basic principles of modular coordination

8/2/2019 Basic Principles of Modular Coordination

1/35

/http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.3

901503

1946927

Basic principles of modular coordination,

United States.

Washington [1953]

http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015031946927

Public Domain, Google-digitized

h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s _ u s e # p d - g o o g l e


2/35

GeneratedforFredericBellaloum(

ArizonaStateUniversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/ht

tp://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.3

9015031

946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hathi

trust.org/access_

use#pd-google


3/35



4-2

421:15GMT

/ht

tp://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.3

9015031

946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hathi

trust.org/access_

use#pd-google


4/35

F O R WO RD

Thispublicationhasbeenpreparedtoprovidesupplementallecturenotesfora

seriesoflanternslidespreparedforuseincoursesindraftingandconstructionat architec-

turalandengineeringcolleges.It mayserveasate tbookforstudents,aswellasaguide

forarchitecturalandengineeringdraftsmeninapplyingtheprinciplesofmodularcoordi-

nationtoworkingdrawings.

Reproductionsofthelanternslidesareutilizedasillustrations.Theslidesand

te t arebasedoncriteriaandstandardsincludedintheAmericanStandardsAssociation

A62GuideforModularCoordination.

ForsalebytheSuperintendent ofDocument*, U.S.GoTernment PrintingOffice,Washington25,D.C. Price25cent*



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hathitrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


5/35

u .

Amoduleisaunit ofmeasurement.It maybeanynumberof

inchesorfeet.Theunit ofmeasure,ormodule,withwhichweare

ubraryconcernedis4 .It maybeappliedtowidth,depth,orheight ofany

material.The4 cubeshownoppositeisthenonemodulewide,one

moduledeep,andonemodulehigh.

The4 modulewaschosenforuseintheUnitedStatesonthe basis

ofconsiderableresearch.Studycommitteesrepresentingmany

branchesofthebuildingindustryproposedthe4 moduleasacon-

venient basisfor standardizationofbuildingproductsbecause:

1.Thesizesofmanye istingbuildingmaterialsarebasedonthe

4 mo d ul e .

2.The4 moduleislargeenoughformanufacturerstoturnout a

reducednumberofstocksizesandstillsatisfyconsumerdemand.

3.It issmallenoughtoallowamplefreedomandfle ibilityin

architecturaldesignandequipment layout.

4.It isaunit of measurement withwhicharchitects,builders,

masons,andcarpentersarealreadyfamiliar.

The4 moduleselectedappro imates10 centimeters(3.937inches),

themodularunit measurement proposedbymetricsystemcountries

workingonthesameproblem.



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


6/35

Generatedf

orFredericBellaloum(


4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


7/35

Fred eath,anengineerwithwidee perienceintheuseofmasonry

products,in1925first launchedtheideaof coordinatingbuilding

materialsthroughtheuseofthe4 grid.

L ateron,Albert F.Bemis,amanufacturerwhomadethestudyof

housinghishobby,wroteathree-volumeworkentitledThe volving

House.The thirdvolume,RationalDesign,waspublishedin1936 and

broadenedthebasisofthemodularconcept byintroductionofthe4

cube.Accordingtohistheory,anybuildingcanbemadeupofa

seriesofcubeswhicharemultiplesofthebasic4 cube,andnowaste

willresult ifthematerialsfortheconstructionofthebuildingsare

standardizedonthebasisofthe4 multipleandifarchitects plans

aredimensionedtocorrespondwiththisstandardization.

Theplateoppositeshowsamodularvolumemadeupofsmaller

modularvolumesofwhichthesmallest isa4 cube. oattempt is

madeinthisdrawingtoindicatespecificmaterials.

TheAmericanStandardsAssociationin1939 pickedupwhere

Mr.Bemisleft offandorganizedASAProject A62fortheCoordination

ofDimensionsofBuildingMaterialsand quipment.Thisproject

wassponsoredjointlybytheAmericanInstituteofArchitectsandthe

P r o du ce r s Co u nci l , I nc. th e a ti o na l Asso ci a ti on o f o me Bui l d e rs

hassubsequentlybecomeaco-sponsor.Secretarialandtechnical

worknecessaryinthedevelopment ofASAModularStandardswas

providedbytheModularServiceAssociation,anonprofit organization

financedlargelybytheheirsofMr.Bemis.

Theresultsofthisproject werepublishedin1946 bytheModular

ServiceAssociationinabook,A62GuideforModularCoordination,by

MyronA.AdamsandPrenticeBradleyoftheAssociation.This

guide,preparedtoassist architectsand engineersinapplyingmodular

coordinationtobuildingplansanddetails,andtoassist producersof

buildingmaterialsandequipment intheproductionofmodular

products,hasformedthebasisuponwhichthematerialforthispubli-

cationwasdeveloped.

Generatedf



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


8/35Generatedf


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


9/35

Most buildingmaterials,whenjoinedtogether,requireacertain

overlaporjoint thickness.Manufacturers,therefore,maketheir

productslargerorsmallerthane act 4 multiplesbytheamount of

thejoint requiredforassembly.Thiswaythecontrollingnominal

dimensionsofabuildingwillstaywithinmultiplesof4 .

Theactualdimensionsofamaterialmaydifferfromthedimensions

specifiedbysmallamountsonewayortheother(plusorminus)due

toslight imperfectionsunavoidableinthemanufacturingprocess.

Thesedifferencesarealsocalledtolerances,andtheirma imum

limitsarewelldefinedinstandardsestablishedbytheAmericanStand-

ardsAssociationandothertechnicalorganizations.

Permissiblevariationsinthedimensionsofbricksvaryaccording

tothejoint thicknessused. ointsbetweenconcretemasonryunits

havebeenstandardizedto%" andthepermissiblevariationinthe

dimensionsoftheunit itselfarelimitedto% " plusorminus.

Forallpracticalpurposes,actualdimensionsaresoclosetothe

specifieddimensionsthat inmost casesthedifferenceisignored.The

architect,therefore,worksonlywithnominalandspecifieddimensions

andwillusenominaldimensionsinthepreparationofsmall-scale

workingdrawingswhereverpossible.

Generatedf


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDoma

in,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


10/35Generatedf


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


11/35

Structuralbrickisproducedinseveralmodularsizes,threeofwhich

areshownontheoppositepage.

At the to p :T h e no mi na l 4 2 " b r i ck i sa su pp l e me n ta ry s i ze

onlyandmaynot bereadilyavailableinallareas.It isshownhereto

e mp h asi ze th e fl e i b i li ty o f th e un i t p r i nci p l e 2 b e i ng o n e -ha l fu n it.

I n th e ce nte r :T he n o min a l 4 2 % " " b r i ck l ay s3 b r i ck sto 2

modules( " )inheight.Thismodularsizeconiesclosest tothedi-

mensionsofthecustomarynonmodularbricksize,andcantherefore

besuccessfullyusednot onlyinnewworkbut alsoforadditionstoor

repairofe istingstructures.

At th e b o tto m:An o mi n a l 4 4 " b r i ck , iso n e mo du l e h ig h ,

onemodulewide,andtwomoduleslong.Thisbrickfulfillsideal

modularprinciplesineveryrespect andinvolvesnofractions.It is,

therefore,easytoworkwithinthepreparationofdetailsofwalllayouts

andopenings.Thismodularsizeisalreadywidelyusedinseveral

States.Modularbricksarealsoproducedinanominal4 4 12

size.

Thedrawingat thelowerleft showshowmodularbrickcanbelaid

fromcornertowindowjambwithaminimumofcutting.Installation

ofmodular-sizedwindowswillpermit thelayingofbrickwithout

cuttingalongtheentirewalle cept forahalf-brickat thewindow

jambinalternatebrickcourses.

Anew SCRBrick, developedbytheStructuralClayProducts

ResearchFoundation,isalsoproducedinamodularsize.Thenom-

i n a l s ize o f th i sbr i ck i s6 " 2 % " 1 2 . o te th a t th e 6 " w id th i s

oneandone-halfmodules.Itsspecifiedwidthis5% " .Thisbrick

hasbeendevelopedtoreducewallthicknessesfrom " to6" where

codespermit.

Fewmanufacturersproduceallthesizesshown.Architectsshould,

therefore,checkwhichsizesareavailableintheirareas.


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


12/35GeneratedforFredericBellaloum(

ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


13/35

Thefiveelevationsofportionsofwallsshownoppositepermit acom-

parisonofthescaleandthevisualeffect ofvariousmodularbricks.

Theappearanceofwallsbuilt withthenominal4 21%e "

brickisthesameasthat ofwallsbuilt withthecustomarynonmodular

brick.Whenlaidinhalf-bondasshown,thisbrickautomatically

provides4 fle ibility,horizontally,sothat nocuttingorsupplementary

lengthsarerequiredinstretchercoursese cept inalternatecoursesat

windowjambs.Theheadercourseincommonbondstillrequires

theuseof% stretchersat thecornersandjambs. ertically,a4

supplementaryheight isneededtomeet dimensionsequaltoan "

multipleplus4 ,suchasinfloorheights.Theuseof arowlockcourse

ofbrickwillmeet thisrequirement.

Thenominal4 4 " brick,althoughmore squarish in

appearanceinthewallthantheabovebrick,providescomplete4

fle ibilitybothhorizontallyandvertically.

Wheretherearelargeplainsurfacesofbrickworkuninterrupted

byopenings,thenominal4 4 12 brickgivessomewhat similar

proportionaleffectsasthenominal4 21M6" " brickandrequires

lessbricktobehandled.It isobviousthat largerbricksizesinvolve

fewerbricksandlessjoints,andare,therefore,moreeconomical.

Bricks12 longmaybelaidintheusualhalf-bondorinthethird-

bondasshown.Thelatterbondismoreeconomicalsinceonlytwo

su p p le me nta r y 4 a n d " l e n gth sa r e ne e d ed to me e t 4 f l e i b i li ty ,

horizontally. erticalfle ibilityisthesameasthat forthebrick

above.

Nominal12 lengthbrickisalsobeingproducedinthethree

co u r se sto " h e i g ht, ca l l ed N o r ma n b r i ck a n d i n th e two co u rse sto

4 height called Roman brickshowninthedrawing.Thismodular

sizebrickisalsopreferredbysomearchitectstothelargerbrick,

particularlyinresidentialworkorinspecialindustrialorcommercial

design.

Thefinalchoiceoftheparticularbricksizeforastructuredepends

ontheappearancedesired,economyofconstruction,distributionand

detailingofopenings,andbricksizesavailableonthelocalmarket.

10


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h

ttp://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.3

901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


14/35


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


15/35

Thisplateshowsthenominal4 21%s " brickwithclaytile

backupandheadercourseeverysi thcourse.Backuptilesarealso

producedforothermodularbricksizes.Theyhavelongbeenavail-

ableforsimilarconstruction.Theonlynewprincipleinthiscaseisthe

coordinationofunitswitheachotherbyusingthe4 grid.Coordina-

tionwithmodularwindows,grills,glassblock,andothermodularma-

terialsislikewiseattained.

Asinallmodularwork,dimensioningthelayout becomesamatter

ofaddingmultiplesof4 .Fractionaldimensionsneedonlyappearon

detaildrawings.

Thesurfaceshowinggridlinesonaverticalplaneisusedhereasa

convenient wayto demonstratecoordinationinheight.Themasonry

wallshowndoesnot represent acornerorendconditionbut shouldbe

thought ofascontinuingbeyondthisverticalplanesurface.It becomes

apparent that,withtheuseofthisbrick,3 brickcoursescoordinate

w i th o ne ti l e co ur se , 2 mod u l e s(i. e . " )h i g h .

Thecircledareacallsattentiontothemortarjoint,whichisomit-

tedintherest ofthedrawingforthesakeofclarity.

12


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


16/35


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


17/35

Concretemasonryunitsarenowwidelyproducedthroughout the

countryinmodularsizes.Theunitsareproducedinsizesandshapes

tofit different constructionneeds,suchasbackupforbrickorother

facings,fore teriorwalls,andinteriorpartitions.Theyincludestretch-

er,corner,doublecornerorpier,jamb,header,bullnose,andpartitition

units.Most oftheseshapesareusuallymadeinbothfull-andhalf-

lengthunitsandinmanyareas,nominalhalf-height unitsareavailable.

Concretemasonryunit sizesareusuallyreferredtobytheirnom-

inaldimensions.Thus,theblockillustratedinthelowerright andleft

co r n er so f th e fa ci n g p ag e i sa n o min a l " " 1 6 " u ni t. T h is

sizeblockisoneofthemost commonlyusedsizesinthecountrytoday.

Allowing%" forthestandardmortarjoint thickness,itsspecifieddi-

me n sio n sa re , th e re fo re , 1 % " w i d e, 1 % " h i g h, a n d 1 5 % " l o n g.

Thehalf-height unit shownintheupperright cornerisreferredto

a sa n o min a l " 4 1 6 " u n i t a n d h asa sp e ci fi e d h e ig h t o f3 % " .

Thisisasupplementarysizeunit.

Wallsmadeofconcretemasonryunitscanbebuilt without cutting

asingleblock,ifwalllengthsandheightsarelaidout onthebasisof "

multiples,andifmodulardoorandwindowmasonryunitsareprovided

fortheopenings.

Modularconcretemasonryunits,likemodularbrick,coordinate

withallothermodularproductsonthebasisofthe4 multiple.

14


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


18/35


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDomain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


19/35

Thisplateillustratescoordinationofbrickandconcretemasonry

u n i ts. I n th i se a mp le , a n o min a l 4 4 " b r ick i su se d to g e the r

w i th th e sta n d ar d n o mi n a l " " 1 6 " b l o ck s i ze . Bon d a t h e a de r

co u r se s i su su al l y a chi e v ed th r o ug h th e u se of4 4 " b r i ck

backup.

Thesurfaceshowinggridlines4 apart onaverticalplaneisused

hereagaintodemonstratecoordinationvertically.Themasonrywall

shownisnot intendedtoterminateat thisgrid-planebut shouldbe

thought ofascontinuingbeyondit.

Thisis,ofcourse,not theonlywaytocoordinatebrickwithconcrete

masonryunits.Thereareotherunitsmadeforbackupconditions.

An o the r b a cku p si ze u se d i n " th i ck wa l l s i s the n o mi na l 4 " 1 6 "

block.

Again,thecircledareacallsattentiontothemortarjoint,which

isomittedintherest ofthedrawingforthesakeofclarity.


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


20/35

Generated

forFredericBellaloum(

ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


21/35


22/35

Generated


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


23/35

Thesetwodrawingsdemonstratetheimportanceofthegridin

joiningdissimilarmaterials.Twomodularsillsectionsareshown:

woodframeandmasonry.

Themasonrysectionat theright includesvariousmaterialssuch

aspouredconcrete,concretemasonryunits,brick,andbackuptile.

Forthebest coordinationofmaterialsverticallyinmasonrywallcon-

struction,thepositionofthegridline%" abovethefinishfloorlineis

recommended.Inthedrawing,allowanceismadeforanasphalt tile

floorwhichwouldbringthetopoftheconcreteslabto %" belowthe

gridline.Thisslabpositionalsoworksout wellwiththetilesinceit

resultsinthestandard% " joint usedfortilebackup.

Thewood-framesectionat theleft showscoordinationofamasonry

foundationwithawood-framesuperstructure.Pouredfootingsdonot

necessarilyhavetobeinmultiplesof4 (seesectionat right)e cept

whereprecut orprefabricatedformsareused.Thee teriorstudwall

isplacedsymmetricallybetweengridlines.Interiordimensionswill

thusbeinmultiplesof4 .Ifdrywallfinishesareused,amultipleof

4 isrecommendedinordertoreducewasteintheuseof4 wide

wallboardsinstalledverticallyorhorizontally.Forthebest coordina-

tionofmaterialsverticallyinwood-frameconstructionwithwood

floors,thepositionofthegridlineat thetopofthesubfloorisrecom-

mended.

I t sh o u ld b e u n d er sto od th a t th e se a n d th e fo l l o wi n g d r a wi n g sd o

not showrecommendedconstructiondetailsforflashing,waterproofing,

etc.Thesevarywithindividualcases.Theymerelydemonstratethe

assemblyofdissimilarmaterialsonthebasisofthe4 grid.

Generated


ArizonaStateUn

iversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


24/35

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


25/35

Themodulardetailsforframewallcornersdeterminethebest grid

positionforstudsthat willmaintainauniforminterstudspaceforinsu-

lationoraregularspacingofnailinggroundsforwallboards.

Thisplateshowsthepreferredlocationoftheframewallplaced

symmetricallybetweengridlines.Individualstudsarespaced16" on

centersongridlinese cept at corners. ere,onestudhasbeenmoved

slightlyoffcenterinordertoallowforstandard %" blocking.All

framingmembersusedarenominal2 4 .Theirspecifiedsizeis

I " 3 X " .

Withthestudframewallpositionedasshown,theinsidenominal

dimensionsofthebuildingareinmultiplesof4 .Thisfacilitatesthe

useofstocksizemodularwallboardswithaminimumofcuttingand

fitting.

22

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


26/35

M O DU A R F RA M I G

C O R E R D E T A I

3/

* h

Co r n er i e we d

FromOutside

Preferred ocationoftheStud

PlacedSymmetricallyontheGrid.

p ^ r - ^ ^ y. ^ p ^ :. l

- jr > ^ y . ' , / // .

Co r n er i e we d

FromInside

23

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


27/35

Theframewallspicturedinthisplatedemonstratethesimplicity

ofassemblyofsomebuildingproductssizedinmultiplesof4 .The

basicmodulelendsitselftotheuseof largerdesignmoduleswhich

maybeanymultipleof4 .Theupperdrawingshowsacombination

oftwomodules,a16" module,forthestudspacing,anda 3 times16"

module,i.e.4 " ,fortheinteriorfinish.Sincemost wallboardsare

i n 4 w i d ths, th e u se of th e 4 mo d ul e w i l l mi n i m ize th e wa ste o f

wallboard.

Thelowerdrawingshowstheapplicationofplasterboardlath

andblanket-typeinsulation.Bothmaterials,manufacturedforframe

constructionwithstudspacingof16" or24 oncenters,aremodular.

Thewidthoftheinsulationblanket ismadetofit betweenthestuds.

Onbothdrawingsit canbeseenthat the4 moduleworksout

convenientlywithwindowopenings.Framingissimplifiedanda

singlestudisusedbetweenopenings.

Thisisonlyoneofmanypossiblee amplesdemonstratinghow

coordinationofstructurewithbuildingmaterialsandcomponents

willcontributetolower-cost construction.

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


28/35

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT

/h


901503

1946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


29/35

Thisplateshowscoordinationofwindowopeningswiththeframe

wallingreaterdetail.Framingande teriorelevationareshownat

theleft.Sectionsat theright showhead,jamb,mullion,andsilldetails

foramodularwindow.

No unusualapplicationmethodsareencountered.Thewindow

frameisinstalledintheusualmannereitherfromtheoutsideorinside.

Windowscanberepeatedwithout interruptionofthemodularstud

positioning.Themoduleforthewindowopening,asshowninthis

e a mp le , i s two stud sp a ce sat 1 6 " o n ce n te r , o r 2 8 " . T h e o p en i n gs

arespannedbytheusuallintels. owever,insteadoftheconventional

doublingofstudsat windowjambs,thelintelise tendedtothene t

studinitsregularposition,therebyusingaminimumnumberof

studsforframing.

Thesashwidthis2 4 ,allowing2 oneithersidebetweenthe

gridlinesforinstallationofthewindowframe.Withtheframejamb

members%" thick,thismodulardetailgivesa%t" clearanceoneach

sidebetweenthejambmemberandthestud.Thisclearanceallows

foreasyinstallationandlevelingoftheframeintothemodularopening.

Thee ampleshownisforapatent balancetypeofsash.For

weight-hungsash,thesashwidthwouldhavetobedecreasedto2

inthisparticulardesign. otethat dimensionsat gridlinesareshown

byarrows,dimensionsnot at gridlinesareshownbydots.Thisisthe

acceptedconventionformodulardrawingsandshouldalwaysbeused,

evenwhendimensioningsmall-scaleplans,elevations,andsections,

wherethegridlinesarenot indicated.

I

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized

/http://www.hath

itrust.org/access_

use#pd-google


30/35

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


31/35

Tosummarizetheadvantagesofmodularcoordination:

1.It providesarationalbasisforthestandardizationofbuilding

materialssizesonanationalratherthanaregionalorlocalbasis.In

thecoordinationofsizesofbuildingmaterials,thegridprovidesaguide

tothemanufacturersindeterminingthesizesoftheirproducts.Man-

ufacturersareabletoreducethenumberofstocksizesresultingfrom

thisstandardizationandinterchangeabilityofbuildingproductsand

stillsatisfyconsumerdemandforfle ibility.

2.It c ontributesinsimplifyingarchitecturaldesignandconstruc-

tion. x periencehasalreadyindicatedthat practicalapplicationsin

theuseofthegridas aninstrument ofcorrelationinthepreparationof

architecturaldrawingshaveresultedineconomiesandsimplificationof

proceduresinthearchitect' soffice.Thearchitect,whenfamiliarwith

modularcoordination,spendslesstimeondraftingandcandevote

moretimetoimproveddesignandotherimportant services.Moreover,

thecompletenessofhisdrawingsanddetailinot onlyresultsinbetter

constructionbut it meanscloserbidsandlowercosts.Thecontracto

alsogainsbyeasierandquickerestimating.

3.It reducescuttingandfittingtimeandwasteofmaterials

Buildingmaterialscoordinatedin4 multiplescanbeassemble

intoabuildingwithaminimumofcuttingandwaste,providedth

floorplansandelevationsofthebuildingarelaidout inmultipleso

4 .

4.It increasesproductivityoflabor.Tothecontractor,it me

moreefficient methodsonthejobandless constructiontime,withcon

sequent lowercosts.Addinguptheadvantagesandsavingsthu

achieved,it becomesevident that modularcoordinationhelpstogiv

theownerabetterbuildingat lowercost.

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


32/35

ill

3..

ll

te

r,

1

1

MO D U ARCO O RD I AT I O

1 S TA D AR DI E S S I E S o fB UI D I G M A T R I A S

2 S I MP L I F I S A R C I T C T U R A D E S I G a n dC O S T RU C TI O

3 R D UC S C U TT I G a n d F IT T I G T I M a n d WA S T o f M AT R I A

4 I C R A S S P R OD UC TI I T o f A B O R

R D U C S B U I D I G C OS T S

. . o n ai a m fi i it i m of f ic i i mi

29

Generated



4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


33/35

9319

Generated


ArizonaStateU

niversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


34/35

Generated


ArizonaStateU

niversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

PublicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google


35/35

nerated


ArizonaStateU

niversity)on2012-0

4-2

421:15GMT


9015031946927

blicDom

ain,

Google-d

igitized


use#pd-google

basic principles of modular coordination

Documents