Basics of

Earthquake Engineering

Dr. S. K. Prasad

Professor of Civil Engineering

S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore

prasad_s_k@hotmail.com

Phone : 94496 21994

Global loss due to natural disasters

Loss of life from natural disasters(Source: Herath and Katayama, 1994)

Loss of built environment from natural disasters(Source: Andrew and Robin, 2002)

SlNo

Magnitude Date Place Damage

1 9.5 22/05/1960 Chile 5000 deaths, 20 Lakh homeless

2 9.2 28/03/1964 Alaska 125 deaths, Tsunami

3 9.1 26/12/2004 Indonesia 2.26 Lakh killed, Tsunami

4 9.0 04/11/1952 Russia 0 death, Tsunami

5 9.0 11/03/2011 Japan 15000 deaths, Tsunami

6 8.8 27/02/2010 Chile 500 deaths, Tsunami

7 8.8 31/01/1906 Ecuador 1000 deaths

8 8.6 – 8.9 11/04/2012 Indonesia 0 death

9 8.7 04/02/1965 Alaska 0 death, Tsunami

10 8.6 28/03/2005 Indonesia 1300 deaths

BIGGEST EARTHQUKES RECORDED

5 of the biggest in last 11 years6 of the biggest resulted in TsunamiMore deaths in under prepared countries

Earthquake may be caused by volcanic eruption or by strain building process inside the earth mass.

UNPREDICTABLE

Vibrations of the earth surface caused by waves originating from a source of

disturbance in the earth mass

EARTHQUAKE

Focus and Epicenter of Earthquake

Earthquake Shaking

Earthquakes are UNPREDICTABLE!!!

Typical Seismogram

• Random• Time Dependent• Cyclic

Start of PrimaryWaves

Start of SecondaryWaves

Start of Surface Waves

TraceAmplitude

Strong Motion

Time

SA

Acceleration

• PGA• Predominant Frequency• Duration of Strong Motion

No two earthquake motions are similar

MagnitudeA number – RICHTER Scale M = log 10 A Each increase in M > the energy by 32 times• Strength / Power of earthquake ( Atom bomb – 5.0 )• Measure of strain energy released at hypocenter.• Determined by seismographs• It is independent of place

Moment Magnitude Mw is more popular presently.Mw = μAoD is better to represent bigger earthquakes.

It is based on the seismic moment of the earthquake, which is equal to the rigidity of the Earth multiplied by the size of the area that slipped and average amount of slip on the faultRichter scale suffers from saturation for bigger earthquakes

• Is not Quantitative• Modified Mercalli’s Intensity scale• Measure of damaging effect of earthquake

at a site

Depends on • Local soil conditions • Type of structures• Focal Depth• Knowledge on Earthquake Engg.• Amount of shaking• Frequency Content • Epicentral distance etc.

INTENSITY

How does the amplitude of a magnitude-8 earthquake compare to the amplitude of smaller events?

If we likened earthquakes to hills and mountain peaks, each peak is 10 times the height of the previous one.

Mag. 8 = 10× larger than Mag. 7 = 100× larger than Mag. 6

Mag. 7 = 10× larger than Mag 6Mag. 6

How does the amplitude of a magnitude-8 earthquake compare to the amplitude of a magnitude-6 event?

If we likened earthquakes to hills and mountain peaks...

Fire Crackers of different magnitudes of blasts

I Insignificant Only detected by instruments

II Very LightFelt by sensitive persons, Oscillation of hanging objects

III Light Small vibratory motion

IV ModerateFelt inside building, Noise produced by moving objects

V Slightly Strong Felt by most persons, some panic, minor damages

VI Strong Damage to non seismic resistant structures

VII Very Strong People panic, serious damage to poor construction

VIII Destructive Serious damage to structures in general

IX RuinousSerious damage to well built structures, almost total destruction of non-seismic resistant structures

X Disastrous Only seismic resistant structures remain standing

XIDisastrous in

ExtremeGeneral Panic, almost total destruction, ground cracks & opens

XII Catastrophic Total destruction

Intensity of Earthquake – Modified Mercalli’s Scale

Isoseismal Map of Bhuj (2001)

Intensity of Earthquake – Modified Mercalli’s Scale

Magnitude & Intensity

Richter’s Scale

M M Scale

What are Earthquakes?

• The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy

• Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks

• Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks

What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

• Explains how energy is stored in rocks

– Rocks bend until the strength of the rock is exceeded

– Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly rebound to an undeformed shape

– Energy is released in waves that radiate outward from the fault

What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?

Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake

• The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter

• The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter

Seismographs record earthquake events

At convergent boundaries, focal depth increases along a dipping seismic zone called a Benioff zone

Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often?

~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt

– most of these result from convergent margin activity

– ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt

– remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers

– more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year

Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonics – Epicenters of recentearthquakes of moderate magnitude

8 to 10 cmEvery year

Plate Movements

Faults

• Normal Fault

• Reverse Fault

• Strike Slip Fault

Normal Fault

Reverse Fault

Strike Slip Fault

The Economics and Societal Impacts of EQs

Damage in Oakland, CA, 1989• Building collapse

• Fire

• Tsunami

• Ground failure

What are Seismic Waves?

• Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture

• Two types:

– Body waves

• P and S

– Surface waves

• R and L

Primary Wave

Secondary Wave

Body Waves: P and S waves

• Body waves

– P or primary waves

• fastest waves

• travel through solids, liquids, or gases

• compressional wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement

– S or secondary waves

• slower than P waves

• travel through solids only

• shear waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement

Surface Waves: R and L waves

• Surface Waves

– Travel just below or along the ground’s surface

– Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement

– Especially damaging to buildings

How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

Seismic wave behavior

– P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R

– Average speeds for all these waves is known

– After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter.

How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

Time-distance graph

showing the average

travel times for P- and

S-waves. The farther

away a seismograph is

from the focus of an

earthquake, the longer

the interval between

the arrivals of the P-

and S- waves

How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?

• Three seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

• A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn

• The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter

How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured?

• Modified Mercalli Intensity Map

– 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake, magnitude 6.7

• Intensity

– subjective measure of the kind of damage done and people’s reactions to it

– isoseismal lines identify areas of equal intensity

How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake measured?

Magnitude

– Richter scale measures total amount of energy released by an earthquake; independent of intensity

– Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-ended logarithmic scale

What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes?

• Ground Shaking

– amplitude, duration, and damage increases in poorly consolidated rocks

Can Earthquakes be Predicted?

Earthquake Precursors

– changes in elevation or tilting of land surface, fluctuations in groundwater levels, magnetic field, electrical resistance of the ground

– seismic dilatancy model

– seismic gaps

Can Earthquakes be Predicted?

Earthquake Prediction Programs

– include laboratory and field studies of rocks before, during, and after earthquakes

– monitor activity along major faults

– produce risk assessments

Is prediction ofearthquake possible?????

Perhaps each one of you can get noble prize for providing scientific proof of different available methods.

Animals, fishes and birds are considered Better predictors.

Prediction is still an art. Present advances in technology can not predict, control or Stop earthquakes. We can only attempt To control the damaging effects.

January 2001 January 2003

26th January 2001Bhuj Earthquake of 7.2 Mw Killed > 20000 people

Causes for Earthquake

• Tectonic earthquake

• Volcanic earthquake

• Rock fall or collapse of cavity

• Microseism

• Explosion (Controlled blast)

• Reservoir induced earthquake

• Mining induced earthquake

• Cultural Noise (Industry, Traffic etc.)

Dead & Live loads Wind force

Earthquake Force

Lateral & DynamicVertical & Static

EarthquakeFloodHurricane/ Cyclone

Earthquake Force Vs Wind Force

∑FA = 0Statics

Dynamics∑FA - FI = 0

Dynamics is dangerous & action packed. But interesting

FI = m.a

Inertia ???

Building at RestBuilding at Rest Ground Accelerates to LeftGround Accelerates to Left

Ground Accelerates to RightGround Accelerates to Right Ground & Building at RestGround & Building at Rest

Period of Vibration

Failure of Shear wall

Sliding Rocking Bending

Inertia due to earthquake

Reduce Mass

Earthquake effects on Buildings

Direction offorces on Building

Movement of building

U-DE-W

N-S

Earthquake force

Effects of Earthquake

ACCELERATIONACCELERATION

DECELERATIONDECELERATION

Inertia Force F = m a

Levels of acceleration

• 2007 Honda RA107 F1 race car Accelerates from 0 to 160 kmph in 4 s

• Indian cars 0 to 100 kmph in 18 s

• v = u + at• 100 kmph = 27.77 m/s• v = 27.77 m/s, u = 0 and t = 18 s• a = 1.54 m/s2

• During earthquake 20 m/s2 acceleration can happen in 3 different directions

Level of acceleration during earthquake

Wife asked husband to present some thing big for her birthday

Husband : What shall I get you?

Wife : I would like something that accelerates 0 to 100 in 10 seconds

She was expecting something like this

But, husband presented her with something very different

The husband is in a critical and stable condition in ICU

0 to 60 kmph in 1.6 sec Fastest F1 Car

http://www.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/ dt 14/9/2016

The 2015 Infiniti Red Bull RB11 Formula One race car jets 0 to 60 in only 1.7 seconds, and perhaps even more impressive can reach 190 mph in under 10 seconds. Although top fuel dragsters hold the top spot for fastest accelerating race car class, the F1 race car boasts a range of superior performance stats.Formula One F1 0-60 Times - Zero To 60 Timeswww.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/

http://www.zeroto60times.com/formula-one-f1-0-60-times/ dt 14/9/2016

Best racing Car

May accelerate from 0 to 60 kmph in 1.6 sU = 0V = 16.67 m/sT = 1.6 sA = (V – U) / T = 10.4 m/s2

Maximum recorded earthquake motion = 2g = 20 m/s2

That too in three different directions

Newton’s Laws of Motion&

Earthquake Engineering

Effect of InertiaNewton’s First Law of Motion

Every object continues to remain in its initial status unless acted upon by external force.

Lesson: Wear your Seat Belts

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Everyone unconsciously knows the second law that heavier objects require more force to move the same distance as lighter objects

Lesson: Do not disturb Bad persons

Newton’s Third Law of Motion

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Rockets Action: Push down on ground with powerful engine.Reaction: Ground pushes the rocket upwards with equal force.

Lesson: If you hit some body, expect the same reaction.

TYPES OF LOADING

CYCLIC OR REPETITIVELOADING

SLOWLOADING

RAPID OR TRANSIENT LOADING

STATIC LOADING

TIME

FO

RC

E

Typical Seismogram

• Random• Time Dependent• Cyclic

Start of PrimaryWaves

Start of SecondaryWaves

Start of Surface Waves

TraceAmplitude

Strong Motion

Time

SA

Acceleration

• PGA• Predominant Frequency• Duration of Strong Motion

No two earthquake motions are similar

Static Vs Dynamic Loading

P

Y

Y(t)

P(t)

Static Loading Dynamic Loading

F = m a

Y(t)

DAMPING AND RESONANCE

Effect of Damping

Effect of Resonance

W

H

H = W * Ah

Pseudo Static or Seismic Coefficient Method

Zone Designation

Zone Factor

Z

Zone II 0.10

Zone III 0.16

Zone IV 0.24

Zone V 0.36

g

S

R

ZIA ah

2

Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

Level 1 Design

• Design Basis Earthquake

– Common earthquake which the structure can experience in its life time

– Probability of occurrence in 50 years is more

SYSTEM CAN UNDERGO SOME DISTRESS WITHOUT SERIOUS STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

Level 2 Design

• Maximum Credible Earthquake

– Biggest earthquake that may not be experienced during the life of structure

– Less probability of occurrence in 50 years

SYSTEM SHOULD FAIL, BUT WITH WARNING

Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design

Earthquake Design Philosophy

Roof Displacement

Bas

e S

hea

r

Major

Moderate

Minor

Minor shaking No structural damage

Moderate shaking Repairable structural damage

Major shaking Even irreparable structural damage, but ductile failure !

WTC design was excellent. It experienced DUCTILE failure There was enough warning before collapse (about 40 mnts)

Performance of Building

Disp.

v

Moderate Strength & Stiffness, Ductile

High Strength, High Stiffness, Brittle

Low Strength, Low Stiffness, Brittle

Roof Displacement

Ba

se S

hea

r

Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

Structure designed to withstand Inertia at joints

IS13920Ductile Detailing

What is a disaster ?

What is a disaster Management ?It is managing the disaster such that

the loss of life and economic loss are

minimum & common man does not

feel the effect of disaster.

An occurrence inflicting widespread

destruction and distress : calamity,

cataclysm, catastrophe and tragedy.

Disaster may be natural or man made.

Post disasterrecovery

Pre disaster Risk reduction process

Hazard + Risk = Disaster

Disaster Management

Hazard + Risk = Disaster

Risk is ManmadePopulation ExplosionUnscientific constructionIrregular growthIndustrial DevelopmentLack of free space in cityEnvironmental PollutionLack of greeneryWater Pollution etc.

Risk Index = Exposure X Vulnerability

Exposure• Population exposed to natural disaster

such as earthquake, flood, cyclone and drought

Vulnerability• Susceptibility• System Capacity• Individual Capacity

Susceptibility• Public infrastructure : Population without access to sanitation, and

clean water, population in slum• Nutrition: Population under below par nutrition• Poverty• Population below poverty line• GDP

System Capacity• Good governance / corruption• No. of physicians / hospital beds• Insurance coverage• Water resource• Agricultural management

Individual Capacity• Literacy rate• Gender parity• % female representatives in parliament• Life expectancy

Rank Country 2016[2] 2013[3] 2012[4] 2011[5]

1 Qatar 0.08% 0.11% 0.10% 0.02%

2 Malta 0.60% 0.61% 0.61% 0.72%

3 Saudi Arabia 1.14% 1.32% 1.31% 1.26%

4 Barbados 1.32% 1.16% 1.15% 2.44%

5 Grenada 1.42% 1.44% 1.46% 2.29%

6 Iceland 1.52% 1.55% 1.53% 1.56%

7 Bahrain 1.69% 1.81% 1.81% 1.66%

8 Kiribati 1.78% 1.78% 1.78% 1.88%

9 United Arab Emirates 1.97% 2.10% 2.07% 4.09%

10 Sweden 2.12% 2.26% 2.15% 2.00%

11 Norway 2.19% 2.35% 2.31% 2.28%

12 Finland 2.21% 2.28% 2.24% 2.06%

13 Singapore 2.27% 2.49% 2.54% 2.85%

14 Egy pt 2.29% 2.34% 2.33% 2.38%

15 Israel 2.30% 2.49% 2.43% 2.60%

16 Estonia 2.36% 2.52% 2.50% 2.25%

17 Switzerland 2.37% 2.61% 2.59% 2.55%

18 Luxembourg 2.43% 2.68% 2.65% 2.70%

19 Sey chelles 2.55% 2.58% 2.60% 2.68%

20 France 2.62% 2.79% 2.78% 2.76%

21 Oman 2.64% 2.74% 2.72% 2.80%

22 Cy prus 2.68% 2.77% 2.81% 3.46%

23 Denmark 2.89% 3.10% 3.09% 2.86%

24 Lithuania 2.92% 3.18% 3.23% 2.89%

25 Germany 2.95% 3.24% 3.27% 2.96%

26 Ukraine 2.97% 3.14% 3.19% 3.02%

27 Canada 3.01% 3.18% 3.18% 2.57%

28 Spain 3.05% 3.38% 3.40% 3.29%

29 Belgium 3.07% 3.42% 3.48% 3.51%

30 Mongolia 3.08% 3.10% 3.24% 3.43%

31 Belarus 3.11% 3.31% 3.32% 2.98%

32 Poland 3.20% 3.46% 3.53% 3.42%

33 Kuwait 3.28% 3.70% 3.71% 3.71%

34 Latv ia 3.31% 3.48% 3.51% 3.09%

35 Czech Republic 3.37% 3.61% 3.67% 4.15%

36 Slov akia 3.39% 3.63% 3.69% 3.38%

37 Austria 3.39% 3.80% 3.75% 3.41%

38 Slov enia 3.41% 3.69% 3.81% 3.72%

39 Portugal 3.45% 3.80% 3.82% 3.62%

40 Paraguay 3.48% 3.85% 3.84% 4.12%

41 United Kingdom 3.54% 3.71% 3.65% 3.61%

42 Kazakhstan 3.56% 3.84% 3.87% 4.04%

43 Argentina 3.56% 3.76% 3.80% 3.77%

44 Russia 3.58% 3.78% 3.83% 3.56%

45 United States 3.76% 3.99% 3.99% 3.72%

46 Liby a 3.79% 3.93% 3.80% 3.67%

47 Croatia 3.97% 4.24% 4.35% 3.71%

48 Uruguay 4.03% 4.09% 4.12% 3.94%

49 Brazil 4.09% 4.26% 4.30% 4.26%

50 Bahamas 4.14% 3.99% 4.17% 4.52%

51 Australia 4.22% 4.51% 4.57% 4.28%

52 Bulgaria 4.22% 4.43% 4.56% 4.08%

53 Italy 4.42% 4.88% 4.82% 4.74%

54 Equatorial Guinea 4.46% 4.49% 4.47% 6.72%

55 Iraq 4.49% 4.83% 4.95% 5.77%

56 New Zealand 4.55% 4.69% 4.44% 4.28%

57 Jordan 4.58% 4.88% 4.90% 5.13%

58 Boliv ia 4.58% 5.08% 5.13% 5.16%

59 South Korea 4.59% 4.94% 4.89% 4.14%

60 Ireland 4.60% 4.69% 4.50% 4.15%

61 Iran 4.73% 4.92% 4.98% 5.11%

62 Moldov a 4.79% 5.05% 5.23% 4.78%

63 Lebanon 5.01% 5.05% 5.10% 5.01%

64 Nepal 5.12% 5.53% 5.69% 6.15%

65 Botswana 5.14% 5.37% 5.21% 5.56%

66 Turkey 5.20% 5.52% 5.68% 5.38%

67 Hungary 5.32% 5.69% 5.87% 5.49%

68 Namibia 5.37% 5.68% 5.72% 6.63%

69 Tunisia 5.40% 5.90% 5.90% 5.72%

70 Azerbaijan 5.54% 6.19% 6.25% 5.86%

71 South Africa 5.58% 5.80% 5.90% 5.71%

72 Laos 5.59% 5.71% 5.73% 5.80%

73 Sy ria 5.69% 5.67% 5.68% 6.19%

74 Macedonia 5.87% 6.28% 6.10% 6.80%

75 Romania 5.92% 6.61% 6.78% 6.43%

76 Venezuela 5.93% 6.16% 6.13% 6.11%

77 Mexico 5.97% 6.39% 6.39% 6.53%

78 Yemen 5.97% 6.03% 5.98% 6.83%

79 Gabon 6.04% 5.93% 6.20% 6.30%

80 Armenia 6.07% 6.91% 7.05% 6.36%

81 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6.10% 6.42% 6.63% 6.25%

82 Cuba 6.13% 6.51% 6.55% 5.99%

83 Thailand 6.19% 6.34% 6.44% 6.86%

84 Georgia 6.27% 6.83% 6.75% 6.97%

85 Eritrea 6.35% 6.35% 6.44% 7.22%

86 Malay sia 6.39% 6.45% 6.53% 6.69%

87 China 6.39% 6.97% 7.04% 6.90%

88 Turkmenistan 6.44% 6.57% 6.64% 7.18%

89 Colombia 6.45% 6.90% 6.89% 6.86%

90 Morocco 6.45% 7.13% 7.21% 7.17%

91 Angola 6.52% 6.45% 6.56% 8.02%

92 Uganda 6.52% 6.69% 6.75% 7.57%

93 Belize 6.55% 6.62% 6.63% 5.93%

94 Peru 6.59% 7.02% 6.96% 7.82%

95 India 6.64% 7.17% 7.28% 7.68%

96 Greece 6.70% 7.38% 7.81% 8.27%

97 Tajikistan 6.72% 7.35% 7.40% 7.47%

98 Keny a 6.77% 7.08% 7.18% 7.24%

99 Lesotho 6.84% 7.09% 7.22% 7.86%

100 Pakis tan 6.96% 7.21% 7.25% 7.84%

101 Central Af rican Republic 7.03% 6.57% 6.55% 6.95%

102 Ethiopia 7.04% 7.36% 7.35% 7.09%

103 Rwanda 7.09% 7.43% 7.60% 8.68%

104 Serbia 7.12% 7.53% 7.67% 5.44%

105 Congo 7.19% 7.57% 7.38% 7.71%

106 Zambia 7.25% 7.46% 7.44% 8.41%

107 Panama 7.26% 7.49% 7.69% 7.70%

108 Comoros 7.29% 7.52% 7.45% 6.93%

109 Sri Lanka 7.32% 7.67% 7.79% 7.84%

110 Algeria 7.36% 8.13% 8.15% 8.06%

111 Trinidad and Tobago 7.50% 7.65% 7.68% 6.70%

112 Bhutan 7.51% 7.98% 8.17% 13.65%

113 Swaziland 7.52% 7.65% 7.84% 7.37%

114 Ecuador 7.53% 7.77% 7.94% 8.69%

115 Tanzania 7.65% 7.99% 8.11% 8.64%

116 Liberia 7.84% 7.71% 7.86% 9.20%

117 Ky rgy zstan 7.86% 8.43% 8.50% 8.48%

118 Mauritania 7.95% 8.26% 8.43% 9.70%

119 Malawi 7.98% 8.02% 8.18% 8.99%

120 Nigeria 7.98% 8.32% 8.28% 9.03%

121 Sudan 7.99% 7.87% 7.88% 9.25%

122 Guinea 8.20% 8.32% 8.55% 9.49%

123 Netherlands 8.24% 8.76% 8.49% 7.71%

124 Mali 8.39% 8.65% 8.76% 11.51%

125 Ghana 8.39% 8.81% 8.85% 9.35%

126 Suriname 8.44% 8.55% 8.62% 9.25%

127 Uzbekis tan 8.59% 8.66% 8.71% 9.37%

128 Mozambique 8.69% 8.89% 9.09% 9.98%

129 Cote d'Iv oire 8.88% 8.86% 9.00% 9.03%

130 Myanmar 8.90% 9.10% 9.15% 8.54%

131 Af ghanistan 9.50% 9.93% 9.79% 14.06%

132 Albania 9.50% 10.01% 9.96% 9.98%

133 Burkina Faso 9.54% 9.72% 9.74% 11.58%

134 Zimbabwe 10.06% 9.96% 9.87% 9.63%

135 Sierra Leone 10.21% 10.37% 10.58% 11.25%

136 Indonesia 10.24% 10.54% 10.74% 11.69%

137 Burundi 10.28% 10.46% 10.49% 11.56%

138 Djibouti 10.30% 9.84% 9.96% 7.05%

139 Togo 10.36% 10.34% 10.64% 10.40%

140 Senegal 10.38% 10.99% 11.08% 11.76%

141 Cape Verde 10.39% 10.80% 10.88% 9.47%

142 Honduras 10.68% 10.91% 11.02% 12.10%

143 Chad 10.85% 11.06% 11.13% 12.25%

144 Cameroon 10.91% 11.09% 10.96% 14.46%

145 Dominican Republic 10.96% 11.28% 11.63% 12.00%

146 Madagascar 11.15% 11.23% 11.50% 10.27%

147 Niger 11.24% 11.62% 11.93% 14.03%

148 Guy ana 11.39% 11.65% 11.77% 9.02%

149 Benin 11.39% 11.32% 11.42% 10.90%

150 Chile 11.65% 12.28% 12.26% 11.97%

151 Haiti 11.68% 11.88% 11.96% 11.45%

152 Jamaica 11.83% 12.15% 12.15% 12.89%

153 Gambia 12.07% 11.71% 11.84% 13.90%

154 Vietnam 12.53% 12.81% 12.88% 11.21%

155 Japan 12.99% 13.56% 13.69% 13.57%

156 Fiji 13.15% 14.10% 13.53% 11.13%

157 Guinea-Bissau 13.56% 13.09% 13.34% 13.12%

158 Nicaragua 14.62% 15.18% 15.39% 11.91%

159 Mauritius 15.53% 14.89% 15.36% 15.74%

160 Timor-Leste 15.69% 16.37% 17.13% 17.45%

161 El Salv ador 16.05% 16.85% 16.89% 16.49%

162 Papua New Guinea 16.43% 15.90% 15.81% 15.45%

163 Cambodia 16.58% 16.90% 17.17% 16.58%

164 Costa Rica 17.00% 16.94% 17.38% 16.74%

165 Brunei 17.00% 15.58% 15.92% 14.08%

166 Solomon Is lands 19.14% 18.11% 18.15% 23.51%

167 Bangladesh 19.17% 19.81% 20.22% 17.45%

168 Guatemala 19.88% 20.88% 20.75% 20.88%

169 Philippines 26.70% 27.52% 27.98% 24.32%

170 Tonga 29.33% 28.23% 28.62% 29.08%

171 Vanuatu 36.28% 36.43% 36.31% 32.00%

Ranking Country

1 Qatar

3 Saudi Arabia

13 Singapore

20 France

45 USA

87 China

95 India

100 Pakistan

169 Philippines

World Risk Ranking to Natural Disasters

Objectives of Earthquake Disaster Management

1. Saving Life

2. Restricting the amount of damage

3. Organizing efficient & effective rescue measure

4. Providing relief, rehabilitation & reconstruction

5. Forecasting warning

6. Education and Training

7. Earmarking necessary funds

8. Stockpiling of supply

Preparedness - Creation of AwarenessTraining on self help during crisisEducation at schoolsMonitoring SystemWarning MechanismLearning from past disastersMock Drill

Response - Rehabilitation CenterFood, Shelter, Medicine etc.Trained Relief workersLifelines to be re-establishedBringing back normalcyRepair, if need be

Disaster Management

Recovery - Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Building newEnsuring safety against new eventLearning from past disasters

Mitigation - Methods to control damageImprovementAuditing for seismic safety

Disaster Management

1. Prevention is better than cure.

2. Technical awareness among engineers.

3. Improving codal provisions and design aid.

4. Microzonation of the region.

5. Certification from authorized engineers for license.

6. Disaster Insurance.

Disaster Management

Relief efforts are hampered when

1. Disaster occurs at night

2. Electricity fails

3. The visibility is poor

4. There is fall of debris on roads

5. Bridges & harbor facilities suffer damage

6. Climatic conditions are severe

7. Fire breaks

8. There is loss of communication

Local bodies comprise of

1. District Magistrate

2. Police & Civil Defense

3. Public Works

4. Public health & Medical Works

5. Fire Service

6. Utilities (Lifelines) such as gas, electricity, water & sewer mains, transport

7. National Red Cross

8. Personnel from Radio, TV, Telephone, Mobile & Internet services, P&T

+ You, Me & every one

Lifelines• Lifelines are most important systems (basic needs)

for habitation.

• Without lifelines life becomes hampered.

• One of the objectives of disaster management is to stop damage to lifeline or restore it at the earliest.

• Lifelines may be different for different regions depending on lifestyle and availability of resources.

• Drinking water, Electricity, Communication, telephone, road network etc. are lifelines

Potable WaterSewage disposal

ElectricityTelephoneMobile Communication

Roads & Railways

Train service stopped after the earthquake (Unusual in Japan)LIFE LINE will be STOPPED & brought to NORMALCY quickly

• Mock Drill• Awareness Camps• Training in schools• Display Boards

Disaster Preparedness

• Disaster Kits Containing

– Food & Water for Three Days

– First Aid Kit

– Rescue & Repair Tools, Rope

– Flashlights, Battery-Operated Radio, Spare Batteries

• Individuals

– Walking Shoes

– Individual Prescription Medications

(Enough for Three Days)

LESSONS OF DISASTER SAFETY

Requirements of Disaster ManagementSeismograms & Strong Motion Accelerographs

Requirements of Disaster ManagementHeights of Tsunami waves at different locations

Iso-seismal MapA good warning & awareness system

Typical NHK warning in Japan

Isoseismal map of GujaratAfter Bhuj Earthquake 2001

Iso-seismal MapA good warning & awareness system

Disaster Management – Policy makers should take action

Disaster Management – Role of leaders

Disaster Management – Role of leaders

During disaster people will be shocked, in grief, sensitive and needing help & advice

Neither the policy makers nor the general public should PANIC!!!

Rescue work in progress

Disaster Management – Provide food, shelter, medicine, clothings etc.

Disaster Management – Rehabilitation Center

Taking shelter below sturdy tables Awareness & Disaster Management

Taking shelter below sturdy tables Awareness among children & Disaster Management

Protection next to column or strong wall

Protection next to column

Earthquake Resistant ConstructionStrong Column Weak Beam Concept

Disaster Management – search for Rehabilitation Center

Earthquake Resistant

Construction

Earthquake Resistant Construction - Bunga

Why Elevator survived, when rest collapsed ?(in Ahmedabad during the Bhuj earthquake of Jan 2001)

For you to Conclude1. Is the knowledge of Earthquake

engineering important?

2. Is Karnataka prone to earthquakes?Should all buildings in Karnataka bedesigned to resist earthquake and sameforce at all places?

3. Do earthquakes kill people or is it theengineers who kill people?

4. Is it important to strengthen EarthquakeDisaster Management?

It is impossible to stop or predict earthquake. As engineers, let us all unite and move forward & work for reducing calamities due to natural

and man made hazards