basics in policy analysis 170en
TRANSCRIPT
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Resources for policy making
Basics in Policy AnalysisHow Governments Should Design &
Implement Policies
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By
for the
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, FAO
Resources for policy making
Basics in Policy AnalysisHow Governments Should Design & Implement Policies
Ugo Pica-CiamarraPro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative (PPLPI), Animal Productionand Health Division http://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/projects/en/pplpi/home.html
About EASYPol
The EASYPol home page is available at: w w w .f a o .o r g / e a s y p o l
EASYPol is a multilingual repository of freely downloadable resources for policy making in agriculture,rural development and food security. The resources are the results of research and field work by policyexperts at FAO. The site is maintained by FAOs Policy Assistance Support Service, Policy andProgramme Development Support Division, FAO.
Related resources:See the Training Path Policy Learning Programme 2009 for other related resources. Download theProgramme Summary for background information and the Overview of the Programme Modules
and Sessions for a complete list of resources developed for the Policy Learning Programme 2009.FAO Policy Learning Website: http://www.fao.org/tc/tca/policy-learning/en/
http://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/projects/en/pplpi/home.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/projects/en/pplpi/home.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/easypolhttp://www.fao.org/easypol/output/browse_by_training_path.asp?DEBUG=&page=&lang=&id_topic=&display=&search=&type=&abstr_type=&ascdes=&ordenAnt=&fdesde=&fhasta=&language=&type_search=&id_topic=&id=489&pub_id=489&id_cat=46http://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/Programme_Summary_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/presentation-easypol_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/816/Programme_Summary_224EN.pdfhttp://www.fao.org/easypol/output/browse_by_training_path.asp?DEBUG=&page=&lang=&id_topic=&display=&search=&type=&abstr_type=&ascdes=&ordenAnt=&fdesde=&fhasta=&language=&type_search=&id_topic=&id=489&pub_id=489&id_cat=46http://www.fao.org/easypolhttp://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/projects/en/pplpi/home.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/AG/againfo/projects/en/pplpi/home.html -
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Resources for policy making
Objectives
understand policy analysis
appreciate the relevance ofpolicy analysis
know the critical elementsto conduct sound policyanalysis (and design /implement sound policies)
After this presentation, you should:
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Resources for policy making
Outline
1. Policy analysis and policy process
2. Definition of policy analysis
3. Steps in policy analysis
Identification of policy objectives
Identification / selection of policy
instruments
Design policy implementation Policy monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
The policy process
Policy Spaces
External Pressures
STATE
Interest Group
Interest GroupTime
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Resources for policy making
Elements of policy process
2. Context
3. Actors
4. Content
5.Impact
s
1. Livelihood/Socio-economic
assessment
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Resources for policy making
Elements of policy process
2. Context
3. Actors
4. Content
5.Impact
s
1. Livelihood/Socio-economic
assessment
Main Stages
Agenda setting
Decision making
Implementation
M&E
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Resources for policy making
Elements of policy process
2. Context
3. Actors
4. Content
5.Impact
s
1. Livelihood/Socio-economic
assessment
Main Stages
Agenda setting
Decision making
Implementation
M&E
Policy Analysis
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Resources for policy making
Definition of policy analysis
Policy analysis:
is an applied social scienceproducing information for
addressing policy problems
analyses and evaluates publicpolicy options ... for choice by
policy makers (Paul, 1989 et al.).
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Resources for policy making
Policy analysis versus other sciences
Policy analysis is not:
Academic researchEconomicsSociologyStatistics
... ... ...
Political science
Interest groupsCollective actionsAdvocacy coalitions... ... ...
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Resources for policy making
Policy analysis versus other sciences
Policy analysis is not:
Academic researchEconomicsSociologyStatistics
... ... ...
Political science
Interest groupsCollective actionsAdvocacy coalitions... ... ...
Policy analysis makes ampleuse of academic research
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Resources for policy making
Policy analysis versus other sciences
Policy analysis is not:
Academic researchEconomicsSociologyStatistics
... ... ...
Political science
Interest groupsCollective actionsAdvocacy coalitions... ... ...
Policy analysis makes ampleuse of academic research
Policy analysis takes intoconsideration differentinterests, positions, etc.
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Resources for policy making
Steps in policy analysis
1. Identification of policyobjectives
2. Identifying and selecting policyinstruments
3. Designing policyimplementation
4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
Steps in policy analysis
1. Identification of policyobjectives
2. Identifying and selecting policyinstruments
3. Designing policyimplementation
4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
1. Identification of policy objectives
Policy agendas present generic policygoals / undesirable status quo (policy
problem)
- poverty reduction
- increased productivity
- ... ... ...
Identify a causal chain explaining thestatus quo
- brainstorming- narratives
- scientific analysis
- problem tree... ... ...
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Resources for policy making
1. Identification of policy objectives
The source of the problemshould be selected as thepolicy objective
Policy agendas present generic policygoals / undesirable status quo (policy
problem)
- poverty reduction
- increased productivity
- ... ... ...
Identify a causal chain explaining thestatus quo
- brainstorming- narratives
- scientific analysis
- problem tree... ... ...
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Resources for policy making
1. Identification of policy objectives
Example:
Problem tree analysis of Foot & Mouth Disease Outbreak
Foot & Mouth Disease Outbreak
+ animal mortality - productivity
... ... ... - household income - exports
... ... ...
direct contacts
between animals
contaminated
animal feed
artificial
insemination
... .... ....
policy
problem
effects
causes
Policy objective
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Resources for policy making
Steps in policy analysis
1. Identification of policyobjectives
2. Identifying and selectingpolicy instruments
3. Designing policyimplementation
4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
2. Identifying policy instruments
Identification of alternative policyinstruments serving the policy
objective(s)experiences from other countries
public/expert opinion polls
professional / academic journals
ad hoc research findings... ... ..
Avian flu: culling
Avian flu: vaccination
Credit: FAO
No defined rules toidentify policyinstruments!!! Avian flu: culling
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Resources for policy making
2. Identifying policy instruments
Hints for identifying policyinstruments:
existing instruments included
no do everything instrument
role of the State well identified
small numbers to facilitate
selection
Exporting live animals
Exporting processed goods
Credit: FAO
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Resources for policy making
2. Ranking policy instruments
Hints for selecting bestpolicy instrument
merit
cost
equityreliability
simplicity
consistency
flexibility
communicability
... ... ...
EXTRAPOLATE: Ex-Ante Tool for Ranking Policy Alternatives
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Resources for policy making
Steps in policy analysis
1. Identification of policy
objectives
2. Identifying and selecting policyinstruments
3. Designing policyimplementation
3. Policy monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
3. Policy Implementation
Policy reform failures [...] lack ofconsideration of how the policyreform is organized (Crosby,1996)
Policy implementation bringstogether multiple agencies andgroups that are intended to workin concert (Brinkerhoff, 1996)
credit: AfpKenya, drought affected areas 01 / 2006
source: WHO
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Resources for policy making
3. Policy implementation tasks
1. Policy legitimisation
2. Resources
3. Institutional design
4. Monitoring & evaluation
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Resources for policy making
3. Policy implementation tasks
Stakeholder analysis &political mapping to create a
policy constituency
1. Policy legitimisation
2. Resources
3. Institutional design
4. Monitoring &evaluation
Securing start-up &medium / long term funds
Accountability & incentives /penalties to policyimplementers to carry out
new tasks
Keep policy implementationon track & assess policyresults & impacts
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Resources for policy making
Steps in policy analysis
1. Identification of policy
objectives
2. Identifying and selecting policyinstruments
3. Designing policyimplementation
4. Policy monitoring &evaluation
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4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
Monitoring: ... collection ofdata providing indications of[...] progress in the use ofinputs and achievement of
outputs
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4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
Evaluation: ... assessment ofan ongoing [...] policy, itsdesign, implementation and
effects and impacts
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Resources for policy making
4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
Indicator Definition
Inputs Resources allocated
Outputs
Immediate results
brought about byinputs
EffectsDirect and medium
term effects
Impacts Long-term impacts
Monitoring
EvaluationT
ime
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Resources for policy making
4. Policy monitoring & evaluation
Methodologies:
performance indicators
logical-framework approach
interviews
international benchmarking
cost-benefit analysispilot policy projects
Hints:
evaluators implementers
participatory M&E
new rules & regulations
rewards / penalties
credit: AC
credit: FAO
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Resources for policy making
Summary
1. identification of policyobjectives
2. identification / selection ofpolicy instruments
3. designing policyimplementation
4. monitoring & evaluation
Policy analysis is a science providinginformation to address policy problems
Policy analysis is a science providinginformation to address policy problems
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Conclusions
2. Context
3. Actors
4. Content
5.
Impact
s
1. Livelihood/Socio-economic
assessment
Main Stages
Agenda setting
Decision making
Implementation
M&E
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Resources for policy making
Further readings
Brinkerhoff D.W., Crosby B.K. (2002).Managing Policy Reform. Concepts and Toolsfor Decision-Makers in Developing andTransition Countries. Kumarian Press,Bloomfield.
Weimer D.L., Vining A.R. 1991. PolicyAnalysis: Concepts and Practice. PrenticeHall, London.
Binswanger H., Deininger K. 1997. ExplainingAgricultural and Agrarian Policies inDeveloping Countries.Journal of EconomicLiterature, Vol. XXXV, pp. 1958-2005.