Shree swami atmanand Shree swami atmanand sarawvati institute of sarawvati institute of

technologytechnology

PPrepared byrepared byProf. Karm BalarProf. Karm Balar

Basic SurveyingBasic Surveying..

IndexIndex► IntroductionIntroduction►ClassificationClassification►ScaleScale► instrumentsinstruments

Introduction to SurveyingIntroduction to Surveying►Surveying:Surveying:

Surveying is the science and art of Surveying is the science and art of determining the relative positions of determining the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the points above, on, or beneath the earth’s surface and locating the points earth’s surface and locating the points in the field.in the field.

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Range pole

Surveyors nail

Plumb Bob

Additional Equipment

Instruments of surveingInstruments of surveing►Chain ,pegs ,prismatic Chain ,pegs ,prismatic

compass ,tripode.compass ,tripode.

Principle of surveyingPrinciple of surveying1.To work from whole to 1.To work from whole to

part .part .2.To fix positions of new 2.To fix positions of new

points by at least two points by at least two independent independent processes.processes.

Purposes of surveyingPurposes of surveying►To take measurements to determine the To take measurements to determine the

relative positions of the points on , above relative positions of the points on , above or beneath the surface of the earth.or beneath the surface of the earth.

►To determine areas and volumes.To determine areas and volumes.►To prepare a map or plan to show the To prepare a map or plan to show the

relative positions of the objects on the relative positions of the objects on the surface of earth.surface of earth.

►To fix the boundaries of districts , states , To fix the boundaries of districts , states , and countries. and countries.

Uses of surveying Uses of surveying ►To prepare a topographical map which shows To prepare a topographical map which shows

natural features of a country such as rivers , natural features of a country such as rivers , streams , lakes , hills , valleys etc.streams , lakes , hills , valleys etc.

►To prepare a cadastral map which shows the To prepare a cadastral map which shows the boundaries of fields , plots etc.boundaries of fields , plots etc.

►To prepare contour map to know the To prepare contour map to know the topography of the area to find out the best topography of the area to find out the best possible site for dam , canals , roads etc.possible site for dam , canals , roads etc.

►To plot irregular boundaries of plots and To plot irregular boundaries of plots and existing structures on paper.existing structures on paper.

►To lay particular gradient or slope for To lay particular gradient or slope for water supply , drainage , gas line or road.water supply , drainage , gas line or road.

►To carry out survey on slakes , rivers and To carry out survey on slakes , rivers and sea to study the bed profile.sea to study the bed profile.

►Finding out level between various points Finding out level between various points on the ground surface.on the ground surface.

►Military survey is used for determining Military survey is used for determining points of strategic importance.points of strategic importance.

►Mine survey is used for the exploring Mine survey is used for the exploring mineral wealth.mineral wealth.

►City survey is used for planning streets , City survey is used for planning streets , water supply systems , sewers etc.water supply systems , sewers etc.

Classification of surveyingClassification of surveying► Based upon the nature of Based upon the nature of

field of survey. field of survey.► Based upon object of survey.Based upon object of survey.► Based upon instrument used.Based upon instrument used.► Based upon the method employed.Based upon the method employed.

Classification of survey based Classification of survey based on field on field

Sr.no

Type of survey Characteristics

1.

2.

3.

Land survey

Marine ,navigational and hydrographic surveys.

Astronomical surveys.

Conducted on the earth’s surface/land.

Conducted on water bodies like ocen , rivers etc.

Conducted to study the position and movement and celestial bodies.

Classification of surveys Classification of surveys based upon the object of based upon the object of

surveysurveySr. no.

Type of survey Characteristics

1.

2.

3.

4.5.

6.

Archeological surveys

Geotechnical and geographical

Mine surveys

Military surveysControl surveys

Topographic surveys

-Conducted for unearthing relics of antiquity.-Conducted for determining the different surveys strata in the earth’s crust.-Conducted for exploring mineral wealth and to guide mining operations.-Conducted for military purpose.-Conducted for establishing a network of control points which serve as reference frame work.-Conducted to determine the nature of features of hills , river, lakes, towns,villages,buildings,roads,railways etc.

ScaleScale

► Types of scaleTypes of scale1.Plain scale1.Plain scale2.Diagonal scale2.Diagonal scale3.Chord scale3.Chord scale4.Vernier scale4.Vernier scale

1.Plain1.Plain scalescale- A plain scale is one on which it is possible - A plain scale is one on which it is possible

to measure two dimensions only.to measure two dimensions only.► Example , Meters and decimeters,Example , Meters and decimeters, Hundreds and tenths,Hundreds and tenths, Units and tenths , etc.Units and tenths , etc.2.2.Diagonal scaleDiagonal scale- On a diagonal scale , it is possible to On a diagonal scale , it is possible to

measure three dimensions such measure three dimensions such as ,meters , decimeters and as ,meters , decimeters and centimeters ,units , tenths , and centimeters ,units , tenths , and hundreds, etc.hundreds, etc.

3.3.Chord scale Chord scale - A chord scale is used to measure angles or to A chord scale is used to measure angles or to

set off angles. It is marked either on a set off angles. It is marked either on a rectangular protractor or on an ordinary box rectangular protractor or on an ordinary box wooden scale.wooden scale.

4.4.Vernier scaleVernier scale- Vernier scale was invented by Pierre Vernier , - Vernier scale was invented by Pierre Vernier ,

to measure a fractional part of a graduated to measure a fractional part of a graduated scale. It consists of two approximating scale. It consists of two approximating scales , one primary scale and the other scales , one primary scale and the other vernier scale. vernier scale.

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