
a · HG = Î s T 4
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Flat Plate Collector
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Flat Plate Collector
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Flat Plate Collector
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Flat Plate Collector
The characteristic features of a flat plate collector
• It absorbs both direct and diffuse solar radiation
• It does not need any sun tracking system. Hence, it is
mechanically stronger than other collectors which
require tracking system.
• It has simple construction requiring a little
maintenance.
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Modified Flat Plate Collector
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increase the acceptanceBooster mirror
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Compound Parabolic Concentrator
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Linear Fresnel Lens Collector
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The Fresnel lens consists of fine and linear
grooves formed on one of the surfaces of
some refracting materials sheet while its other surface is flat.
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Linear Fresnel Lens Collector
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The Fresnel lens consists of fine and linear
grooves formed on one of the surfaces of
some refracting materials sheet while its other surface is flat.
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Paraboloidal Dish Collector
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Paraboloidal Dish Collector
• This type of collectors can have concentration ratio
ranging from 10 to 1000 which helps to produce
temperature up to 3000°C.
• In order to ensure proper incidence of radiation, the
parabolic dish collector should be provided with two
axes tracking: (i) by rotating the support structure
about the vertical axis for dish alignment and (ii) the
dish is rotated about a horizontal axis for elevation
tracking
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Paraboloidal Dish Collector
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Central Tower Receiver Collector
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In this type of collectors, the receiver is located at the top of a tower and
solar radiation is reflected on it from a large number of independently
controlled flat mirrors called heliostats. The heliostats can be moved
independently about two axes so that the reflected solar radiation isalways directed towards the absorber mounted on the tower
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Comparison between Flat and
Focussing Collectors
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Collector Performance Testing
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Collector Performance Testing
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SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE
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• Thermal energy storage system
• Chemical energy storage system
• Electrical energy storage system
• Hydrogen energy storage system
• Electromagnetic energy storage system
• Biological storage system
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SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE
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• Thermal energy storage system
• Chemical energy storage system
• Electrical energy storage system
• Hydrogen energy storage system
• Electromagnetic energy storage system
• Biological storage system
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Sensible heat storage
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Sensible heat storage
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• It is abundantly available.
• It is inexpensive.
• It has high specific heat which enables to store
more heat per unit mass.
• It has low viscosity requiring less energy to
pump through the pipe system.
• It can be used for both storage and working
medium.
• It is stable.
• It has no harmful effect.
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Sensible heat storage
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• It has limited temperature range of 0–100°C.
• It results in the corrosion of pipes.
• It can leak easily as it has low surface tension..
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Solid media storage or packed
media storage
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Sensible heat storage
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• Stones or pebbles are abundantly available
• Low cost
• Non-combustible
• Easy to handle
• Possibility of high storage temperature
• No freezing point during heat removal
• No corrosion problem
• No requirement of heat exchanger..
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Sensible heat storage
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• The size of the storage container should be large
• Simultaneously charging and discharging of energy
is impossible
• Large pressure drop needs high capacity air blower