basic radiation safety/protection - keystone physics · basic radiation safety/protection author:...
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Basic Radiation Safety/Protection for
The Radiologic TechnologistsPresented by
Jay M. Yoder, MS
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Radiologic Technologist
• Diagnostic Technologists(Radiographers)
• C.T.• Nuclear Medicine• Radiation Oncology
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Radiation
What is it?
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Radiation• Is an electromagnetic radiation that
is an energy that is emitted by a source and transferred through space.
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Characteristics of X-Radiation
• Energy• Velocity• Travels in
waves• Travels in a
straight line
• Penetration• Photographic
abilities• Affects living
tissue
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SENSELESS
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Units of Radiation
• Roentgen
• Rad
• Rem
• Curie
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Roentgen (R)• Measures QUANTITY of x-ray
in air
mR/hrmRmR/ma-min
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RAD• Radiation Absorbed Dose• mRad
• Measures absorption of tissue• Fetal dose• Bone marrow dose
• Gray (Gy)
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REM• Radiation Equivalent Man
Measures occupational dose• mRem• Film badge (personnel monitoring)
• Sievert (Sv)
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Curie (Ci)
• Measures amount of radioactivity
uCi microCurie
In Nuclear Medicine
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Characteristics of X-Ray
•Affects living tissue•Radiobiology
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Biological Effects
• There are two effects of living tissue when interacts with radiation.
1.Non-stochastic Effect2.Stochastic Effect
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Non-Stochastic Effect
• 1. (also called deterministic effect)
2. Effects are increased in severity with increase in dose.
3. A certain amount of radiation is required before tissue/cells are affected (Threshold)
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Non-Stochastic Effects
a. Non-malignant damage to skinb. Cataractsc. Impairment to fertility
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Non-Malignant damage to skin
• Skin erythemia• Single Dose of radiation of 300 rad or
more can cause erythemia within 1 to 2 days up to 2 weeks
• 300 rad = 300,000 mRAD• (considered early effect)
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Cataract Induction
• Threshold ~ > 200 rad single dose
• 1,000 rad exposure 100 % will develop cataracts
• (considered late effect)
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Fertility Issues
1. Males• 10 RAD minimal aspermia• 200 RAD Temporary infertility• 500 RAD Sterility• (Abstain from intercourse)
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Females• Single exposure direct at ovaries• 10 rad may result in delay or
suppression of menstruation• 200 rad pronounced temporary
sterility• 500 rad permanent sterility
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• How do we protect from Non-stochastic effects?
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Regulatory Bodies
• Establishes thresholds for radiation worker and for general public
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TEDE• Total effective dose equivalent• Is the sum of the deep dose
equivalent, DDE, (for external exposure) and the committed effective dose equivalent, CDE, (for internal exposure)
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
• Was once called maximum permissible dose or MPD
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
Radiation WorkerWhole Body5.0 Rem or
5,000 mRem
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
Radiation WorkerSkin and Extremities
50.0 Rem or50,000 mRem
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
Radiation WorkerEyes
15.0 Rem or15,000 mRem
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
Radiation WorkerFetus
0.5 Rem500 mRem
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Annual Effective Dose Limits
General Public
0.1 Rem100 mRem
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• MONITORING LIMITS ARE WELL BELOWTHRESHOLDS
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Stochastic Effect
• Probability of occurrence of effects increases in proportion to increases of radiation dose of the entire population
• Any amount of radiation canproduce the effect
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Induction of cancers
• Leukemia• Could be as low as 50 rad more
likely 200 rad (A bomb patients)• Thyroid cancer, Bone cancer,
Skin cancer• Lung cancer, liver cancer
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Genetic Mutations• Females (10 RAD in utero)
• 1. 0-2 weeks• Spontaneous abortion• 25% natural; 0.1% radiation response
2. 2-10 weeks• Congenital abnormalities 5% 1.0%
3. 2-15 weeks• Mental Retardation 6 % 0.5%
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• How much radiation does the patient get?
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Primary beam interacts with patient
A. Absorbed (all energy)B. Scatter (some energy)C. All goes through (no
absorption or scatter)
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Scatter from patient• 1. In all directions
• 2. 0.1% of intensity of primary beam
• 3. 100 mR going in only 0.1 mR out as • scatter• 4. (of course depends on patients built etc)
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Common exposures for common procedures
• Skull (lateral) 70 mR ESE 0 mRad fetal • Cervical Spine 110 mR 0• Shoulder 90 0• Chest (PA) 10 0• T-Spine (AP) 180 1• L-Spine (AP) 250 80
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• Abdomen (AP KUB) 220 70• IVP 210 60• Hip 220 50• Wrist/foot 5 0• CT (2-3 rad)
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• How do we protect ourselves from Stochastic effects?
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Also we can (should)• Analyze the patient• Explain to the patient• Utilize the correct technique• Utilize immobilization
techniques• Use common sense
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RememberAny time you repeat an
X-ray (or study)The patient [and you] will get
double the amount of radiation
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A.L.A.R.A.
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As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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1. A radiation “mission statement” or commitment to keep radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
2. R.S.C. Quarterly3. Radiation Safety Officer
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• Do you know who your
R.S.O.
is?
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Role of medical health physicist
1. Annual evaluation on all x-ray tubes2. Outputs on all fluoro tubes3. Calculate patient entrance skin doses4. Attend Radiation Safety Committee5. Perform QC tests in NM6. Consult on radiation safety issues
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New Construction
1. Review blue prints for new room2. Inspect construction of new room3. Radiation safety survey of new
room
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SAFE???
•YOU BET IT IS !!!!!!
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