basic structure of a cell
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Basic Structure of a Cell. Review Facts About Living Things. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?. Made of CELLS Require ENERGY (food) REPRODUCE (species) Maintain HOMEOSTASIS ORGANIZED RESPOND to environment GROW and DEVELOP - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Review Facts Review Facts About Living About Living
ThingsThings
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What Are the Main What Are the Main Characteristics of Characteristics of
organisms?organisms?1. Made of CELLS2. Require ENERGY (food)3. REPRODUCE (species)4. Maintain HOMEOSTASIS5. ORGANIZED6. RESPOND to environment7. GROW and DEVELOP8. EXCHANGE materials with
surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Nonliving Levels:
1.ATOM (element)
2.MOLECULE (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins)
3.ORGANELLES (nucleus, ER, Golgi …)
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLiving Levels:
1.CELL (makes up ALL organisms)
2.TISSUE (cells working together
3.ORGAN (heart, brain, stomach …)
4.ORGAN SYSTEMS (respiratory, circulatory …)
5.ORGANISM
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLiving Levels continued:1.POPULATION (one species in an area)2.COMMUNITY (several populations in
an area3.ECOSYSTEM (forest, prairie …)4.BIOME (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…)5.BIOSPHERE (all living and nonliving
things on Earth)
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History of Cells & the History of Cells & the Cell TheoryCell Theory
Cell Specialization 7
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CELL THEORY•All living things are
made of cells•Cells are the basic unit
of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
•Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
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Exceptions to the Exceptions to the cell theory-
1.1. VirusesViruses: they are able : they are able to to reproducereproduce only only within a within a livingliving cell. cell.
2. Slime mold.2. Slime mold.
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3.3. MitochondriaMitochondria and and ChloroplastsChloroplasts•A) each contain their own A) each contain their own genetic information genetic information different than that in the different than that in the nucleus. nucleus.
– Mitochondrial DNA is called Mitochondrial DNA is called mDNAmDNA..•B) are able to reproduce B) are able to reproduce by themselvesby themselves
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Cell TypesCell Types• Cells, the basic units of organisms, can
only be observed under microscope• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
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Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms• Cells in multicellular organisms
often specialize (take on different shapes & functions)
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Cell SpecializationCell Specialization•Cells in a multi-
cellular organism become specialized by turning different genes on and off
•This is known as DIFFERENTIATION
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Specialized CellsRed blood cells
Cheek cells
Xylem cells
Pollen
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ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES
Nonliving LevelsNonliving Levels
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CELLS – life starts here
TISSUES – Similar cells working together
Living LevelsLiving Levels
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ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGANISM
Different tissuesworking together
Different organsworking together
More Living LevelsMore Living Levels
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Living vs. Non-living
• Biotic Factor- Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem… Living
• Abiotic Factor- Physical, or non-living, factor that shapes an ecosystem. Example: Water
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Prokaryotes – The first Prokaryotes – The first CellsCells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria• Simplest type of cell• Single, circular chromosome
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ProkaryotesProkaryotes• Nucleoid region
(center) contains the DNA
• Surrounded by cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes in their cytoplasm to make proteins
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Eukaryotes• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
• Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• More complex type of cells
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Eukaryotic CellContain 3 basic
cell structures:•Nucleus•Cell Membrane•Cytoplasm with
organellesVideo
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant CellAnimal
Cell23
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OrganellesOrganelles•Very small (Microscopic)•Perform various functions for
a cell•Found in the cytoplasm•May or may not be
membrane-bound
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
NucleolusNucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
MitochondrionSmooth endoplasmicreticulum
Centrioles
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Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
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Cell or Plasma MembraneCell or Plasma Membrane
Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells• Controls what enters or leaves the cell• Living layer
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The Cell Membrane is The Cell Membrane is FluidFluid
Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing
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•Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
•Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
Cell Membrane in PlantsCell Membrane in PlantsCell membrane
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•Nonliving layer•Found in plants, fungi, & bacteria
•Made of cellulose in plants
•Supports and protects cell
•Found outside of the cell membrane
Cell wallCell WallCell Wall
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•Jelly-like membrane
•Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
•Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
•Found in ALL cells
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell cytoplas
m
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•Controls the normal activities of the cell
•Contains the DNA in chromosomes
•Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores
•Usually the largest organelle
The Control Organelle - The Control Organelle - NucleusNucleus
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•Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
•Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Inside the Nucleus -The genetic material (DNA) is
found
DNA is spread out And appears as
CHROMATINin non-dividing cells
DNA is condensed & wrapped around proteins forming
as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells
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What Does DNA do?What Does DNA do?DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different proteins
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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton• Helps cell maintain
cell shape• Also help move
organelles around• Made of proteins• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of ACTIN
• Microtubules are tube-like & made of TUBULIN
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS
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CentriolesCentrioles• Found only in animal cells• Paired structures near nucleus• Made of bundle of
microtubules• Appear during cell division
forming mitotic spindle• Help to pull chromosome pairs
apart to opposite ends of the cell
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MitochondrionMitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy (ATP)
• More active cells like muscle cells have MORE mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose) 38
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MITOCHONDRIASurrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface areafor more chemical Reactions)
Has its own DNA
Interior called MATRIX39
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Interesting Fact ---Interesting Fact ---• Mitochondria
Come from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …• You inherit your
mitochondria from your mother!
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Rod shape
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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What do mitochondria What do mitochondria do?do?
Burns glucose to release energy (ATP)
Stores energy as ATP
“Power plant” of the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - EREndoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)(Rough ER)
• Has ribosomes on its surface
• Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell
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Rough Endoplasmic Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)Reticulum (Rough ER)
• Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface
• They are then threaded into the interior of the Rough ER to be modified and transported
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Smooth Endoplasmic Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumReticulum
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
• Is attached to the ends of rough ER
• Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell
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Functions of the Smooth Functions of the Smooth ERER•Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)•Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)•Destroys toxic
substances (Liver)
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RibosomesRibosomes• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA• “Protein factories” for cell• Join amino acids to make proteins• Process called protein synthesis
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RibosomesRibosomesCan be attached to
Rough ER
OR
Be free (unattached
) in the cytoplasm
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Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesLook like a stack of pancakes
Modify, sort, & packagemolecules from ERfor storage OR transport out of cell
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LysosomesLysosomes• Contain Contain digestive digestive
enzymesenzymes• Break down Break down food, food,
bacteria,bacteria, and worn out and worn out cell parts for cells cell parts for cells
• Programmed forProgrammed for cell cell death (AUTOLYSIS)death (AUTOLYSIS)
• Lyse (break open) & Lyse (break open) & release release enzymes to break enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)down & recycle cell parts)
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Lysosome DigestionLysosome Digestion
• Cells take in food by phagocytosis• Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes
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Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella• Cilia are
shorter and more numerous on cells
• Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
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VacuolesVacuoles• Fluid filled sacks for storage• Small or absent in animal cells• Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole• No vacuoles in bacterial cells
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VacuolesVacuoles• In plants, they
store Cell Sap• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
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Contractile Contractile VacuoleVacuole
• Found in unicellular protists like paramecia
• Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis)
• Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting)
Contractile vacuole animation
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)• Use energy from sunlight to make
own food (glucose)• Energy from sun stored in the
Chemical Bonds of Sugars
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ChloroplastsChloroplasts• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane• Contains its own DNA• Contains enzymes &
pigments for Photosynthesis
• Never in animal or bacterial cells
• Photosynthesis – food making process
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