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Basic Safety Analysis of Buildings from an Architectural Perspective
Based on NBC 2016 Standards
Department of Architecture and PlanningIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee
What do we mean by Building System Analysis?
• A process that measures how a building's performance compares to the specified design.
• Building Analysis is a general name given to the techniques applied by architects to assess the functioning of a building both pre and post occupancy.
Types:
• Pre Occupancy Analysis
• Pre Construction Site Survey
• Site Logistics Survey
• Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check
• Building Level Construction External - Visual Survey
• Building Services – Visual Survey
• Finishing and Interiors – Visual Survey
• Post Occupancy Analysis
• Facility Management Survey
• Retrofitting Requirement Analysis
• Energy Usage Analysis1 of 45
Components of building resilience
Robustness: the ability to maintain critical operations and functions in the face of crisis.
Resourcefulness: the ability to skilfully prepare for, respond to, and manage a crisis or disruption as it unfolds.
Rapid recovery: the ability to return to and/or reconstitute normal operations as quickly and efficiently as possible after a disruption.
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The National Building Code of India - 2016
• A comprehensive building code providing guidelines for regulating the building
construction activities across the country.
• Published by the Bureau of Indian Standards as SP 7: 2016
• A Model Code for adoption by all agencies involved in building construction
works be they Public Works Departments, other government construction
departments, local bodies or private construction agencies.
• The code mainly contains:
• Administrative Regulations
• Development Control Rules
• General Building Requirements
• Fire Safety Requirements
• Stipulations regarding Materials Usage
• Structural Design & Construction Specifications
• Building Services
• Approach to Sustainability
• Asset and Facility management
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Pre Occupancy Analysis
Pre Construction Site Survey
• The general topographical condition of the
site is documented and analysed. The points
to be considered during this survey are:
• Natural Orientation of site and effect of natural
features like trees, water bodies, slopes, mounds
etc.
• Distance from existing Municipal infrastructure and
major waterbodies like rivers, lakes or ponds
• Ground water level and condition of Soil
• Boundary conditions to the existing site (Natural or
Man-made)
• Useable slope and areas to be modified for using
cutting and filling.
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Pre Occupancy Analysis
Site Logistics Survey
• The workings of the site in question during
the period of construction is planned, so as
to avoid problems when the construction is
in progress, the points to remember are:
• Location and placement of bulk materials, steel,
formwork equipment and batching plant.
• Placement of finishing materials like wood, tiles etc.
• Accessibility of Transit Mixers.
• Placement of the Tower Cranes and the radius of
safety around them.
• Proper placement, hygiene and facilities like
drinking water for the workforce accommodation,
including a site hospital or first aid facility.
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Pre Occupancy Analysis
Ongoing Construction Safety and Quality Check
• The safety of the construction workforce and
their operation areas is very important to
ensure good quality construction. Some of the
thigs to be kept in mind are:
• The mandatory provision and proper usage of
personal construction safety equipment.
• The proper checking of supporting infrastructure
like scaffolding, MLCP/RLCP, cranes, concrete
pumps etc.
• Regular mock Fire drills education and awareness
of workforce towards personal safety and its
importance.
• Periodic documentation of construction quality by
authorised personal.
• Random visits by site safety officers to help ensure
an accident free quality construction zone.
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Building Construction Survey - External
• Construction work, although constantly
supervised by engineers, requires teams
of quality officers to assess and
maintain the quality of construction,
following a certain number of steps like:
• Development of a mock case before
execution.
• Visual survey of the construction stage-wise,
to identify and correct defects arising during
construction.
• Proper documentation of each construction
stage and material used to gauge wastage
and further requirements.
Pre Occupancy Analysis
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Building Services
• Building services include the
mechanical, electrical and plumbing
services combined together for the
proper functioning of a building:
• Mechanical Services: These include the proper
functioning of the elevator systems, HVAC etc.
• Electrical Services: These include the setup of
electrical rooms and power supply to the
building and also to the individual areas within
the building that require electricity.
• Plumbing Services: These include the setup of
various fire fighting related services,
establishment of STP, WTP and also common
water related plumbing works in a building.
Pre Occupancy Analysis
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Finishing and Interior Survey
• The interior aspects of a building require
special attention before and after
construction, some of which are listed
below:
• Proper laying and sloping of flooring surfaces.
• Proper water proofing and damp proofing of
the roof and around areas that are prone to
get and stay wet.
• Proper design and material choices to help
avoid accidents like Anti Slip tiles, Fire Rated
Doors, raised entry to electrical rooms etc.
Pre Occupancy Analysis
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Facility Management Survey
• The proper management of a facility
post occupancy is probably the most
ignored task in a building’s life. Below
are some points to keep in mind while
doing this survey:
• Proper functioning and maintenance of all fire
fighting equipment, public announcement
systems and alarms.
• Ensuring spaces are used as per their design
intentions.
• Constant use, service, repair and
maintenance of common infrastructure life
elevators, common areas lighting, STP’s and
WTP’s etc.
Post Occupancy Analysis
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Retrofitting Requirement and Analysis
• Due to various reasons sometimes the
spaces constructed don’t function as
intended. Retrofitting is done to make these
places more functional or perform better.
• This retrofitting requires a lot of analysis to
be done before hand to understand the
scope, use and effect of the intended
retrofit. These are the things to keep in mind
while planning a retrofit:
• Possibility of solving the issue without retrofit.
• Effect of the retrofit on the occupants and building
performance.
• Level of requirement of the retrofit and various
alternatives with cost implications.
Post Occupancy Analysis
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Energy Usage Analysis
• Energy consumption is one of the biggest
reasons people opt for retrofitting. The
energy consumption analysis can give us
an idea of how to operate the building
most efficiently.
• Some of the points to remember while
doing an energy usage analysis are:
• Comparison of amount of energy required in an
ideal case vs. existing case.
• Areas of maximum usage and how to reduce it.
• In case of Photovoltaics, the amount of energy
produced compared to the amount used.
• The intelligent regular monitoring of usage to
identify peaks and spikes to tackle etc.
Post Occupancy Analysis
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Basic Architectural Analysis of
Mahatma Gandhi Central Library IITR2014
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Levels of Assessment
SITE LEVEL
BUILDING LEVEL
SERVICES
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
INTERIORS
FINANCE
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Levels of Assessment
SITE LEVEL
BUILDING LEVEL
SERVICES
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
INTERIORS
FINANCE
VegetationContours
Services
Roadways
Front, side and rear margins
Zoning
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Levels of Assessment
SITE LEVEL
BUILDING LEVEL
SERVICES
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
INTERIORS
FINANCE
Structure
Accessibility
Services
Safety features
Fenestration
Floor plans
Materials used
Quality and Aesthetics
Façade
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Levels of Assessment
SITE LEVEL
BUILDING LEVEL
SERVICES
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
INTERIORS
FINANCE
Electrical
Plumbing and Sanitation
HVAC
Fire safety and protection
Vertical and horizontal circulation
Façade engineering
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Levels of Assessment
SITE LEVEL
BUILDING LEVEL
SERVICES
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
INTERIORS
FINANCE
Space management
Materials usedDoorways
Lighting
VentilationFurnishingThermal comfort
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LIBRARY BUILDING• Roads on all the four sides
• Landscaped area in front with ramps
• Parking lots on left and right side of the building
• MBA department, new lecture hall complex, and main
building on side and front respectively
SERVICE ROOM• PANEL BOARD• GENERATOR• FIRE PUMPS• CHILLER PLANT
PARKING LOT
PARKING LOT
ISSUES IDENTIFIED AT SITE LEVEL Road runs on all 4 sides of the building but there is
a single entry into the building
Another entrance is provided to basement for ac
plant room but never used
The road access has not been utilized for escape
areas from fire staircases
Hard landscaping outside building. A mix of soft &
hard landscape would reduce heat gain & result
into more aesthetically appealing & usable space
Ramps provided for access are very steep
making it inaccessible
Street lighting is inefficient and unsufficientSITE LEVEL 16 of 45
PARKING ROAD ACCESS LANDSCAPING COOLING TOWERS DG SETS
SITE LEVEL 17 of 45
BUILDING LEVEL
Total covered area 85,000 sq. ft. Building structure RCCBuilding Orientation E-W (East facing)Outer façade Sandstone claddingMain consideration in design Natural lightReading capacity 700 nos.Open reading room capacity 80 nos.Stacking Capacity 3,00,000 documentsAir conditioner 2 x 250 TNStandby power 250 KVA generatorNo. of meters 2Power for computers 2 x 60 KVA UPS system
A staff of 30 is
provided in building
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SERVICES PROVIDED
Circulation Reference User Education E- Resource Access Online Public Access Catalogue Xerox Printing Current Awareness Text Book Loan Scheme Inter Library Loan Document Delivery Consultancy Software Development Digital Library Institutional repository
ICT INFRASTRUCTURE
Telephones 42 Jacks
Internet I/Os 200
24 port switches 8
Wired for desktop
Wireless for laptops
User Terminals 45
Terminals for office use30
Servers 08
Planetary scanners PS-700002 & PS-5000C
POE based Digital 47 CamerasSurveillance
BUILDING LEVEL 19 of 45
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
Conference Room
Theses & Dissertations
Pre-1970 Journals
Cyber Room
Imaging Centre
Server Room I/C automation I/C Archives Training Room A/C plant UPS Room Archives Text Books
BUILDING LEVEL 20 of 45
GROUND FLOOR
Return Counter Reference Collection Reserved and Overnight
Issue Collection Office / Superintendent Librarian Current Periodicals I/C Periodicals
Periodical Section Online Catalogue/ E-
resource Terminals
Xeroxing & Printing
Issue Counter Property boxes
Notice Boards
Open Reading Room
(Entry from outside)
BUILDING LEVELBUILDING LEVEL 21 of 45
FIRST FLOOR
I/C Technical Processing & Book stacks
Binding Unit Book Stacks I/C Acquisition Acquisition section Technical Processing
section
BUILDING LEVELBUILDING LEVEL 22 of 45
SECOND FLOOR
Bound Periodicals
(1970-onwards)
News Papers
Periodicals Binding
Unit
BUILDING LEVELBUILDING LEVEL 23 of 45
BUILDING LEVEL
ISSUES IDENTIFIED AT BUILDING LEVEL DESIGN INEFFIECIENCY
1. Illegible placement of service cores
2. No visual connect & axis to service cores
3. Dark corridors
4. Partial fire norms compliance in the entire design
& material usage
5. No fire exits open to pressurised areas or open
areas & long travel distance to fire exits
6. No skid free flooring material
7. No barrier free design principles adhered to
8. Toilets for differently abled not provided
9. No mock drill or pre – incident plans provided
10. No/illegible signage
11. Narrow fire exit corridors can lead to stampede
12. No ergonomics taken care of
13. Huge building without strategic space allocation
14. Inefficient damp proofing of toilet
walls, in several other places inside
the building as well
15. No waste management inside or
outside the building
16. Landscaped area is majorly hard –
results in more heat gain through
the huge glass facades of building.
17. No provision for rain water
harvesting though there is ample
scope for this
18. Landscape area just provides the
grandeur to the building
19. Riser of steps being very low & poses problem in ease of movement
20. Lack of street lighting results in very
dark roads around night time.
BUILDING LEVEL 24 of 45
Low height risers
Fountains provided at the entrance
could utilize water from rain water
runoff
Steep ramp slope is not favourable for
person with disability.BUILDING LEVEL 25 of 45
BASEMENT
1.EXHIBITION AREA
2.ARCHIVES3.HVAC PLANT ROOM AND AHUs
1. EXHIBITION AREA
SPACE LEVEL
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED A make shift arrangement is
done
It is not a well defined
exhibition zone.
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 26 of 45
Areas on the first floor remain dark despite the atrium
Dampness in the atrium aboveexhibition area
Dampness in the atrium above exhibition area & no vents for smoke evacuation
No zoning done in the entire building -Unsafe fire safety practice
Ample no. of sprinklers & smoke detectors used but no smoke evacuation fixture
Exhibition area mainly used for reading purposes onlySERVICES AND INTERIORS 27 of 45
Down lighters installed on the
columns are huge & unappealing
If the exhibition area is utilized for
display purposes it will entirely
hamper the circulation in the
basement
Basement is very poorly lit and not
ventilated
Sprinklers and smoke detectors
provided at c/c 2m, this being the
only area where this provision is
strategically met
Lights installed in side walls along
the staircase are not working
Tread and riser of the stairs are
NBC compliant
Stairs should have anti skid
grooves
Lighting fixtures haphazardly
provided which does not light up
the entire area
Fire safety alarm and control panel in exhibition area
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 28 of 45
2. ARCHIVES
SPACE LEVEL
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
Archive section has no natural light.
The stacks are unevenly placed with no
proper aisles and even the lights are not on
aisles rather on stacks
The fans are too placed above stacks making
them useless
Smoke detectors and sprinklers are provided
in the room but wet sprinklers can destroy
archive stock
False ceiling is broken at places leading to
leakage of water from HVAC ducts
No provision for smoke evacuation
Lift opens inside the archive section
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 29 of 45
Use of wet sprinklers will spoil the books
Inappropriate lighting fixture installation
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 30 of 45
3. AHUs AND AC PLANT ROOM
SERVICES
INTERIORS
FINANCE
FACILITY MANAGEMENT
SPACE LEVEL
FEATURES
Water-cooled screw chiller installed
Chiller and cooling towers both are
provided. Cooling tower used in case of
extreme heating
Capacity of compressor is 150 tonnes
Capacity of chiller is 100 tonnes
4 chiller and condenser pumps are
provided (2 each)
Exhaust fans are provided for smoke
evacuation
Total 10 AHUs in the building – 1 CSU also
near archive section - sufficient
Plan - AHUs AND AC PLANT ROOM
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 31 of 45
FEATURES
Sump room provided near Ramp
Ramp has an entry directly from outside
but it stays closed all the time
Condenser gets fed by the water from
cooling towers – 16000 l capacity
Chillers are fed by the water from
overhead roof tank – 25000 l capacity
AHU and HVAC control panels are
provided
2 boilers are also installed for heating
purposes
Only one condenser-chiller runs at a
time. Second one is used as a backup
Manual monitoring of working and
electricity consumption is done on a
daily basis
Walls and ceiling are insulated by
Polyurethane
The HVAC system used here is a centralized
arrangement but it is operated manually and
uses R-22 refrigerant.
Under deck insulation of ceiling is done
15 HP, 22 AMP squirrel cage induction motor is
used
Air based AHUs installed with 15,000 CFM/CMH
Hose reels stationed near AHUs in all the cores
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
Manually operated HVAC system - inefficient
Inefficient way of distributing air
No fire detectors or alarms or sprinklers
Better insulation of chiller needed
Leaks occur due to windows, door and external
door leading to basement
No waste management
Under deck insulation is unnecessary
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 32 of 45
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MA
IN E
NTR
Y
• Office spaces• Office rooms• Reading room• Computer rm• Reserved
collection• Stack
GROUND FLOOR
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 35 of 45
Office Area – Issues to be Addressed
• Less lighting – in terms of number of fixtures and intensity
• Only small downlights are provided – Few not working
• Furniture arrangement not planned – adds to congestion
• Less number of diffusers – comparatively less cooling
• Diffusers are not placed efficiently
• No ceiling fans – only wall fans are provided – not adequate
• No sprinklers/ fire extinguishers, only smoke detectors are provided
• The lift is difficult to access
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 36 of 45
Computer Access Room- Issues to be Addressed
• No sprinklers/ Fire extinguishers
• Smoke detectors are provided but not uniformly placed
• No. of fans is less – covers less area – all users do not get fan
• Flooring – Tiles are broken due to wiring – Wires are exposed
• Wiring boxes are kept open
• Circulation blocked to an extent by the columns
• The tiles on the partition walls are falling apart – poor quality of
construction
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 37 of 45
Reading Room (External) – Issues to be Addressed
• No sprinklers/ Fire extinguishers
• Dampness on walls and floor – Plaster falling apart, flooring
discoloured
• Cracks on false ceiling – Not maintained
• Relatively hot – No proper air conditioning
• Door leaf always locked – not accessible
• Toilet not maintained – Fixtures in bad condition
SERVICES AND INTERIORS 38 of 45
VERTICAL CIRCULATIONSTAIRCASE
• Two staircases present at the rear end of the
building.
• The stairs do not open outside the building.
• They run from the roof level till the basement
level.
• The stair are tucked far away from the main
activity area.
• These staircase are also referred to as fire exits .
• The entrance to the staircase are partially
blocked at basement level.
• Second level stack room and reading areas are
accessed through these staircases.
• The doors leading to the staircase are not fire
safe doors with approved fire rating.
ELEVATORS
• The building has 4 lifts placed at the four
quadrants.
• The lifts work at 50% capacity as at any instance
only two elevators are active.
• The lifts are switched of 3 hours prior to library
closing time.
• No wheelchair friendly lifts are available
• There are two lifts near the entry but they are
within the office area at ground level and open
directly into the old periodicals and dissertation
zones.
• None of the lifts have a lift lobby and zone
markings in the lift levels.
SERVICES AND INTERIORS39 of 45
CHECKLIST FOR ASSESSING FIRE SAFETY IN A BUILDINGAs Per NBC 2016
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REFERENCES
Handbook on Building Fire Codes, TCPO
NBC-2016
2011 International Conference on Environment and Industrial innovation IPCBEE vol.12
(2011) , IACSIT Press , Singapore.
Best practice for double skin facades EIE/04/135/S07.38652 WP1 REPORT “state of the art”.
Double skin façade for office buildings, Harris Poirazis.
Arup fire & façade guides revision A
J. O’ Connor Building façade or fire safety facade.
Wikipedia
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Thank you.