basic human rights

Basic Human Basic Human RightsRights

IntroductionIntroduction Definition of rightsDefinition of rights Classification of rightsClassification of rights Development of basic Human rightsDevelopment of basic Human rights Development of HR: Universality of Development of HR: Universality of

Human rightsHuman rights Development of HR: Three Development of HR: Three

Generations of HRGenerations of HR Basic rights and DemocracyBasic rights and Democracy

Introduction Introduction

Basic human right is a concept that Basic human right is a concept that can be related to every race, religion, can be related to every race, religion, belief, culture and country.belief, culture and country.

Basic human right is aspiration of Basic human right is aspiration of every individual to achieve happiness every individual to achieve happiness in their live.in their live.

The development of basic human The development of basic human rights shows the need to for:rights shows the need to for:

● ● safety in lifesafety in life ● ● better self-protectionbetter self-protection

IntroductionIntroduction What is right?What is right? Without that rights, individuals are controlled by Without that rights, individuals are controlled by

their master. their master. It is more than demands, it is a value a person needs It is more than demands, it is a value a person needs

in order to protect himself so that he can keep his life in order to protect himself so that he can keep his life and improve it as well as develop his personality and improve it as well as develop his personality (Hakim Stayton).(Hakim Stayton).

● ● Rights imply obligation of another individual and Rights imply obligation of another individual and community not to inhibit actions of individuals and community not to inhibit actions of individuals and even need to help them.even need to help them.

A person’s right to do something indicates that there A person’s right to do something indicates that there are another person’s as well as society’s are another person’s as well as society’s responsibilities to support what is being done by each responsibilities to support what is being done by each of them.of them.

Introduction Introduction

Examples: Examples: If one has a right to live, this means If one has a right to live, this means

that others do not have the liberty to that others do not have the liberty to murder him.murder him.

If one has a right within a society to a If one has a right within a society to a free education, this means that other free education, this means that other members of that society have an members of that society have an obligation to pay taxes in order to pay obligation to pay taxes in order to pay the costs of that educational right.the costs of that educational right.

The definition of right.The definition of right. Donelly (1985) highlighted two (2) concepts of Donelly (1985) highlighted two (2) concepts of

right:right: politics and moral significationspolitics and moral significations a right is seen as a moral truth that “its is not a good a right is seen as a moral truth that “its is not a good

thing to do”thing to do” a right is also seen as appropriateness as in the a right is also seen as appropriateness as in the

demand ‘I have the rights to ..demand ‘I have the rights to .. Milne (1986) classified rights into three (3) Milne (1986) classified rights into three (3)

categories:categories: Law in societyLaw in society Custom – woman rights on property in Negeri SembilanCustom – woman rights on property in Negeri Sembilan Moral- obligation to individual and community Moral- obligation to individual and community

The definition of right.The definition of right. The definition of right (A.C Kapur):The definition of right (A.C Kapur):1.1. Rights come from society and within societyRights come from society and within society2.2. Every right has certain responsibility. Your Every right has certain responsibility. Your

rights is my obligation/duty.rights is my obligation/duty.3.3. A right is not a claim. It is embedded socially.A right is not a claim. It is embedded socially.4.4. A right must be in line with public interest.A right must be in line with public interest.5.5. A country does not build up rights → it only A country does not build up rights → it only

preserves and coordinates rights which are preserves and coordinates rights which are socially used.socially used.

6.6. A right must be clear and precise, especially in A right must be clear and precise, especially in defining it.defining it.

7.7. A right tends to develop. A right tends to develop.

The definition of right.The definition of right. The definition of right (in Islam)The definition of right (in Islam) The Arabic word, “hak” or “haqq” means:The Arabic word, “hak” or “haqq” means: ● “ ● “real fact” or “truth”real fact” or “truth” ● ● in terms of shariah (hukm): “truth” or anything in terms of shariah (hukm): “truth” or anything

which is related to facts.which is related to facts. Ahmad Jalal Hammad on the other hand saw Ahmad Jalal Hammad on the other hand saw

“right” (hak), “strength”, and “claim” as of other “right” (hak), “strength”, and “claim” as of other definitions that are more prominent than “haqq”. definitions that are more prominent than “haqq”.

Mohd Imarah: human rights in Islam are not only Mohd Imarah: human rights in Islam are not only propagated but must be implemented and propagated but must be implemented and protected in individual, society and government protected in individual, society and government levels. It is a sin to violate them.levels. It is a sin to violate them.

The definition of right.The definition of right.

Haqq used in Quranic language has the same Haqq used in Quranic language has the same meaning with “obligation”.meaning with “obligation”.

Al-Darini summarized the definition of “haqq” Al-Darini summarized the definition of “haqq” as:as:

● ● a specific reward or the enforcement of a specific reward or the enforcement of control over something or a claim to other control over something or a claim to other party which allowed by the shariah whose party which allowed by the shariah whose objective is to get certain interest.objective is to get certain interest.

● ● the most important thing is that it must the most important thing is that it must guarantee the interest and welfare of Muslims guarantee the interest and welfare of Muslims collectively.collectively.

The classification of The classification of right.right.

Generally, there are two (2) Generally, there are two (2) classifications of rights:classifications of rights:

1.1. Positive rights and negative rightsPositive rights and negative rights

2.2. Individual rights and collective Individual rights and collective rights (which one first individual or rights (which one first individual or collective) collective)


Positive rights:Positive rights: ● ● rights which are guaranteed by a rights which are guaranteed by a

country (government) country (government) ● ● expectations about what one can do expectations about what one can do

or receive or how one will be treated.or receive or how one will be treated. ● ● rights for welfare matters such as rights for welfare matters such as

education, economy, employment, and education, economy, employment, and social safety.social safety.

● ● they need the interference of the they need the interference of the government or state.government or state.


Negative rights:Negative rights: ● ● Two (2) central beliefs:Two (2) central beliefs: 1. 1. People can have a right to something People can have a right to something

they do not actively claim or for which the they do not actively claim or for which the state would not back them up.state would not back them up.

2. 2. Those rights are derived from some Those rights are derived from some sources other than the power of enforcement. sources other than the power of enforcement.

Freedoms to voice up opinions, to own Freedoms to voice up opinions, to own properties, to live, to join organizations, and properties, to live, to join organizations, and freedom to practice certain religion. freedom to practice certain religion.

These freedoms are absolute rights of every These freedoms are absolute rights of every individual. individual.


Individual rights:Individual rights: Western human rights stress on individualisms during Western human rights stress on individualisms during

revival era/enlightenment and religious war 17revival era/enlightenment and religious war 17thth century. century.

Locke explained:Locke explained: ● ● an individual has inseparable rights as a human an individual has inseparable rights as a human

being andbeing and ● ● the government should respect those rightsthe government should respect those rights Locke: Natural rights for life, freedom/independence Locke: Natural rights for life, freedom/independence

and wealthand wealth Individualists’ tradition has become the inspiration for Individualists’ tradition has become the inspiration for

the formation of civil rights and political rights for the the formation of civil rights and political rights for the formation of civil and political rights: freedom of formation of civil and political rights: freedom of religion, expression, to vote.religion, expression, to vote.


Natural rights got criticism because it denies the Natural rights got criticism because it denies the importance of society; human social responsibility.importance of society; human social responsibility.

In 19-20In 19-20thth century, the strongest criticism to natural century, the strongest criticism to natural laws theories came from legal positivism doctrine; the laws theories came from legal positivism doctrine; the source of laws is positive and living laws, although source of laws is positive and living laws, although they are against human rights principles. According to they are against human rights principles. According to legal positivism, rights only exist with enactment and legal positivism, rights only exist with enactment and enforcement.enforcement.

During the 19During the 19thth century, civil freedom developed and it century, civil freedom developed and it was related to the rights to involve in politics such as:was related to the rights to involve in politics such as:

● ● the right to votethe right to vote ● ● the right to vote indicates that an individual should the right to vote indicates that an individual should

be given the right to participate in the state’s decision-be given the right to participate in the state’s decision-making processes. making processes.


Collective rights:Collective rights: Marxism or socialism prioritized the roles Marxism or socialism prioritized the roles

of the state towards contributing any form of the state towards contributing any form of public interest to people.of public interest to people.

Third-world countries are said to have Third-world countries are said to have upheld basic human rights collectively upheld basic human rights collectively because:because:

● ● cultures, customs, and religions are tied cultures, customs, and religions are tied down to society.down to society.

● ● this allows matters related to society or this allows matters related to society or collectivity to be stressed on.collectivity to be stressed on.

● ● compared to individual rights separately. compared to individual rights separately.


In the tradition of Islam, Buddhism, In the tradition of Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucius, an individual Hinduism, and Confucius, an individual is seen as tied down to his society.is seen as tied down to his society.

Societies in Asia stress on Asian values:Societies in Asia stress on Asian values:

● ● They regard community and family They regard community and family as the most important instruments in a as the most important instruments in a country.country.

● ● The authorities or leaders are The authorities or leaders are respected.respected.


Individual and collective rights are Individual and collective rights are essential for whole people’s benefits essential for whole people’s benefits and therefore both rights should be and therefore both rights should be balanced.balanced.

United Nations (UN) has United Nations (UN) has acknowledged these two rights to acknowledged these two rights to diversify the characteristics and diversify the characteristics and positions of human rights. positions of human rights.

Development of Basic Development of Basic human rightshuman rights

The concept of basic human rights- an evolutional The concept of basic human rights- an evolutional process or gradual process.process or gradual process.

The existence of thoughts about human rights.The existence of thoughts about human rights. ● ● Paine: since the existence of human beingsPaine: since the existence of human beings ● ● Other scholars: since Greek and Rome ages which Other scholars: since Greek and Rome ages which

were brought by those of Greek Stoicism who were brought by those of Greek Stoicism who stressed on natural law concept.stressed on natural law concept.

● ● Religion: Islam→ The Qur’an has defined it since Religion: Islam→ The Qur’an has defined it since the 17the 17thth century century

● ● Donelly (1989) and western philosophers → There Donelly (1989) and western philosophers → There are no human rights in religions but they are are no human rights in religions but they are regarded as duties entitled to the ruler and every regarded as duties entitled to the ruler and every individual.individual.

■ ■ A religion plays the role to strengthen human A religion plays the role to strengthen human rightsrights

Development of HR: natural Development of HR: natural rightsrights

John LockeJohn Locke ● ● The first person to develop natural The first person to develop natural

theory ( natural law)theory ( natural law) ● ● This theory is seen as the source of This theory is seen as the source of

doctrine on human rights:doctrine on human rights: → → every human being has natural right every human being has natural right

to live freely and to own properties.to live freely and to own properties. Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson ● ● rejected the right to own propertiesrejected the right to own properties ● ● focused on happinessfocused on happiness

Development of HR: Development of HR: Natural rights of Locke and Natural rights of Locke and

HobbesHobbes Two (2) philosophies:Two (2) philosophies:1.1. Locke’s philosophies:Locke’s philosophies: ● ● Human rights are so effective.Human rights are so effective. ● ● Every member of the society respects those Every member of the society respects those

rights.rights. ● ● Example: France Revolution Example: France Revolution 2. Hobbesian philosophies:2. Hobbesian philosophies: ● ● Individual rights gain less respectsIndividual rights gain less respects ● ● They depend on the needs of individuals They depend on the needs of individuals

themselvesthemselves ● ● They encourage monarchy system and They encourage monarchy system and

statism statism

Development of HR: social Development of HR: social contractcontract

Civil society has come up with a form of social Civil society has come up with a form of social contract between individuals and the state.contract between individuals and the state.

A state can only be given the right to enforce the A state can only be given the right to enforce the natural rights, not the state’s rights.natural rights, not the state’s rights.

The failure of the country to preserve the rights The failure of the country to preserve the rights opens the door for people to start up revolution.opens the door for people to start up revolution.

■ ■ (Weston 1984: (Weston 1984: 258) 258)

Social contract→ two parties are supposed to Social contract→ two parties are supposed to complement each other with what was agreed complement each other with what was agreed upon and thus they need to respect it.upon and thus they need to respect it.

Locke had introduced individualistic theories to Locke had introduced individualistic theories to challenge absolute power of the kings and the challenge absolute power of the kings and the sovereignty of the Parliament. sovereignty of the Parliament.

Development of HR: Development of HR: individualismindividualism

The individualism right concept has much The individualism right concept has much influenced many events and philosophies.influenced many events and philosophies.

France Revolution: focused on three (3) France Revolution: focused on three (3) things related to natural rights which are:things related to natural rights which are:

1. Liberty1. Liberty 2. Equality2. Equality 3. Fraternity3. Fraternity American Revolution: every human being American Revolution: every human being

is created with equal gift from the Creator is created with equal gift from the Creator along with undeniable rights such as the along with undeniable rights such as the rights to live, to have freedom and to be rights to live, to have freedom and to be happy.happy.

Development of HR: Development of HR: liberalism vs collectivismliberalism vs collectivism

The clash between individualism doctrine The clash between individualism doctrine (liberalism) and collectivism (socialism).(liberalism) and collectivism (socialism).

Marx- individual rights are abstract Marx- individual rights are abstract (regarding bourgeois rights)(regarding bourgeois rights)

● ● Capitalist system consists of two (2) Capitalist system consists of two (2) classes:classes:

1. employer class: bourgeois 1. employer class: bourgeois 2. employee class: proletariat2. employee class: proletariat ● ● An individual will know his rights when An individual will know his rights when

the objectives of communism are met.the objectives of communism are met. ● ● Through revolution, the proletariats Through revolution, the proletariats

defeated the bourgeoisies.defeated the bourgeoisies. ● ● In the end, socialism was formed. In the end, socialism was formed.

Development of HR: Development of HR: Universal HRUniversal HR

The influences of individualism and socialism. The influences of individualism and socialism.

● ● Early efforts to form universal basic human Early efforts to form universal basic human rights.rights.

● ● For example, by forming the organization of For example, by forming the organization of United Nations (UN).United Nations (UN).

● ● Universal Declaration of Basic Human Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights was made in 1948Rights was made in 1948

■ ■ as a minimal standard that should be as a minimal standard that should be obtained by every international society formed obtained by every international society formed in 1948.in 1948.

Socialism and Universal Socialism and Universal HRHR

The Soviet Union which promotes socialism The Soviet Union which promotes socialism does not acknowledge the universal does not acknowledge the universal declaration because it does not agree on it:declaration because it does not agree on it:

1. The guarantee of basic freedom for 1. The guarantee of basic freedom for every human being is linked to the every human being is linked to the sovereignty of a certain state.sovereignty of a certain state.

2. The guarantee of basic human rights will 2. The guarantee of basic human rights will be practiced in the fields of economy, social be practiced in the fields of economy, social and national atmosphere which usually can and national atmosphere which usually can be found in every country. be found in every country.

3. A definition to represent the citizens’ 3. A definition to represent the citizens’ duties to the country, people and duties to the country, people and government. government.

Universal human rights.Universal human rights. The rights that are mentioned in the Universal The rights that are mentioned in the Universal

Declaration of Basic Human Rights cannot be Declaration of Basic Human Rights cannot be accepted.accepted.

The rights that upheld by a large number of The rights that upheld by a large number of developing countries or third-word countries such as developing countries or third-word countries such as the rights to be free to practice certain religion, the rights to be free to practice certain religion, individual freedom and so on. individual freedom and so on.

Most countries in Asia and Africa do not acknowledge Most countries in Asia and Africa do not acknowledge universal standard of basic human rights in the universal standard of basic human rights in the Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights.Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights.

They show that there is a clash between universalism They show that there is a clash between universalism and relativism.and relativism.

● ● Basic Human Rights are not yet universal.Basic Human Rights are not yet universal.

The generation of basic The generation of basic human rights.human rights.

There are three (3) generations of There are three (3) generations of basic human rights:basic human rights:

1. First generation (liberte - liberty)1. First generation (liberte - liberty)

2. Second generation (egalite – 2. Second generation (egalite – equality) equality)

3. Third generation (fraternite – 3. Third generation (fraternite – solidarity)solidarity)

The generation of basic The generation of basic human rights.human rights.

First generation (Generation of civil and political First generation (Generation of civil and political rights)rights)

● ● Focuses on civil and political rightsFocuses on civil and political rights ● ● During the 17During the 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries that were related centuries that were related

to English Revolution, American Revolution and France to English Revolution, American Revolution and France Revolution. Revolution.

● ● Resulted from:Resulted from: → → the thoughts of political individualism and the thoughts of political individualism and

liberalismliberalism → → economic and social doctrines, laissez faireeconomic and social doctrines, laissez faire ● ● Negative basic human rights (the freedom to do Negative basic human rights (the freedom to do

something)something) ● ● Stresses on non-interference efforts by the Stresses on non-interference efforts by the

governmentgovernment

The generation of basic The generation of basic rights.rights.

Liberal Democratic Approach- nine (9) Liberal Democratic Approach- nine (9) things have been highlighted:things have been highlighted:

1.1. The power is left in the hands of chosen The power is left in the hands of chosen officers.officers.

2.2. The restriction of executive power by the The restriction of executive power by the constitution. constitution.

3.3. Cultures, ethnicity, religion and minority Cultures, ethnicity, religion and minority groups are not prevented from voicing up groups are not prevented from voicing up their importance in political processes and their importance in political processes and from using their cultures and languages. from using their cultures and languages.


5. Across parties and inter-relations in elections.5. Across parties and inter-relations in elections.6. The freedom to involve in societies and 6. The freedom to involve in societies and

pluralism, the existence of alternative pluralism, the existence of alternative information sources. information sources.

7. Individuals have freedom to believe, to express 7. Individuals have freedom to believe, to express their views, to present their discussions, to give their views, to present their discussions, to give speeches, to produce/publish, to gather, to speeches, to produce/publish, to gather, to demonstrate and to make petition. demonstrate and to make petition.

8. People with respect to politics are treated 8. People with respect to politics are treated equally in terms of law.equally in terms of law.

9. The implementation of law to protect people. 9. The implementation of law to protect people.


Second generation (economic, social and Second generation (economic, social and cultural rights)cultural rights)

● ● began during early 19began during early 19thth century through century through socialistic tradition. socialistic tradition.

● ● they were more related to economic, social they were more related to economic, social and cultural rights.and cultural rights.

● ● came out of dissatisfactions over the came out of dissatisfactions over the development of capitalism which was based on development of capitalism which was based on individual freedom concept that this concept individual freedom concept that this concept allows exploitation on working-class people and allows exploitation on working-class people and colonized society. colonized society.

● ● they were more towards positive rights. they were more towards positive rights.


It is based on Universal Declaration of Basic Human It is based on Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights, article 22-27 which include:Rights, article 22-27 which include:

● ● the rights for social safety, the rights to work and the rights for social safety, the rights to work and the rights for the guarantee from being unemployed.the rights for the guarantee from being unemployed.

● ● the rights to rest and take a break including the rights to rest and take a break including remunerative vacation, good health, the peace in remunerative vacation, good health, the peace in oneself and his family.oneself and his family.

● ● the rights for education, andthe rights for education, and ● ● the rights to get protection from being scientific, the rights to get protection from being scientific,

literature and artistic products.literature and artistic products. It needs the roles of the government because there It needs the roles of the government because there

are claims of different of material needs.are claims of different of material needs. ● ● this leads to the focus on equality concept.this leads to the focus on equality concept.


Third generation (solidarity)Third generation (solidarity) Consists of four (4) rights which are:Consists of four (4) rights which are: 1. right for development1. right for development 2. right for healthy environment and balanced 2. right for healthy environment and balanced

ecologyecology 3. right for peace, and3. right for peace, and 4. right for inheritance4. right for inheritance Vasak explained:Vasak explained: ● ● this generation can be considered new, meaning this generation can be considered new, meaning

it might be questioned to the state.it might be questioned to the state. ● ● but it can only be realized through collective but it can only be realized through collective

actions by all the members in the society, either actions by all the members in the society, either individuals, their state, the government, private individuals, their state, the government, private sector or international society at large. sector or international society at large.


According to Weston, there are six (6) forms of basic According to Weston, there are six (6) forms of basic human rights of the third generation (article 28 in the human rights of the third generation (article 28 in the Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights).Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights).

● ● it requires every person to follow social values (tata) it requires every person to follow social values (tata) in order for the mentioned rights in the declaration can in order for the mentioned rights in the declaration can be executed. be executed.

● ● three (3) of the rights affected the nationalism three (3) of the rights affected the nationalism resurrection of the third-world countries and revolution. resurrection of the third-world countries and revolution. Right to determine eco-pol-soc-culture; scientific; Right to determine eco-pol-soc-culture; scientific; heritage heritage

● ● the rest of three (3) rights are the rights for peace, the rest of three (3) rights are the rights for peace, healthy environment and balanced ecology as well as healthy environment and balanced ecology as well as right for humane aid. right for humane aid.

● ● all six (6) rights are collective rights, NOT individual all six (6) rights are collective rights, NOT individual rights. rights.

Basic freedom and Basic freedom and democracydemocracy

Basic freedom is a kind of right that Basic freedom is a kind of right that every citizen or person under a every citizen or person under a democratic rule should have. democratic rule should have.

Democracy is a system that gives Democracy is a system that gives chances to people to involve chances to people to involve themselves in decision making and themselves in decision making and policy making. policy making.

Basic freedom.Basic freedom. Robert A. Dahl explained:Robert A. Dahl explained: ● ● democracy does not merely depend on democracy does not merely depend on

one form of competition and political one form of competition and political involvement. involvement.

● ● anyway, democracy also includes basic anyway, democracy also includes basic freedom up to certain level.freedom up to certain level.

● ● freedom to voice up opinions, to express freedom to voice up opinions, to express views, for press, and so on.views, for press, and so on.

● ● this allows people to form or to show this allows people to form or to show their political tendencies for meaningful their political tendencies for meaningful things. things.

Basic freedom.Basic freedom.

C.F Strong explained:C.F Strong explained:

● ● democracy is a form of democracy is a form of government that depends on the government that depends on the majority consent and disapproval. majority consent and disapproval.

● ● the people can also take part in the people can also take part in the ruling matters through their the ruling matters through their representatives and people with representatives and people with sovereignty. sovereignty.

Basic freedom.Basic freedom. John Locke in his writing, “Second Treatise on Civil John Locke in his writing, “Second Treatise on Civil

Government” (1690),Government” (1690), ● ● considers some of the rights for basic freedom as considers some of the rights for basic freedom as

naturalnatural ● ● among the rights for basic freedom are rights not to among the rights for basic freedom are rights not to

be murdered, to be made slave, to be tortured, or to be murdered, to be made slave, to be tortured, or to be in the state of poverty by the ruler. be in the state of poverty by the ruler.

● ● the ruler is also responsible to preserve individual the ruler is also responsible to preserve individual basic freedom because civil society and its basic freedom because civil society and its government are formed based on the principles of government are formed based on the principles of public interest. public interest.

→ → human beings must be ready and willing to obey human beings must be ready and willing to obey the ruler and accept any majority decision so that the ruler and accept any majority decision so that their properties can be protected. their properties can be protected.


Joseph Raz in his book, “The Moarality of Joseph Raz in his book, “The Moarality of Freedom” (1986)Freedom” (1986)

● ● the identification of basic freedom relies on the identification of basic freedom relies on how the government sees and evaluates how the government sees and evaluates public interest. public interest.

● ● freedom must have the reason to give freedom must have the reason to give privileged protection for individuals’ benefits privileged protection for individuals’ benefits and interest.and interest.

● ● at the same times, it must preserve public at the same times, it must preserve public interest that is an aspect of public society’s interest that is an aspect of public society’s culture. culture.

Basic freedom.Basic freedom. John Stuart Mill saw freedom from the John Stuart Mill saw freedom from the

perspective of the relationship between perspective of the relationship between individuals and their country. individuals and their country.

● ● an individual should be lived freelyan individual should be lived freely ● ● a state should involve in individual freedom a state should involve in individual freedom

according to two (2) reasons:according to two (2) reasons: 1. an individual’s action is not a responsibility 1. an individual’s action is not a responsibility

of other people as along as the action is only of other people as along as the action is only for his own advantage and it does not involve for his own advantage and it does not involve other people.other people.

2. an action that can be questioned its 2. an action that can be questioned its interest for other people. interest for other people.


Those of Marxism see freedom as a way to:Those of Marxism see freedom as a way to:

● ● to free those who are oppressed by to free those who are oppressed by economy.economy.

● ● economic equality can be achieved when economic equality can be achieved when there is a revolution done by the there is a revolution done by the proletariats to stop the oppression of the proletariats to stop the oppression of the bourgeoisies. bourgeoisies.

● ● absolute freedom can only be gained if absolute freedom can only be gained if people support communism. people support communism.

Basic freedom.Basic freedom. Amartya Sen laid down five (five) important Amartya Sen laid down five (five) important

mechanism about the meaning of freedom:mechanism about the meaning of freedom:1. Political freedom.1. Political freedom. Known as civil right.Known as civil right. A chance for people to decide who to be the A chance for people to decide who to be the

ruler and the ruling principles.ruler and the ruling principles. ● ● Example: freedom to choose different parties, Example: freedom to choose different parties,

freedom to involve in societies. freedom to involve in societies. 2. Economic opportunity.2. Economic opportunity. A chance given to individuals to enjoy the A chance given to individuals to enjoy the

economic resources.economic resources. Economic rights given. Economic rights given.

3. Social opportunity.3. Social opportunity. Social arrangement made by the Social arrangement made by the

society in order to get education, society in order to get education, good health etc. good health etc.

To get better life and the To get better life and the involvement in political and involvement in political and economic activities. economic activities.

4. Truthfulness assurance4. Truthfulness assurance People are free to deal with each other.People are free to deal with each other. To prevent bribes, and to increase To prevent bribes, and to increase

accountability etc. accountability etc.

5. Safety guarantee5. Safety guarantee To provide social safeguard in order to To provide social safeguard in order to

avoid famine, destitution etc. avoid famine, destitution etc.

In conclusion…In conclusion… The development of ideas concerning basic human The development of ideas concerning basic human

rights are manifested from liberalism thoughts rights are manifested from liberalism thoughts until a declaration was formed which was called until a declaration was formed which was called Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights.Universal Declaration of Basic Human Rights.

Without denying beliefs and religions, individual Without denying beliefs and religions, individual rights and basic freedom brought by liberal rights and basic freedom brought by liberal thoughts succeed to institutionalize those basic thoughts succeed to institutionalize those basic human rights. human rights.

Even though humans’ cruelty and vindictiveness Even though humans’ cruelty and vindictiveness cannot be controlled totally all over the world, cannot be controlled totally all over the world, efforts to uphold basic human rights should be efforts to uphold basic human rights should be continued for the harmony of the next generation. continued for the harmony of the next generation.

basic human rights

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