basicaircraftstructure-110325070203-phpapp02

8/18/2019 basicaircraftstructure-110325070203-phpapp02

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basicaircraftstructure-110325070203-phpapp02 1/36



Outline of Presentation Aircraft Components Material use in Airframe Construction Example of Material use in Airframe Construction Fuselage Structure

- Truss Type

- Pratt Truss

- Warren Truss- Monocoque

- Semi-Monocoque Basic Structure Memer Terms

Wing Structure Empennage Structure Po!er Plant

- Wing Po" Mount

-Fuselage Mount #an"ing $ear Structure



A. Fuselage

B. Wings C. Empenage or Tail

D. Power Plant

E. Landing Gear orUndercarriage

Aircraft Components



Propeller

#an"ing $ear

Wing

#eft Aileron

Fuselage

Empennage

%acelle

&ig't Aileron

Wing(ori)ontal

Staili)er

*ertical

Staili)er

&u""er

Ele+ator



• ain !od" o# airplane

• Pilot $ cargo compartments• Generall" constructed in two or more sections

• Carries accessories and ot%er e&uipments

• 'ncludes numerous access doors( inspection plates( landingw%eel wells( and ot%er openings

Fuselage



• Air#oils attac%ed to eac% side o# t%e #uselage

• ain li#ting sur#aces

• )arious design si*e and s%ape

• a" !e attac%ed at t%e top( middle( or lower portion o# t%e

#uselage

+ ,ig%+wing( mid+wing( and low+wing

• T%e num!er o# wings can also -ar"

+ onoplanes( !iplanes

W,%$



• now as tail section

• Consist o#

/ )ertical 0ta!ili*er

/ 1udder

/ ,ori*ontal 0ta!ili*er

/ Ele-ators

Empennage



Po!er Plant A unit or mac%ine t%at con-erts c%emical energ" contains in

t%e #uel to t%rust #orce. T%rust #orce is essential #or mo-ing

t%e airplane #orward and producing li#t #orce. Wit% t%e piston

engine( t%e propeller is used to con-ert tor&ue at engine

s%a#t to !e t%rust. Wit% t%e 2et engine( t%e 2et engine output is

t%e t%rust #orce.



• Located underneat% o# t%e

#uselage wit% s%oc3 strut

• Fi4ed 5 1etracta!le

• Pro-ides means o# landing ta4iing

• Tri+ c"cle /Con-entional t"pe

• Floating gear #or seaplane 5s3i+

e&uipped #or ice sur#ace landing

etc..

#an"ing $ear



Material use in Airframe Construction Air#rame aterials Properties

+ ,ig% 0trengt% to Weig%t ratio

+ Lig%t weig%t

+ Corrosion 1esistant

+ 0%ould !e non #lamma!le

+ ,ig% &ualit"



• WOOD (Spruce)

• STEEL & ITS ALLOYS (Strong )

• ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOY (Commonly use)

• TITANIUM ALLOYS (Heat Barriers)

• MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (3 times lighter than

AL)

• PLASTICS & COMPOSITE MATERIAL

Example of Material use in Airframe Construction



Fuselage Structure

BA0'C 0T1UCTU1E T6PE0

T&SS T.PE

- P&ATT T&SS

- WA&&E% T&SS

MO%OCO/E

SEM,-MO%OCO/E



T1U00 T6PEost earl" aircra#t used t%is tec%ni&ue wit% wood and

wire trusses and t%is t"pe o# structure is still in use in man"

lig%tweig%t aircra#t using welded steel tu!e trusses. T%e truss

t"pe #uselage #rame is assem!led wit% mem!ers #orming a rigid

#rame e.g. !eams( !ar( tu!e etc7 Primar" mem!ers o# t%e

truss are 8 longerons. T%ere are two t"pes o# truss structure.

+ P1ATT T1U00

+ WA11E9 T1U00

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuselage_Piper_PA18.JPG



P1ATT T1U00• Earl" da"s

• Wooden or metal structure

• Great weig%t

• Di##icult to streamline

• Bo4 wit% tu!ular longerons :

-ertical mem!ers

Diagonal mem!ers o#tu!ing or solid rods



• Longerons + only Diagonal Members

• Force transfer to eery others structure• Capable to carry ten!on + co"pre!on

• !e"uce amount of #ebs #or$

• More pace # tren$t% # r!$!!ty

• 'etter trea"l!ne

WA11E9 T1U00



Warren Truss 0tructure o# an airplane

Four longerons

0tringers



;9;C;<UE

'n t%is met%od( t%e e4terior sur#ace o# t%e #uselage is

also t%e primar" structure. A t"pical earl" #orm o# t%is was

!uilt using molded pl"wood.

A later #orm o# t%is

structure uses #i!erglass

clot% impregnated wit%

pol"ester or epo4" resin(

instead o# pl"wood( as

t%e s3in.



0E'+;9;C;<UE

T%is is t%e pre#erred met%od o# constructing an all+

aluminum #uselage. First( a series o# #rames in t%e s%ape o#

t%e #uselage cross sections are %eld in position on a rigid

#i4ture( or jig . T%ese #rames are t%en 2oined wit% lig%tweig%t

longitudinal elements called stringers. T%ese are in turn

co-ered wit% a s3in o# s%eet aluminum( attac%ed !" ri-eting

or !" !onding wit% special ad%esi-es. ost modern large

aircra#t are !uilt using t%is tec%ni&ue( !ut use se-eral large

sections constructed in t%is #as%ion w%ic% are t%en 2oined

wit% #asteners to #orm t%e complete #uselage.



0emi+monoco&ue 0tructure o# an airplane



Basic 0tructure em!er Terms

%ertical &embers

• Formers

• Frame

• !ing

• Bul$hea"

Longitu"inal &embers

• Longerons

• Stringers



Wing Structurean" %ig%+wing airplanes %a-e e4ternal !races( or wing struts(

w%ic% transmit t%e #lig%t and landing loads t%roug% t%e struts tot%e main #uselage structure. 0ince t%e wing struts are usuall"

attac%ed appro4imatel" %al#wa" out on t%e wing( t%is t"pe o#

wing structure is called semi-cantilever . A #ew %ig%+wing and

most low+wing airplanes %a-e a full cantilever wing designed to

carr" t%e loads wit%out e4ternal struts. T%e principal structural

parts o# t%e wing are spars( ri!s( and stringers. T%ese are

rein#orced !" trusses( '+!eams( tu!ing( or ot%er de-ices(

including t%e s3in. T%e wing ri!s determine t%e s%ape and

t%ic3ness o# t%e wing =air#oil>.



'n most modern airplanes( t%e #uel tan3s eit%er are an integral

part o# t%e wing structure( or consist o# #le4i!le containers

mounted inside o# t%e wing. Attac%ed to t%e rear( or trailing(

edges o# t%e wings are two t"pes o# control sur#aces re#erred

to as ailerons and flaps. Ailerons e4tend #rom a!out t%e

midpoint o# eac% wing outward toward t%e tip and mo-e in

opposite directions to create aerod"namic #orces t%at cause

t%e airplane to roll. Flaps e4tend outward #rom t%e #uselage to

near t%e midpoint o# eac% wing. T%e #laps are normall" #lus%wit% t%e wing?s sur#ace during cruising #lig%t. W%en e4tended(

t%e #laps mo-e simultaneousl" downward to increase t%e

li#ting #orce o# t%e wing #or ta3eo##s and landings.

Wing Structure



Wing 0tructure o# an airplane



Empennage Structure

T%e correct name #or t%e tail section o# an airplane is

empennage. T%e empennage includes t%e entire tail group(

consisting o# #i4ed sur#aces suc% as t%e -ertical sta!ili*er

and t%e %ori*ontal sta!ili*er. T%e mo-a!le sur#aces include

t%e rudder( t%e ele-ator( and one or more trim ta!s. A

second t"pe o# empennage design does not re&uire an

ele-ator. 'nstead( it incorporates a one+piece %ori*ontal

sta!ili*er t%at pi-ots #rom a central %inge point. T%is t"pe o#

design is called a stabilator ( and is mo-ed using t%e control

stic3( 2ust as "ou would t%e ele-ator.



T%e rudder is attac%ed to t%e !ac3 o# t%e -ertical sta!ili*er.

During #lig%t( it is used to mo-e t%e airplane?s nose le#t andrig%t. T%e rudder is used in com!ination wit% t%e ailerons

#or turns during #lig%t. T%e ele-ator( w%ic% is attac%ed to t%e

!ac3 o# t%e %ori*ontal sta!ili*er( is used to mo-e t%e noseo# t%e airplane up and down during #lig%t.

Trim ta!s are small( mo-a!le portions o# t%e trailing edge o#

t%e control sur#ace. T%ese mo-a!le trim ta!s( w%ic% arecontrolled #rom t%e coc3pit( reduce control pressures. Trim

ta!s ma" !e installed on t%e ailerons( t%e rudder( and5or t%e

ele-ator.

Empennage Structure



Empennage o# an airplane



Empennage 0tructure o# an airplane



Empennage 0tructure o# an airplane

0par

1i!s0tringers

03in

0par

0tringers

0ta!ilator



T%e landing gear is t%e principle support o# t%e airplane w%en

par3ed( ta4iing( ta3ing o##( or w%en landing. T%e most common

t"pe o# landing gear consists o# w%eels( !ut airplanes can also

!e e&uipped wit% #loats #or water operations( or s3is #or landing

on snow. T%e landing gear consists o# t%ree w%eels @ two

main w%eels and a t%ird w%eel positioned eit%er at t%e #ront or

rear o# t%e airplane. Landing gear emplo"ing a rearmounted

w%eel is called con-entional landing gear.

#an"ing $ear Structure



Airplanes wit% con-entional landing gear are sometimes

re#erred to as tail w%eel airplanes. W%en t%e t%ird w%eel is

located on t%e nose( it is called nose w%eel( and t%e design

is re#erred to as a tric"cle gear. A steera!le nose w%eel or

tail w%eel permits t%e airplane to !e controlled t%roug%out all

operations w%ile on t%e ground.

#an"ing $ear Structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing-777-300_chassis_.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing-777-300_chassis_.jpg



T%e power plant usuall" includes !ot% t%e engine and t%e

propeller. T%e primar" #unction o# t%e engine is to pro-ide t%e

power to turn t%e propeller. 't also generates electrical power(

pro-ides a -acuum source #or some #lig%t instruments( and in

most single+engine airplanes( pro-ides a source o# %eat #or

t%e pilot and passengers. T%e engine is co-ered !" a cowling(or in t%e case o# some airplanes( surrounded !" a nacelle.

T%e purpose o# t%e cowling or nacelle is to streamline t%e #low

o# air around t%e engine and to %elp cool t%e engine !"

ducting air around t%e c"linders. T%e propeller( mounted on

t%e #ront o# t%e engine( translates t%e rotating #orce o# t%e

engine into a #orward acting #orce called t%rust t%at %elps

mo-e t%e airplane t%roug% t%e air.

Po!er Plant



• 'ing o" &ount

Commonly use on commercial airplane sincefuel is carry on #ing

Less noise CL ma* is not as goo" as fuselage mount

+a#ing moment e,ect

-roun" clearance limitation higher gear strut

basicaircraftstructure-110325070203-phpapp02

Documents