basic research1

7/30/2019 Basic Research1

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Basic Research


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Sources of human knowledge

Intuition

Trial and error

Tradition

Authority

Logical reasoning (inductive anddeductive)


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What is research?

Kerlinger (1986) defines research as

the systematic, controlled, empirical,

and critical investigation ofhypothetical propositions about the

presumed relations among natural

phenomena.


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Nursing researchsystematic search for and

validation of knowledge about issues of

importance to the nursing profession (Polit andHungler,1999)

Clinical nursing researchused to indicate nursing

research that involves clients or studies that have

the potential for affecting the care of clients.Scientific Methoduses empirical data, gathered

through the sense organs.

Problem solvingattempts to seek a solution to aproblem that exists for a person or for persons in a

given setting.


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Scientific Method Research Process Nursing Process

State the problem Formulate and delimit

the problem

Gather information

Gather facts (collect

and organize data)

Review the related

literature Classify data

Devise experiments to

gather facts

Develop a theoretical

framework

Make inferences about the

problem

Test the hypotheses Identify the variables Make a nursing diagnosisMake the

generalizations/deductions

Formulate the hypotheses Develop a plan of care

Check the truth of the

generalization or deduction

against reality by means of

more experiments and fact

gathering

Select a research design

Collect the dataAnalyze the data

Interpret the results

Communicate the findings

Evaluate

interventions


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According to levels of

investigation (French)

1. Exploratory research

(studies the variables

pertinent to a specific

situation)

2. Descriptive ( studies the

relationships of variables)

3. Experimental ( studies the

effects of the variables on

each other)

According to the type ofanalysis

(Weiss)

1. Analytic research (attempts to identify and

isolate the components ofthe research situation)

2. Holistic research (beginswith the total situation,

focusing attention on thesystem first and then on itsinternal relationships)


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According tostatistical content

1. Quantitative orstatisticalresearchone inwhich inferentialstatistics are utilized todetermine the results ofthe study

2. Non-quantitativeresearchdescriptive data aregathered

According to time

element (Best)

1. Historical

2. Descriptive

3. Experimental


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Exploratory studies conducted when little is

known about the topic of interest. Descriptive the phenomenon of interest may

have already been studied in the past, and there is

enough information to ask questions about the

relationship between variables

Explanatorysearch for causal explanations. The

researcher exercises control over the research

situation by manipulating one or more of the

variables and examining the influence of this

manipulation on another variable (s).


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According to field of activity

Sociological research

Social

Psychological

Anthropological Physical

Chemical

Industrial Economics

Health

Nursing, etc.


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The Research Problem

Aim or purpose of the problem forinvestigation. Answers the question Why?

why is there an investigation, inquiry or

study?

The subject matter or topic to be

investigated. This answers the question

what?

The place or locale


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The Literature Review

Extensive,exhaustive, systematic , andcritical examination of publications relevantto the research project (Seaman andVerhonick, 1982)

Conceptual literaturepublished materialdealing with the theory that underlies theresearch

Databased literaturecomposed of allpublished research studies dealing with theproblem of interest.


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Experimental Research

- concerned with cause-effect relationships - involve manipulation or control of the IV

(cause) and the measurement of the DV (effect)

Validity of Experimental Designs

controlling extraneous variables (confounding/intervening) that may influence studyresults. Extraneous variables are those variables

that the researcher is not able to control, or doesnot choose to control, and that may influence theresults of a study.


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Symbolic presentation of research

designs:

R = random assignment of subjects to

groups

O = observation or measurement ofdependent variable

X = experimental treatment or intervention


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TYPES OF EXPEREMENTAL DESIGNS:

True Experimental Designs

3 basic criteria:

The researcher manipulates the experimentalvariables

At least one experimental and one comparisongroups are included in the study

Subjects are randomly assigned to either theexperimental or the comparison group

Manipulation means that the IV/experimentalvariable is controlled by the researcher


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3 types of true experimental designs:

Pre-test-posttest control group design

R O1 x O2 (Experimental group)R O1 c O2 (Comparison group)


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Solomon Four-Group Design

R O1 x O2 (Experimental group)

R O1 c O2 (Comparison group)R O x O1 (Experimental group)

R O c O1(Comparison group)


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Quasiexperimental Designs

Non-equivalent Control Group Design

O x O2 (Experimental group)

O c O2(Comparison group)

Time

seriesO1O2O3 X O4O5O6


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Preexperimental Designs

One-shot Case Study

X O

One-group Pre-testPosttest Design

O1 X O2


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Non-Experimental Research Designs

1. Survey studies

2. Interrelationship studies

a. Correlational studies

b. Ex post facto studies

c. prediction studies

d. Developmental Studies

1. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

2. Retrospective and Prospective studies


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The scientific approach

offers a logical, orderly, and objective

means of generating idea


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The scientific method of research

1. Determining

(recognizing) the

problem

2. Forming thehypothesis

3. Doing the library

search

4. Designing the study

5. Analyzing the data

The Problem and its

setting

Related Literature and

Studies

Methods of researchand procedures


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Principles of the scientific

method

1. Rigid control

2. Objectivity

3. Systematic organization

4. Rigorous standards


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Collection of Data Classification according

to source

1. Primary Data

2. Secondary Data

Categories of datagathered from

respondents1. Facts

2. Attitudes andfeelings

3. Judgments4. Psychomotor skills

5. Results of testsand experiments

Clerical tools:

- Questionnaire- Interview

- Empirical observationmethods

- Registration method- Testing method

- Experimental method

- Liberty method

Mechanical tools:

Microscopes

Thermometers

cameras


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Questionnaire

The Free- Answer Type The Guided Response type

Interview

Standardized Interview

Non-standardized interview

Semi-standardized interview

Focused Interview

Non-directive Interview


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The Interview Instrument

Interview Guide

- only provides ideas and allows the

interviewer to pursue relevant topics in-

depth

Interview schedule (same as the

questionnaire) but the difference is that it is

read to the respondent.


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Observation

Types:

Participant and non-participant observation

Structured and non-structured observation Controlled and uncontrolled observation


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Recording the Results of the

Observation

Checklist

Rating scales

Anecdotal forms Mechanical recording

Stenographic recording


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SamplingElementunit about which inferential is collected and which

provides the basis of analysis

Populationtheoretically specific aggregation of the elements

Study populationaggregation of elements from which the sample

is actually selected.

Sampling unitelement or set of elements considered for selection

in some stage of sampling ( same as the elements)

Sampling framethe actual list of sampling units from which the

sample, or some stage of sample, is selected.

Parametersummary of description of a given variable in a

population

Observation unit or unit of data collection is an element or

aggregation of elements from which information is collected.


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Types of sampling

Probability sampling

Non-probability sampling


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Probability Sampling

- Pure random

- Systematic

- Stratified

- -cluster

Non-Probability

- Accidental

- Quota convenience


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Ethical considerations in research

1. Autonomyinformed consent

2. Right to privacy

3. Anonymity

4. Confidentiality

5. Beneficence

6. Nonmaleficence

7. Social justice


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Elements of ethical research

1. Protecting subjects rights

2. Balancing the benefits and risks in the

study

3. Obtaining the informed consent

4. Obtaining institutional approval for

research

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