basic horticultural botany
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Basic Horticultural Botany. What is Horticulture?. Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Basic Horticultural Botany
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What is Horticulture?
• Horticulture is the art and science of growing vegetable, fruit, medicinal and ornamental plants
• Agronomy covers the food and fiber and energy crops that are grown on large acreages and are usually seed propagated
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Fruit– Tropical : mango, papaya– Subtropical: Orange, fig – Temperate: Apple, Pear
• A fruit is an enlarged ovary with seeds and attached parts
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Vegetables– Cool Season: broccoli
• Cauliflower, spinach,onion
– Warm season• New Zealand spinach
– In the grocery store language: Tomatoes, peppers and squash
• Vegetables Botanically are plant parts without ovary/seeds.
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Drugs– Plants that have medical
use: Echinacea, willow, Ginkgo
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Condiments/ spices:– Plants used to make
flavorings: mustard, curry
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Beverage Plants– Coffee, Tea, – Herbal Tisanes– Hops for beer– Agave for Tequila
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What are Horticultural Plants?
• Ornamental Plants– Herbaceous – flowers
and foliage plants• Annuals• Perennials
– Woody trees and shrubs
• Ornamentals are planted for shade, beauty, Climate control, windbreaks…
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Basic Botany/ plant classificationScientific names , Common namesKingdom
DivisionClass
Order Family
Genus ( pl. Genera)species( sp. or spp.)
Cultivar or variety
PlantaeTracheophytaAngiospermaeRosalesRosaceaeMalusdomestica‘Honeycrisp’
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More terms used to classify plants
• Annuals- completes the life cycle in one season• Biennial – usually takes two years to complete
the life cycle ( carrots, cabbage)• Perennial- usually lives more than 2 years– Woody – trees and shrubs• Deciduous/ evergreen
– Herbaceous• Tender/hardy
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Plant Structures
• Flowering plants are divided into to large groups: monocots and dicots
• Monocot means there is one seed leaf ( Cotyledon) in the seed. Dicot means two seed leaves.
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Vegetative vs reproductive
• Annual herbaceous plant• Leaves, stems and roots are vegetative but can
be used in asexual reproduction• Flowers, seeds are sexual reproductive parts
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Inside a herbaceous stem
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Inside a woody stem
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Cell types
• Parenchyma • Schlerenchyma
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• 3 year old woody twig
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Modified stems- often used in propagation
• Spur• Thorn • Stolon• crown
• Rhyzome• Tuber• Bulb• Corm
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Leafa stem appendage with a bud at it’s base
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Leaf types
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Leaf margins
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Leaf shapes
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leaf
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Buds
• Axillary• Terminal• Bud scales ( temperate)• Chilling requirements• Leaf/flower/mixed
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Roots/ Function
• Absorb water and nutrients
• Anchor the plant in the soil
• Support the stem• Food storage• propagation
• First to emerge from the seed
• Positive geotaxis• No nodes• No leaves or flowers
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Root vs Stem
Root cross sectionStem cross section
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Roots
• Tap root ( dicot)• Fibrous roots
( monocot)• Lateral /secondary
root/branch root• Generally extend
beyond the top
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Flowers
• Sexual reproduction• Built to attract
pollinators• People can be
considered pollinators
• Can be perfect (complete)
• Unisexual– Plants can be
monoecious or dioecious
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Basic plant life cycle
• Dormancy: seeds or buds fail to grow when given good conditions.
• Vegetative: seedling to Juvenile
• Reproductive: when plant is large enough to flower
• Senescence: ripening of seed, and fruit, leaf drop
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Dormancy
• Hormonal dormancy– Timed by hormones
many temperate plants show this ex. Apple trees
• Environmental dormancy– Cold or dryness keeps seed
from germinating
• Other types in seed dormancy
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Vegetative growth
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• The plant has to reach its mature stage before it can start flowering. In tomatoes this happens in 30+ days after transplant to the garden. In Apple trees it can be 5-7 years
Reproductive Growth
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Primary Metabolism
• Photosynthesis– Sunlight– Chloroplasts in a live
plant– Carbon dioxide– Energy is changed from
light to chemical energy ( sugars)
– Oxygen released– Water is used and
produced
• Respiration– Energy is released from
sugars for plant energy– Oxygen is used– Water is used and
produced– CO2 is produced– Happens in dark and in
light– Occurs in all living cells
( mitochondria)
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Photosynthesis
CO2+ H20 +sunlight +green plant C6H12O6 + O2+ H2O
RespirationC6H12O6 + O2+ H2O CO2+ H20 + 36 ATP
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Transpiration
99 % of the water that enters the plant is used in Transpiration, 1% in metabolism
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Plant growth Regulators
• Plant hormones or other chemicals that influence growth of plants.–Auxins -Gibberellins–Cytokinins -Abscisic Acid– Ethylene