basic hematology r030909
TRANSCRIPT
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September 9, 2003
SalesBasic Hematology
TechnicalTraining
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Our goal . . .
To heighten your awareness of…
Basic hematology•blood cell types•associated tests•manual methods
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Basic Hematology Objectives:
By the end of this session, you will be able to… Cite the definition of hematology and why its
study is important. List the major components found in blood. Describe the function of an erythrocyte,
leukocyte and thrombocyte. Recognize the terminology used to describe
abnormalities associated with erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
Cite the “RBC Indices” and explain their purpose. Cite the purpose of an anticoagulant and define
the anticoagulant used in hematology studies. Define the different types of samples
used for hematology studies.
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WHYstudyHematology?
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- To communicate more effectively with the end user of our instrumentation
- To gain an understanding of the material being tested on our equipment
- To work safely and efficiently with blood
- To understand troubleshooting on a system from your customer’s point of view
- To establish relevance for this type of testing and why it is necessary for good patient care
Why study Hematology….
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What is Blood?
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What is BLOOD? The fluid that circulates
through the heart, lungs, arteries, veins and capillaries.
Carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
Carries away carbon dioxide and wasted products produced by the tissues
Veins shown in blue Arteries shown in red
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What is BLOOD? A diagnostic tool for the clinician
to assess patient status Since blood is exposed to virtually
all tissues in the body, it may be considered the “barometer” of the condition of the body.
In normal, healthy individuals the blood contains a normal number of blood cells.
If, however, there is an abnormal condition / disease process, the blood typically reflects a change from normal by either raising or lowering the number of blood cells and their relative proportions.
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Composition of Blood Blood is comprised of
approximately 55% plasma and 45% cellular component.PLASMA 55%
Water 90%NutrientsClotting ProteinsAntibodiesHormonesSaltsWastes
CELLS 45%Red Blood CellsWhite Blood CellsPlatelets
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Who Studies What About Blood?
CHEMISTRY department
COAGULATION department
FLOW CYTOMETRY department
HEMATOLOGY department
Red Blood Cells White Blood CellsPlatelets
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Normally for every white blood cell, there are 1000 red blood cells and 20 platelets
The Blood
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Basic Cell Structure
Cell Membrane
CytoplasmNucleus
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Blood Cells Seen Through Microscope
wb:white blood cells
rb:red blood cells
p:platelets
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Development of Blood Cells
The Johns Hopkins Human Anatomy
Series
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Where Blood Cells Are Produced
Embryo / Infants up to 4 months:
Blood Islands (Yolk Sac)
Liver Spleen
Children (>4 months and Adults)
Bone Marrow
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Development of Blood CellsGeneral Observations
•Nucleus of immature cell is round or oval•As the cell matures, the nucleus decreases in relative size and takes on various shapes•Some cells loose their nucleus entirely•The nucleus is the initiator of cellular division•Cells are produced, mature and take on the function and appearance of a mature cell in the bone marrow•As cells mature, they usually become smaller in size•As cells mature, they are released into the “peripheral blood”•An immature cell is NOT capable of carrying out the specific functions of a mature cell, therefore, the presence of immature cells in the peripheral blood typically indicates a problem
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Red Blood Cells
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Red Blood Cells Are also referred to as erythrocytes or RBCs Their biconcave disk shape allows for more
surface area (efficient oxygen transfer) Their flexibility (ability to deform) allows
their passage through small capillaries The quantity of red blood cells is expressed
as the quantity of rbc’s or as a ratio of red blood cells to whole blood
The quantity of red blood cells is expressed as the red blood cell count (cells/microliter)
The ratio of red blood cells to the volume of whole blood is defined as the hematocrit
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Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Erythrocyte Biconcave Disc
Shape Ability to deform Size: 7.5 - 9.5
micron Volume: 90 fl
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Red Cell Count (RBC)
DefinitionNumber of red cells in one cubic millimeter of whole blood
Adult Males: 5.4±0.7 million/cu mm
Adult Females: 4.8±0.6 million/cu mm
Significance of Abnormal ValuesBelow normal: Anemia
blood loss hemolysis deficiency of iron,
vitamins B6, B12 Expanded plasma
volume (e.g. pregnancy)
Above normal: Polycythemia
Severe dehydration (e.g. burns)
Polycythemia vera
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Manual RBC
Calculation of RBC
Cells actually counted: 500
Dilution: 1:200
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Manual RBC
Tedious procedure
Technique dependent
Accuracy?
Precision?
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Hematocrit (Hct)
DefinitionRelative volume of packed red cells in a given volume of whole blood.
Normal ValuesAdult males: 47±5%Adult females: 42±5%
Significance of Abnormal ValuesDecreased: AnemiaIncreased: Severe dehydration , Polycythemia vera
PLASMA
WHITE CELLS AND PLATELETS
(BUFFY COAT)
PACKED RED CELLS
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Hematocrit
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Hematocrit
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Cell & Plasma separation Left: Healthy
person Right: Person with
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Hematocrit
Major consideration:
Trapped plasma
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What within the Red Blood Cell carries the oxygen?
HEMOGLOBIN
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HEMOGLOBIN = “BLOOD PROTEIN”
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Hemoglobin (Hgb) Concentration Function:
Transport of oxygen Structure
Main component of mature red cell (=1/3)
DefinitionGrams of Hemoglobin in 100 ml of whole blood
Normal ValuesAdult males: 16 ± 2 grams/100ml
Significance of Abnormal ValuesBelow Normal: AnemiaAbove Normal: Severe dehydration Polycythemia vera
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AnemiaIs caused by
• too few RBCs
• too little hemoglobin
• or any impairment in the ability of the hemoglobin or RBC to effectively provide oxygen to the tissues
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Hemoglobin Concentration
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Hemoglobin Concentration
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Red Cell IndicesMEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME
(MCV)
Normal values: Male 87 +/- 7cu micron (3)* Female 90 +/- 9 cu microns (3)
Microcytic = Smaller than normal
Normocytic = Normal
Macrocytic = Larger than normal
(fL)s femtolitermillions) (inRBC
10*HctMCV
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Normocytic Red Blood Cells wb:
white blood cells
rb:red blood cells
p:platelets
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Microcytic Red Blood Cells
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Macrocytic Red Blood Cells
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Red Cell Indices Continued
MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN (MCH)
Normal value: 29±2 micromicrograms (g): Normochromic
Less than Normal: Hypochromic
g)(grams micromicromillions) RBC(in
10*HgbMCH
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Normochromic Red Blood Cells
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Hypochromic Red Blood Cells
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Red Cell Indices Cont’d
MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC)
Normal value: 34 ± 2%Hypochromic = Less Hgb than normal Normochromic = Normal
(percent) Hct100*HgbMCHC
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Normohromic, Normocytic Red Cells
wb:white blood cells
rb:red blood cells
p:platelets
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Macrocytic Hypochromic Red Cells
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Microcytic Red Cells
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Reticulocytes
Non -nucleated immature red blood cells
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Measuring Reticulocytes
Manual method: Stain cells with a “supravital” dye such as New Methylene Blue, make a slide, count 1000 red blood cells while enumerating the number of reticulocytes…..
Automated method: VCS technology!
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Reticulocytes
Measuring reticulocytes is an effective means of assessing bone marrow function. If the tissues need more oxygen, the signal is given to the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells...
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Reticulocytes
In a state of hypoxia, the bone marrow will release an increased number of reticulocytes.
Measuring reticulocytes assesses effective or ineffective hematopoeisis.
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The Blood
Platelets
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Platelets (PLT)
Thrombocytes Cellular
Fragments Function in
Hemostasis Primary
Hemostatic Plug
Size:2-4 microns
Volume:2-20 fL
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Platelets and Hemostasis
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PlateletsSignificance of Abnormal Values Below normal:
(thrombocytopenia)some anemias, acute leukemia certain drugs and radiation drug idiosyncrasy“idiopathic” purpura
Above normal: (thrombocythemia)acute blood loss or surgerysome anemias iron deficiency) chronic leukemia metastatic carcinoma polycythemia vera
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Normal Platelets
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Example of Abnormal Platelets
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The Blood
White Blood Cells
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White Blood Cells (WBCs) Leukocytes Function
Defend the body from infection
Differentiated into 5 types
Mononuclear-lymphocytes and monocytes
Polymorphonuclear- neutrophils, eosinpohils and basophils
Each plays individual roles
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Mononuclear WBCs: Monocytes Lymphocytes
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Polymorphonuclear WBCs: Neutrophils Eosinophils
Basophils
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White Cell Count (WBC)Significance of Abnormal Values Lower than normal:
viral infectionsendocrine disorderstreatment with certain drugsradiation
Higher than normal:bacterial infectionsacute inflammatory conditionsneoplastic disease (e.g. leukemia)
Differential White Cell Count Definition: Relative proportion of different types of leukocytes
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Manual WBC
Calculation of WBC
Cells actually counted: 100
Dilution: 1:20
Volume Counted: 0.4mm3
WBC=100 X 20 = 5000/mm3(5.0 x 103) 0.4
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WBC Differential Smear of Whole Blood
Stained with Wright’s Stain
100 Cells Counted
Classified into Cell Types Morphologically
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WBC Differential continued
WBC Differential
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Relative Numbers Expected
Neutrophils 50% to 75% Lymphocytes 20% to 45% Monocytes 3% to 11% Eosinophils 1% to 3% Basophils 0% to 1%
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WBC: Absolute Versus Relative For example, if the laboratory’s WBC normal range lies
between 5,000 and 10,000 and the lymphocyte range is between 20% and 40% of the total count, then the normal absolute lymphocyte count should be between 1,000 and 4,000/L.
Patient A Patient BLymphocyte % 90% 90%Lymphocyte # 13,500 3,600WBC / L 15,000 4,000Lymph% x total WBC = absolute number of lymphs
Patient A and B both show a relative lymphocytosis of 90%. However, only patient A has an absolute lymphocytosis with a lymphocyte count of 13,500/L. Patient B, on the other hand, has a normal absolute lymphocyte count of 3,600/L.
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Laboratory Measurement of Blood
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Specimen:
EDTA
run within 24 hour from collection
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Tube / Anticoagulant Summary
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In summary, Hematology is the study of blood. We study hematology to communicate and work with our
instrumentation more effectively. Because blood is exposed to virtually all of the tissues in the
body, it becomes a “barometer” of the condition of the body. Under normal conditions, there are a normal number and relative proportions of circulating blood cells. In abnormal conditions, the numbers and relative proportions are altered.
Our instruments provide the clinician with information on the patient’s status based on the numbers and relative proportions of circulating cells.
Our systems are an integral part ofproviding good patient care.
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Any questions?
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Acknowledgements:
Washington State University
Johns Hopkins Printing
Beckman Coulter Miami Education Center staff
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The End!