basics of acoustic measurement
DESCRIPTION
AcousticsTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Filename, 1
Acoustic Calibration Techniqueand basics of Sound Measurement
Erling Frederiksenef-consult
![Page 2: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Filename, 2
Who am I?
Brüel & Kjaer 1958 – 2010
Microphone Development Engineer and Production Manager 1958 – 1969Development Manager for microphones and calibration products 1969 – 1995Development and Product Managing of Microphone Calibration Systems
1995 – 2010
Manager of DPLA Microphone Calibration Department – B&K branchDPLA: Danish Primary Laboratory of Acoustics 1990 – 2010
Member of IEC/TC29WGs for microphones, calibration, calibrators, sound intensity, ..
Technical Specialist of CCAUV (BIPM)
![Page 3: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Filename, 3
Who are you?
I guess that some of you
- work with acoustic calibration or measurements- are responsible for acoustic activities- intend to start up acoustic activities- make products to be tested acoustically- deal with related topics – vibration?
![Page 4: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Filename, 4
Contents
- Measurement Microphones- Principles of operation- Interaction with the sound fields
- Acoustic Calibration - Primary Calibration (NMIs and High-tech Units)- Secondary Calibration (Test and Service Centers)- Field Calibration (Users)- Additional Calibration Techniques
![Page 5: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Filename, 5
Places where sound is measured
Electro-acousticTesting Lab
Car Testing LaneConstruction Site
Machine Building Hall
![Page 6: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Filename, 6
Car Cabin Crash Test
Rocket Launch Ramp Very High Levels and Infrasound
Wind MillSite
Places of Extreme Conditions
![Page 7: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Filename, 7
Units and Levels
Sound Pressure Unit: Pa or N/m2
Sound Pressure Level: dB
where: Pa (threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz)
refp p
pL log20 ⋅=
61020 −⋅=refp
![Page 8: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Filename, 8
Audible RangePressure: 20 µPa – 60 PaLevel: 0 dB – 130 dB
Frequency: 20 Hz – 20 kHz
‘Full’ Measurement RangePressure: 3 µPa – 60 kPaLevel: -16 dB – 190 dB
Frequency: 0.1 Hz – 150 kHz
200 dB
160 dB
120 dB
80 dB
40 dB
0 dB
-40 dB
0.01 Hz 1 Hz 100 Hz 10 kHz 1000 kHz
Dynamic - and FrequencyRanges
![Page 9: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Filename, 9
• Well-suited for calibration (reciprocity, actuator)• Well-suited for theoretical analysis• Highly stable• Essentially flat frequency response• Interaction with sound fields can be measured
and calculated• Low vibration sensitivity
Some reasons:
Condenser Microphones are dominating
![Page 10: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Filename, 10
Traditional Condenser Measurement Microphone
Diaphragm
Backplate
InsulatorElectrical Terminals
Static PressureEqualization Tube
Airgap – 20 µm
Rear Cavity
Diameter: 23.77 mm
![Page 11: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Filename, 11
uout
∆d
do
R
C
R C⋅ >> 1sec
U C QU C U C Q
U U CC
U U Sd
d dS
U U dd
u U dd
o
out
⋅ =⋅ = ⋅ =
= ⋅
= ⋅⋅
⋅+⋅
= ⋅ +
= ⋅
0 0 0
00
00
0
0
00
1
εε
∆
∆
∆
U0
S
Transduction Principle of Condenser Microphone
![Page 12: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Filename, 12
Pre-polarised Measurement Microphones
½” and ¼”
Today this principle is used in a large fraction of measurement microphones
PolarisationPrinciple
• More complex• More expensive• Very reliable
Electret
![Page 13: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Filename, 13
Damping of Microphone Diaphragm
Q=10
Q=1
Q=0.316
Diaphragm Dampingdepends ondistance to back-plateand number of holes
Pressure Field MicrophoneQ = 1
![Page 14: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Filename, 14
Typical Line of Microphone Types
Ø 3.175 mm Ø 12.7 mmØ 6.35 mm Ø 23.77 mm
![Page 15: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Filename, 15
Effects of Scaling Microphone Diameter
Responses of ’Pressure Microphones’
![Page 16: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Filename, 16
Principal Types of Sound Field
• Free-fieldopen spacewith no reflecting surfaces
• Diffuse-fieldrooms with hard surfacesrooms with many sources
• Pressure-fieldsmall enclosureswith uniform pressure
Lawn Mover
Workshopwith twonoise sources
Hearing Aid andTest Coupler
![Page 17: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Filename, 17
Microphone Body in Propagating Sound Wave
Measurement Point
Undesturbed Sound Field
Desturbed Sound Field
Direction of SoundPropagation
Direction of SoundPropagation
Microphone Body
![Page 18: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Filename, 18
Microphone Size and Influence on Pressure Level
ø 24 mm ø 12 mm ø 6 mm
Free-field
![Page 19: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Filename, 19
Influence of Microphone Protection Grid
Typical Influence0o Incidence
ø 12 mm
![Page 20: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Filename, 20
0
5
10
15
0.1 1 10 100frequency [kHz]
dB 3
Direction of Sound Incidence (0o)
Combined Influence of Microphone Body and Grid
Free-field conditions and body with protection grid
![Page 21: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Filename, 21
Response of Microphone optimized for Free-field
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0.1 1 10 100frequency [kHz]
dB
1
2 3Frequency response of diaphragm systemIncrease of pressureon the diaphragm
Resulting Microphone Response
![Page 22: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Filename, 22
Principal Types of Sound Field
• Free-fieldopen spacewith no reflecting surfaces
• Diffuse-fieldrooms with hard surfacesrooms with many sources
• Pressure-fieldsmall enclosureswith uniform pressure
Lawn Mover
Workshopwith twonoise sources
Hearing Aid andTest Coupler
![Page 23: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Filename, 23
Microphone Size and Influence on Pressure Level
0.1 k 1 k 10 k Frequency 100 k
ø24 mm ø12 mm ø6 mm
Diffuse-field
![Page 24: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Filename, 24
Microphones are Optimized for Types of Sound Field
![Page 25: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Filename, 25
Other Microphones and Parts to be Calibrated (1)
Microphonefor permanentoutdoor use(probe mic.)
Turbulence Suppression Screen
RainCover
NoseCones
WindScreens
Probe Microphonewith tiny tube (ø1.25mm)
Microphonewith very lowInherent Noise(0 dB SPL)
![Page 26: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Filename, 26
For Noise and Turbulence Measurementsin Wind Tunnels and during driving or flying
Microphones onaircraft wing
Other Microphones and Parts to be Calibrated (2)
Surface Microphones
![Page 27: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Filename, 27
Microphones with nearly identical Phase Responses are required - especially for Sound Intensity Measurements
Other Microphones and Parts to be Calibrated (3)
![Page 28: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Filename, 28
Examples of Microphone Preamplifiers
12.7 mm 6.35 mm
Input Impedance: up to15 GΩ in parallel with 0.3 pFOutput Resistance: down to 50 ΩGain: 0 dB
![Page 29: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Filename, 29
Contents
- Measurement Microphones- Principles of operation- Influence on sound fields
- Acoustic Calibration - Primary Calibration (NMIs and High-tech Units)- Secondary Calibration (Test and Service Centers)- Field Calibration (Users)- Additional Calibration Techniques
![Page 30: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Filename, 30
Calibration Hierarchy
National Metrology InstituteCountry B
National Metrology InstituteCountry A
National Metrology InstituteCountry C
Calibration ServiceCenter A
Calibration ServiceCenter B
Calibration ServiceCenter C
User A
User B
User C
User X
User A
User B
User C
User X
User A
User B
User C
User X
![Page 31: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Filename, 31
Methods for Primary Calibration Laboratories
IEC 61094 – 1 Laboratory Standard MicrophonesIEC 61094 – 2 Primary Method for Pressure CalibrationIEC 61094 – 3 Primary Method for Free-field CalibrationIEC 61094 – 7 Free-field Corrections, LS1/LS2 Microphones
Low-frequency Microphone CalibrationHigh-level Microphone CalibrationIEC 61043 Sound Intensity InstrumentsMeasurement of Inherent Microphone NoiseIEC 61094-8 Free-field Comparison Calibration (draft)Diffuse-field Calibration
Note: The standard titles are not fully correct – they are shortened
![Page 32: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Filename, 32
Laboratory Standard Microphones – IEC 61094-1
LS1 LS2a
ø 23.77 mm ø 12.7 mm
ø 18.6 mm
ø 9.3 mm
ø 13.2 mm
![Page 33: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Filename, 33
Pressure Reciprocity Calibration
IEC 60194-2
![Page 34: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Filename, 34
Reciprocal Transducers
Reciprocity calibration requires reciprocal transducers
Sound Receiver Sound Transmitter
The condenser microphone is a reciprocal transducer
uoc q ipoc
ip
qu ococ =
![Page 35: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Filename, 35
Principle of Pressure Reciprocity Calibration (1)
iin
uout
mic(A)
mic(B)
air-filled coupler
uout
iin
where
Ze =
Mp(A) x Mp(B) =Ze
Za
Za = acoustical transfer impedance of the air-filled coupler terminated by the microphones (A and B)(acoustic transmission line)
Sensitivity Product (IEC61094-2)
(measured)
Coupled Pair of Microphone
![Page 36: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Filename, 36
Principle of Pressure Reciprocity Calibration (2)
C
A
uCiT
uR
Cs
A
B
uCiT
uR
Cs
B
C
uCiT
uR
Cs
coupler coupler coupler
Receiver
Source
The 3 unknown microphone sensitivities are found by solvingthe 3 equations, which are related to the above 3 pairs of microphone
![Page 37: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Filename, 37
Impedance of 'Plane Wave Coupler'
'Plane Wave Coupler'
lxy
lxy < 0.4 . λ d = ddiaphragm
mic.x mic.y
( ) ( )
⋅⋅
⋅++⋅⋅
+⋅= xy
ya
oa
xa
oaxy
ya
oa
xa
oa
oaxya
lZZ
ZZ
lZZ
ZZ
ZZγγ sinh1cosh11
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,,
is determined by the transmission line theoryZa,xy
Dimension requirements:
dZa,x Za,y
Za,o
Model of Acoustic Transfer Impedance
(IEC 1094-2)
![Page 38: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Filename, 38
B&K Type 9699 Pressure Reciprocity Calibration Systembased on PULSE Multi-Analyzer Type 3560 C
Measurement Chamberfor pressurization and
noise suppression
Automated Reciprocity Calibration System
![Page 39: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Filename, 39
Magnitude and Phase Pressure Responses
![Page 40: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Filename, 40
Repeatability History
0
1.5
1-1-
91
1-1-
92
1-1-
93
1-1-
94
1-1-
95
1-1-
96
1-1-
97
1-1-
98
1-1-
99
1-1-
00
1-1-
01
1-1-
02
1-1-
03
years
0.1
dB p
er d
ivis
ionn
n
250 Hz
25 kHz
1 kHz
16 kHz
8 kHz
4 kHz
2 kHz
12.5 kHz
63 Hz
31.5 Hz
500 Hz
125 Hz
20 kHz
20 Hz
Type 4180 No. 1124043
DPLA Standard MicrophoneType 4180 No.1124043
0.1
dB p
er d
ivis
ion
half-inch
Period: 1991 – 2002
Pressure Reciprocity CalibrationResults normalised with AverageSensitivity of last 5 years
![Page 41: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Filename, 41
Uncertainty Calculation Type 4180 – LS2 - DPLA
![Page 42: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Filename, 42
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
10 100 1000 10000 100000Hz
dB
DPLA Client CalibrationsUncertainty (k=2) for Type 4180
calculated
specified
Resulting Uncertainty Type 4180 – LS2 - DPLA
![Page 43: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Filename, 43
DPLA Calibration Uncertainty, Type 4160 and 4180
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
0.20
10 100 1000 10000 100000Hz
dB
4160
4180
Specified DPLA Uncertainties (k=2)October 2000
![Page 44: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Filename, 44
Free-field Reciprocity Calibration
IEC 60194-3
![Page 45: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Filename, 45
Free-field Reciprocity Calibration Set-up, Half-inch
Transmitter MicrophoneReceiver Microphone
Anechoic Room with cubical glass-wool absorbers
Typical Distance200 mm
![Page 46: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Filename, 46
Expression for Free-field Sensitivity Calculation
12
1
2122,1,
2 dvff e
iU
fdjMM ⋅⋅⋅−=⋅ρ
Symbol Parameter Mf,1, Mf,2 Sensitivities of microphones ‘1’ and ‘2’
d12 Distance between acoustic centers of microphones ‘1’ and ‘2’ ρ Density of air f Frequency v Complex sound propagation coefficient
U2 Output voltage of receiver microphone i1 Input current of source microphone
)2(1
2
1
2 CfjUU
iU π−⋅=
Symbol Parameter Z12 Transfer impedance of microphones ‘1’ and ‘2’ valid for the parameters of equation (4) U1 Voltage across the series capacitor of source microphone ‘1’ C Capacitance of series capacitor of the source microphones
Current is determined by measuringvoltage across a series capacitor
Symbol Parameter
![Page 47: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Filename, 47
Typical Measured Free-field Transfer Function
01020304050607080
1 10 100
dB
re. 1
µV
kHz
![Page 48: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Filename, 48
System Instrumentation
Insert VoltageSwitch Box
WB3551
Generator
Ch.1 Ch.2Analyzer
PULSEType
3560C(100 kHz)
ConditioningAmplifier
Type 2690-W-008
ReciprocityCalibrationApparatusType 5998
LAN
PreamplifierType 2673-W-001
(20 dB gain)
Transmitter Unit ZE0796 withbuilt-in series
capacitor
PC
Microphones
IEEE AUXFree-field ReciprocityCalibration System
DFM-B&K
Receiver
Transmitter
![Page 49: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Filename, 49
Removal of Sound Reflections1)
4)3)
2)
![Page 50: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Filename, 50
Responses valid for the three pairs of microphone (AB, AC and BC)are displayed for evaluation of the operator prior to the calculationof the microphone sensitivities
The distance between the fronts of microphones (LS1) is 320 mm
Calculated Impulse Responses for one Distance
![Page 51: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Filename, 51
Resulting Sensitivity (magnitude)
19-aug-09 Lin1453799 4160.1453799
-45
-35
-25
-15
100 1000 10000 100000
Average
Hz
dB
Type 4160 No. 1453799
Average of results obtainedwith 4 measurement distances
ø23.77 mm
![Page 52: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Filename, 52
Resulting Sensitivity (phase)
19-aug-09 Lin1453799 4160.1453799
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
100 1000 10000 100000
Average
Hz
dB
Type 4160 No. 1453799
Average of results obtainedwith 4 measurement distances
deg
ø23.77 mm
![Page 53: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Filename, 53
19-aug-09 Lin1503933 4180.1503933
-0.12
-0.08
-0.04
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
100 1000 10000 100000
d 170 d 200 d 240 d 300
Hz
dB
Type 4180 No. 1503933
The results for the 4 measurement distancesare shown relative to their common mean value
Comparison of Sensitivity Results (magnitude)
ø12.7 mm
![Page 54: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Filename, 54
DFM chamber and general criteriaDFM chamber
- volume: 6.0 m3
- free volume: 1.7 m3
- mineral wool: 90 kg/m3
(not especially critical)
General requirements: - Good sound isolation- Large enough fordelaying reflexions
Small-room features:- short cables (lower cross-talk)- precise and stablemicrophone mounting
- convenient operation Knud Rasmussen in front of the DFM room
![Page 55: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Filename, 55
System Properties
The system operates with a repeatability better than +- 0.03 dBand an accuracy better than +- 0.1 dB up to 20 kHz (k=2)
Three one-inch and half-inch microphones may be thoroughly calibrated (4 distances) in about 4 and 8 hours respectively
The method is time-selective. Therefore, only a small an-echoicroom is required
PhD Thesis by Salvador Barrera Figueroa
![Page 56: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Filename, 56
Free-field Calibration Uncertainty (k=2)
WS microphones may also be calibrated, but in general the uncertainty becomesLarger for less known types and for microphones of complex shapes
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
1 10 1000.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
1 10 100
LS1 LS2
kHz kHz
dB dB
k = 2 k = 2
![Page 57: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Filename, 57
BIPM – CCAUV Key Comparisons
Regional Organizations- AFRIMETS- APMP- COOMET- EURAMET- SIM
![Page 58: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Filename, 58
Free-field Response Determinationof
LS Microphonesby
Pressure Reciprocity (IEC 60194-2)and
Free-field Corrections (IEC 61094-7)
![Page 59: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Filename, 59
An Alternative to Free-field Reciprocity Calibration
0
2
4
6
8
10
0.1 1 10 100
dB
kHz
Free-field CorrectionsDifference between
Free-field and Pressure Responses
Type 4160 Type 4180
0o Incidence
IEC 61094-7states
Free-fieldCorrections
for LS1 and LS2Microphones
Perform a Pressure Reciprocity Calibration and add correctionscalculated by the polynomial of IEC 61094-7
![Page 60: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Filename, 60
Uncertainty of Free-field Calibrations – LS2a
DPLA Calibration by Free-fieldReciprocity IEC 61094-3
DPLA Calibration by PressureReciprocity IEC 61094-3andStandardized Free-field correctionsIEC 61094-7
LS2aø12.7 mm
LS2aø12.7 mm
k=2
k=2
![Page 61: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Filename, 61
Infra-sound and Low-frequency Calibration
Various non-standardized principles
![Page 62: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Filename, 62
Low Frequency Calibration of Reference Microphone
Laser-pistonphone0.1 Hz – 100 HzUncertainty 0.25 dB at 1 Hz
[ ]V
SdPrmsp o ⋅⋅
⋅⋅=2
γ
γ: ratio of specific heatsd: displacement of pistonS: area of pistonV: volume of cavity
![Page 63: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Filename, 63
Low Frequency Calibration of Reference Microphone
Laser-pistonphone0.1 Hz – 100 HzUncertainty 0.25 dB at 1 Hz
Pressure Reciprocity2 Hz – 30 kHz Uncertainty 0.5 dB at 2 Hz
![Page 64: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Filename, 64
Low Frequency Calibration of Reference Microphone
Laser-pistonphone0.1 Hz – 100 HzUncertainty 0.25 dB at 1 Hz
Pressure Reciprocity2 Hz – 30 kHz Uncertainty 0.5 dB at 2 Hz
Related Microphones Method0.1 Hz – 250 HzUncertainty 0.08 dB at 0.1 Hz
New B&KMethod
B&K TechnicalReview
No. 1 - 2008
Equal Microphoneswith different
Diaphragm Tension
![Page 65: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Filename, 65
Low-frequency Comparison Calibration
WB3570
Coupler designed for :1) exposure of diaphragm and vent2) diaphragm only
![Page 66: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Filename, 67
High-level Microphone Calibration
![Page 67: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Filename, 68
Pistonphone Principle for High Pressure Calibration
![Page 68: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Filename, 69
High-pressure Calibration System Type 9719
B&K PULSEMulti-Analyzer System
Type 3560
with
High-pressure UnitType 4298
and
Linearity-measurementSoftwareWT9643
Operation frequency: 500 Hz
![Page 69: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Filename, 70
System of Coupled Tubes
MicrophonesM1 and M2
T3 T2 T1 Loudspeaker
Loudspeaker
~
T1
T3
T2
M1 M2
C R L
Equivalent Circuit Model
Physical Model
Loudspeaker
![Page 70: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Filename, 71
Generation of High Pressure with Low Distortion
• Operation at lowest system resonance (500 Hz)• Relatively high input power (25 W)• Transfer function minimizes distortion from source
-120
-110
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Lp for constant Input Voltage
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
Operation Frequency
![Page 71: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Filename, 72
Dynamic Linearity Reference Microphones
B&K Condenser Microphone Type 4941 (ø 6.3 mm)
ENDEVCO Ceramic Microphone Type 2510 (ø 19 mm)Heat-protector
![Page 72: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Filename, 73
Operation Range of High-pressure System
180
dB
160
140
120
100
80
SP
L (R
MS
)
SP
L P
eak
(+)
SP
L P
eak
(-)
2nd
Har
mon
ic
3rd
Har
mon
ic
Tota
l Har
mon
ic
1 Pascal (94 dB)
10000 Pascal (174 dB)So
und
Pres
sure
Lev
el re
. 20
µPa
![Page 73: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Filename, 74
Capability of High-pressure Calibration System
Range: 94 dB (RMS) and 174 dB (Peak):
• RMS-linearity +- 0.02 dB
• Peak-linearity (+ and -) +- 0.04 dB
• Harmonic Distortion- Sound Pressure < 0.3 %- Reference Microphones < 0.5%
• Vibration Excitation < 2.5.10-4 m/s2 per Pa
![Page 74: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Filename, 75
Phase Response Comparison Calibrationfor
Microphone Arrays and Sound Intensity Probes
![Page 75: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Filename, 76
Arrays for Sound Mapping, Beamforming and STSF
60 – 200 mics
36 – 108 mics
36 – 64 mics
36 – 50 mics64 – 114 mics
(12 cameras)
![Page 76: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Filename, 77
Intensity Probes and Dedicated Microphones
Method is described in IEC 61043
![Page 77: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Filename, 78
Intensity Microphones – B&K Type 4197
0,001
0,01
0,1
1
10
10 100 1000 10000
deg
Hz
Intensity Microphones - B&K Type 4197
Tolerances
Probe (Mics + PAs)Mics
Required Measurement Capability
Tolerances are from IEC 61043
![Page 78: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Filename, 79
New Wide-band Phase Comparison Couplers
WA1544Half-inch
Phase ResponseComparison CouplerWA1545
Quarter-inchPhase ResponseComparison Coupler
WA0817Broard-bandSound Sourcefor the couplers
![Page 79: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Filename, 80
Phase Comparison Result - Type 4197 (Intensity Pair)
Measured with the Calibration SystemType 9721
Blue and Redindicatenegative andpositivedeviationsrespectively
![Page 80: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Filename, 81
Array Microphone Type 4958 (batch A)
-12
-6
0
6
12
10 100 1000 10000 100000
12345671234568258155425818302592624259262525926262592628259262925926312592632259263325926342592635259263625926372611371261137226113732611374261137526113762611377261137826113792611380261138126113822611383261138426113852611386
Phase Response Spread within batch (A)(microphones for selection to arrays)
The responses are displayed relative to their average
deg
Hz
![Page 81: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Filename, 82
Test Tube for Intensity ProbesLength: 6.2 mInner Diameter: 288 mm
Sledge for Intensity Probe
S.W.R.:24 dB from40 to 500 Hz
![Page 82: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Filename, 83
Measurement of Inherent Microphone Noise
![Page 83: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Filename, 84
Brownian Noise of Condenser Microphone
e
sn
n
VpTkp
CTkp
⋅⋅⋅=
⋅=
γ
2
k : Boltzmanns ConstantT : absolute temperatureγ : ratio of specific heatsps : static pressureVe : equivalent diaphragm volume
Ve = 148 mm3
6.6210148
10013.14.12961038.19
523
=⋅
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= −
−
np µPa
or 9.9 dB SPL
![Page 84: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Filename, 85
Noise Spectra of Type 4160/44 and Preamp
![Page 85: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Filename, 86
Noise Spectra of ½” Microphone and Preamplifier
dB SPL
![Page 86: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Filename, 87
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
dB (A)
1/2"
1/1"
1/4"
12.5 mV/Pa 50 mV/Pa
50 m
V/P
a
50 m
V/P
a
4 m
V/P
a
1.6
mV
/Pa
Noise Levels of Microphonesand of Microphones combined
with Preamplifiers
Equivalent A-weightedSound Pressure Level
100
mV
/Pa
![Page 87: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Filename, 88
Chamber for Measurement of Inherent Microphone Noise
Volume: about 1.5 liter
Weight: about 5 kg
Covered with vibration
damping material
Damping material inside
![Page 88: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Filename, 89
Free-field Comparison Calibrationof
LS and WS Microphones
IEC 60194 - 8(draft)
![Page 89: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Filename, 90
Free-field Comparison Calibration – IEC 61094-8 (Draft)
Non-critical Reflection
Critical ReflectionDirectSound
SoundSource
Microphone
Calibration requires:
1) a very good andlarge an-echoic roomor
2) a time-selective orpost processingmeasurement techniqueto eliminate influenceof reflections
Many an-echoic rooms are good enough for testing purposes,but few are good enough for calibration !
Reflections and measurement distance are main topics of the IEC draft
![Page 90: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Filename, 91
Diffuse-field Comparison Calibrationof
LS and WS Microphones
IEC 60194 - 8(draft)
![Page 91: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Filename, 92
ReferenceMicrophone
UnknownMicrophone
Diffuse-field Comparison Calibration
Room with hard Sound Reflecting Walls
![Page 92: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Filename, 93
Obtaining Diffuse-field response by FF-measurements
v
Microphone Body
v = 0o is perpendicularincidence on the diaphragm
12
8
4
0
- 4
- 8
- 12
-16 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz
0o
0o – 180o in 5o stepsDiffuseSound Field
Curve for Diffuse Field iscalculated in accordancewith IEC 61183
Microphone (12.7 mm)without Protection Grid
![Page 93: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Filename, 94
Methods for Service Centers and Test Laboratories
IEC 61094 – 4 Working Standard MicrophonesIEC 61094 – 5 Pressure-field Comparison CalibrationIEC 61094 – 6 Electrostatic Actuator Calibration
IEC 61672 – 1 SLM Specifications (Class 1 and 2)IEC 61672 – 2 SLM Pattern Evaluation Tests IEC 61672 – 3 SLM Periodic TestsIEC 61183 Diffuse-field Calibration of SLM
IEC 60942 Sound Level CalibratorsIEC 62585 Calibration Corrections for SLM (draft)
Note: The standard titles are not fully correct – they are shortened
![Page 94: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Filename, 95
Secondary Microphone Calibrationby
Comparison Couplers (IEC61094-5)and
Electrostatic Actuators (IEC61094-6)
![Page 95: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Filename, 96
System for calibration of various brands of microphone
ReferenceStandard
Type 4180
Type 9721Diameter
1/8” to 1/1”
![Page 96: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Filename, 97
Type 9721 Microphone Calibration
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0.1 1 10 100frequency [kHz]
dB
1
2 3
1. Sensitivity at 250 Hz2. Electrostatic Actuator Response3. Sound-field Correction
![Page 97: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Filename, 98
Comparison Calibration Method – IEC61094-5
9.3
16
8.0 1.80.5
18
MicrophoneInterfaces
SourceCavity
SourceDiaphragm
Comparison Couplerwith built-in Sound Source
20 Hz – 16 kHz
SourceCavity
Interfaces toMicrophones
CylindricalDiaphragm
ofSource
WA0817
![Page 98: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Filename, 99
Active ComparisonCoupler WA0817
(90 dB SPL for 1V)Calibration Fixture
WA0852
MonitorMicrophoneType 4192
Coupler and fixture mountedfor calibration of half-inch and smaller microphones
Microphone Fixture and Active Coupler WA0817
For ½” microphones
![Page 99: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Filename, 100
One-inch CouplerUA1609
Calibration Couplers and Fixture for microphonesActive Coupler
WA0817
The active coupler WA0817 supplies thesound for the passive one-inch coupler
For 1/1” and smaller microphones by adapters
![Page 100: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Filename, 101
Chart forcalculationof sensitivityuncertainty
Type 9721 Sensitivity Uncertainty Calculation Sheet
![Page 101: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Filename, 102
0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
4180
4192
4193
4133
4134
4149
4191
4197
4190
4145
4161
4144
4160
4176
4188
4938
4939
4189
4136
4165
4166
4135
4155
Calculated UncertaintySpecified Uncertainty
Valid at Reference ConditionsType 9721 Uncertainty of Sensitivity Calibration (250 Hz) dB
Type of Microphone
Type 9721 Sensitivity Uncertainty (k=2)
![Page 102: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Filename, 103
Electrostatic Actuator
Glass legs Metal Plate
InsulatorElectrostatic Actuatorfor half-inch andsmaller microphones
![Page 103: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Filename, 104
PULSE Analyser
Preamplifier
Actuator VoltageSupply
Actuator
Microphone
800 V DC + 100 V AC
Setup for Electrostatic Actuator Calibration
![Page 104: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Filename, 105
CUdF ⋅=⋅2
2
dSUdF actgas ⋅
⋅=⋅ε
2
2
dia
actgas
dia SS
dU
SF
⋅⋅⋅
= 2
2
2ε
222
Ud
ap gas ⋅
⋅⋅
=ε
Electrostaticactuator
d
UF Sdia
Sact
Microphonehousing
Holes
( ) ( )( )202 sin
2tuU
da
tp pgas ω
ε⋅+⋅
⋅⋅
=
( ) ( ) ( )
−
⋅+⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅
⋅=
22cos1sin2
22
0202
tutuUUd
atp pp
gas ωωε
Equivalent Sound Pressure of Electrostatic Actuator
![Page 105: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Filename, 106
Microphone Calibration Module Type 5001
Driver unit forActive Coupler
and ElectrostaticActuator
![Page 106: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Filename, 107
Type 9721 Microphone Calibration
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0.1 1 10 100frequency [kHz]
dB
1
2 3
1. Sensitivity at 250 Hz2. Electrostatic Actuator Response3. Sound-field Correction
![Page 107: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Filename, 108
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Uncertainty of Type 9721
Valid for One- and Half-inch Microphones (S > 25 mV/Pa)
Calculated
SpecifieddB
Hz
Type 9721 Uncertainty of Actuator Response (2)
![Page 108: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Filename, 109
Sound Level Meter Calibration
Pattern Evaluation TestsAcoustic Test Laboratories
Periodical TestsCalibration Service Centres
Field CalibrationUsers
![Page 109: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Filename, 110
Pattern Evaluation Tests Acoustic Test Laboratories
IEC 61672-2 prescribes:
Checking of mandatory facilities and general requirements ( 23 points)
Environmental, electrostatic and radio-frequency tests (17)
Electrical performance tests (16)
Acoustical performance tests (5):- Measurement of Directional Responses- Measurement of Frequency Response of Reference Direction- Verification/determination of ’Free-field Correction Values’- Verification/determination of ’Adjustment Value(s)’- Measurement of Self-generated Noise
![Page 110: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Filename, 111
Periodical Tests Calibration Service Centers
IEC 61672-3 prescribes:
- General Inspection
- Electrical Performance Tests (7)
- Acoustical Performance Tests (3):- Check of Indication at the reference frequency (1 kHz)- Check of Frequency Response (calibrator, actuator or sound field) - Check of Self-generated Noise
B&K SLMCalibration System
Type 3630
![Page 111: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Filename, 112
Remarks about SLM Testing
Pattern Evaluation Test- is a very thorough, time consuming and costly test- requires advanced equipment for environmental testing- requires a good and large an-echoic room- ensures proper design quality- provides proved correction data for simple Periodic Testing
Periodic Test- intended to be cheap and widely used- requires no specific acoustic facilities - checks critical parameters- ensures proper performance - considering approval of Pattern
![Page 112: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Filename, 113
SLM
Soft Spring
NoiseisolatedCavity
Vibration Isolation Table
Rear port sound isolator
Test Table for Self-generated Noise of SLM
SLM Microphone
Low-noise MonitorMicrophone
![Page 113: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Filename, 114
Sound Calibratorsfor
Field – and Laboratory Use
IEC 60942
![Page 114: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Filename, 115
Pistonphone Type 4228
Precision Calibratorand
Reference StandardSound Source
Frequency 250 Hz124 dB at 1013.25 hPa
SPL is proportional to ambientpressure, but essentially independent of temperature and humidity.
![Page 115: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Filename, 116
Design Details of Pistonphone Type 4228
( ) ααα 8cos4sin ⋅−⋅+= CBAr
Retaining Spring Cam Disc
Coupler CavityPistons
Ruby Bushing
![Page 116: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Filename, 117
Principle of Feed-back Calibrator- Significantly Improved Stability- Essentially independent of Static Pressure- Essentially independent of Loading Microphone
Type 4226 Multi-frequencyCalibrator
First feed-back Calibrator1988
Type 4230 – 1000 Hz, 94 dB
![Page 117: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Filename, 118
Multi-frequency Calibrator
Calibrators produce Pressure-fields, but maycalibrate SLMs and Instruments for free-field use.
They generate a level higher than the nominal tocompensate for the lack of pressure-increase thatoccurs on the microphone in a free-field.
![Page 118: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Filename, 119
Hint about use of Calibrators
Calibrating an Instrument with a Calibrator is very easy
However, just connecting the calibrator and adjusting the instrument toproper reading imply a risk of
overlooking microphone, analyzer or calibrator defects
Therefore,- read the microphone sensitivity on its calibration chart- set the system parameter for sensitivity accordingly- connect and start the calibrator- notice the deviation between display reading and calibrator level- if > 0.4 dB look for the reason- if < 0.4 dB adjust the reading (or leave the settings)
![Page 119: Basics of Acoustic Measurement](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081716/552fc28b550346e1108b4596/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Filename, 120
An Introduction has been given to:
- Principal Types of Sound Field, Measurement Microphonesand the need for many models
- Calibration and Test Methods applied at Hierarchical Levels- SLM Calibration and Testing- Acoustic Calibrators- Acoustic Standards- Uncertainties of Methods- Uncertainty Budgets and Accreditation
Thanks for your attention