basic grammar grade 9

[ T y p e t h e c o m p a n y a d d r e s s ]

Page 1

NES

ANH NG T NHIN

GRAMMAR

GRADE 9

2013

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 9 Page 2

UNIT 1

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. The simple past

Form: Affirmative: S+ V-ed or irregular V + (O)

Negative: S + did not ( didnt) + bare inf + (O)

Interrogative: - Yes/ No questions: Did + S + bare inf + (O)?

- Wh-questions: Wh-word + did + S + bare inf + (O)?

Examples:

You called Debbie.

Did you call Debbie?

You did not call Debbie.

What did you do last night?

Uses

1.2.1. Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a

specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the

specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:


I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a play yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

She washed her car.

He didn't wash his car.

1.2.2. A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These

actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

Examples:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met

the others at 10:00.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?

1.2.3. Duration in Past


The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A

duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for

five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

They did not stay at the party the entire time.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

A: How long did you wait for them?

B: We waited for one hour.

1.2.4. Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can

have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a

habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a

child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

He didn't play the piano.


Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped class.

1.2.5. Past Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are

no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the

expression "used to."

Examples:

She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.

He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

2. The simple past with wish

We use 'wish' + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or

future) to be different.

Examples: I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)

I wish I had a big car. (I don't have a big car.)

I wish I were on a beach. (I'm in the office.)

Future: I wish it were the weekend tomorrow. (It's only Thursday tomorrow.)

Notice: To be is always were in a Wish clause.


Examples: I wish I were on the beach (not I wish I was on the beach.)

I wish it were the weekend tomorrow ( not I wish it was the weekend

tomorrow.)

II. EXERCISES

A. Give the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

A1.

I (1) .. (to be) born in Taiwan, but my father (2) (to be) not

Taiwanese. He comes from Italy. He (3) . (to work) in Taiwan as a

businessman and (4) (to meet) my mother there. In 1998, my family (5)

.. (to move) to Australia. When we (6 .. (to arrive) in

Melbourne, I didn't know anybody. I (7) .. (to feel) lonely. In Taiwan I

(8) . to (to use to) have a lot of friends, but now I don't have anyone

to talk to. So I (9) .. (to decide) to look for friends on the Internet. I

was lucky to know you and to be one of your friends. I wish we (10) .

(to live) in the same neighborhood so that we could meet and talk every day.

A2.

1. Last year I (spend) ..my holiday in Ireland.

2. It (be) great.

3. I (travel) .around by car with two friends and we (visit)

lots of interesting places.

4. In the evenings we usually (go) .to a pub.

5. One night we even (learn) some Irish dances.

6. We (be) .very lucky with the weather.


7. It (not / rain) a lot.

8. But we (see) .some beautiful rainbows.

9. Where (spend / you) ..your last holiday?

A3.

1. Yesterday I (REMAIN) in the house. I ..

(COOK) dinner and .. (DO) some housework.

2. I (REST), (READ) books,

(WATCH) television and (GO) to sleep.

3. I (BE) at school most of the day. I

. (STUDY). I .. (GO) to the gym and

. (WORK) out, .. (WORK) in my computer,

(WATCH) a little TV.

4. I (GO) to work in the morning and I . (GO)

to school in the afternoon.

5. I . (teach) yesterday. I teach at school two days a week.

6. This morning I .. (GET) up at eight and

. (WATCH) news.

7. We (walk) around the city.

8. Yesterday I (ATTEND) a speech at Columbia

University.

9. I .. (GO) to my shrink.

10. I . (BE) pretty good at school.

B. Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use the Simple Past. Watch the

punctuation and form sentences or questions.


Example: ____ she ____ the Internet? (to surf)

Answer: Did she surf the Internet?

She surfed the internet.

1. I .my Maths yesterday. ( to do)

..

2. ..Susan ..to England by plane? (to go)

..

3. They .a farm two weeks ago. (to visit)

..

4. Jenny and Peggy ..their brother. (not/to help)

..

5. The children ..at home last weekend. (not/to be)

..

6. When .you ..this wonderful skirt? (to design)

..

7. My mother into the van. (not/to crash)

..

8. The boys ..the mudguards of their bicycles. (to take off)

..

9. .you ..your aunt last week? (to phone)

..

10. He ..milk at school. (not/to drink)

..


C. Make 10 sentences using the simple past tense.

1....

2....

3....

4....

5....

6....

7....

8....

9....

10..

D. Read the contexts, then make sentences beginning with I wish

1. My friend can not stay with me longer (I don't want her to go home early).

2. You want to send an e-card to one of your friends on her birthday (you do not

have her email address).

3. You don't have time to take your friend to many beauty spots in your city (and

you feel sorry about that).

4. You want to watch a TV program called "The Wonders of the World" but you

can't because you have to finish your homework.


5. You don't have a computer at home therefore you can not get access to the

Internet (you need a computer).

6. One of your pen pals has written to you and asked you to send her one of your

most recent photos but you can't send her one because most of your photos were

taken about two years ago.

7. There is a car show at the city show ground, but you can't go there because you

have to go to the countryside with your family.

8. You want to talk with your pen pals on the phone, but it is too expensive for you

to afford it.

E. Multiple choice

1. I dont know many people. I wish I _________ more people.

A. know B. knew C. had known D. should know

2. I wish I fatter.

A. am B. will be C. were D. are

3. I wish I _________ for the job.

A. applied B. should apply C. had D. have

4. I wish you _________ something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.

A. do B. did C. will do D. should do

5. I wish Sarah _________ here now.

A. is B. were C. would be D. will be

6. I wish I _________ to the party tonight.


A. could go B. will go C. am going D. go

7. - What are you going to do the next year? - I wish I _________ the answer to that

question.

A. knew B. had known C. would know D. have know

8. She wishes she _________ a doctor in the future.

A. is B. were C. would be D. will be

9. I wish I _________ your wedding, but I am in Paris.

A. could attend B. attend C. attended D. would have attended

10. Cathy will have to refuse the job offer. I wish she _________ that.

A. do not do B. does not to do C. didnt do D. hadnt done

E. Make 10 sentences using wish clause.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10..

Unit 2

I. GRAMMAR NOTES


1. The present perfect.

1.1. Form:

Affirmative: S + have/has + P.P

Negative: S + have/ has + not + P.P

Interrogative: Have/ Has + S + P.P?

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

1.2. Use:

Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time

before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect

with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I

was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN

use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many

times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.


There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is

best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1. Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have

the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a

certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.

I have been to France three times.

I have never been to France.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.


TOPIC 2. Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a

period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since

the Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and

humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not

happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action

to happen.


Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have

occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not

complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows

why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some

point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not

important.


Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can

do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this

month, so far, up to now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for

three different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means

the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past.

"In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific

time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.


ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,

only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

2. The passive voice

2.1. Form: Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle

Examples: A letter was written.

2.2. Use:

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not

known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not

know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following

example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone

(e.g. You have made a mistake.).


Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple

Present

Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple

Past

Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present

Perfect

Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modals Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

II. EXERCISES

A. Sentence building

Example:


Jane - be/ journalist/ 3 years.

Jane has been a journalist for 3 years.

1. Tom

- be/ explorer/ 10 years.

- be/ North Pole.

- never see/ polar bears.

....

2. Sandra

- be/ tennis player/ since/ be/ 10.

- win/ a senior competition.

- not play/ at Wimbledon.

3. Jack and Jill

- be/ unemployed/ 2 years.

- apply for/ some jobs/ around the country.

- not get/ any jobs.

4. Lien

- work/ doctor/ since 2001.


- save/ many sick people.

- herself/ never be/ ill.

5. Nam

- be/ interpreter/ 5 years.

- translate/ some international conferences.

- not be/ English speaking countries.

B. Give the correct form of the verbs.

B1.

1. Nam .(buy) new dictionary yesterday.

2. His hair is very short. He (have) a hair cut.

3. Last night my father .(arrive) home at half past ten. He

.(have) a bath and then .(go) to bed.

4....you ..(visit) One-Pillar Pagoda when you were in Ha

Noi?

5. My bicycle isn't here anymore. Somebody .(take) it.

6. - When .you .(start) school?

- When I .. (be) six.

7. I ..(not/ eat) anything yesterday because I

..(not/feel) hungry.

8. The glasses look very clean. .you (wash) them?


9. Why Long (not/ want) to play soccer last Sunday?

10. I don't know Hung's sister. I ..(never/ meet) her.

11. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?"

B: I don't know. I (see, never) that movie.

12. Sam (arrive) ..in San Diego a week ago.

13. My best friend and I (know) .each other for over fifteen

years. We still get together once a week.

14. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) .ten very creative

short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway.

15. I (have, not) this much fun since I (be) .a

kid.

16. Things (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we

first (start) working here three years ago, the company (have,

only) .six employees. Since then, we (expand)

.to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

17. I (tell) ..him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but

he (wander) off into the forest and (be)

..bitten by a snake.

18. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) .the bus this

morning. You (be) .late to work too many times. You are

fired!

19. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see,

never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

20. How sad! George (dream) .of going to California before he

died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never) the ocean.

21. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) .much easier

and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take) two or three


months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)

.very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)

..a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly

from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

22. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) since the

last time I (see) you. You (grow) .at

least a foot!

23. This tree (be) .planted by the settlers who (found)

our city over four hundred years ago.

24. This mountain (be, never) .climbed by anyone. Several

mountaineers (try) ..to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever)

... The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die)

trying to reach the summit.

25. I (visit, never) .Africa, but I (travel) .to

South America several times. The last time I (go) .to South

America, I (visit) Brazil and Peru. I (spend)

.two weeks in the Amazon, (hike) .for a week

near Machu Picchu, and (fly) over the Nazca Lines.

B2.

Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology

(1) (change) .a great deal. The first computers (2)(be)

..simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (3)(have, not)

.much memory and they (4)(be, not) ..very

powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers often (5)(pay)

thousands of dollars for machines which actually (6)(do)

..very little. Most computers (7)(be) .separate,

individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games.


Times (8)(change) . Computers (9)(become)

..powerful machines with very practical applications. Programmers

(10)(create) .a large selection of useful programs which do

everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing

video games, but today's games (11)(become) ..faster, more

exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users (12)(get, also)

.on the Internet and (13)(begin) ..communicating

with other computer users around the world. We (14)(start) to

create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of

the past (15)(evolve) into an international World Wide Web of

knowledge.

C. Give the correct form of the verbs: arrest, wake, knock, check, speak, make,

clean, cause, translate, find

Example:

English is spoken in many countries in the world.

1. Her new novel will probably ..into English.

2. Early this morning we ..up by a big noise nearby.

3. These T-shirts and jeans ..in the USA in 1900.

4. Finally the robber ..as he was about to break into another

bank.

5. That building is very dangerous. It .down next week.

6. When I went through Customs, my luggage by a customs

officer.

7. Police are looking for the missing boy. He can't anywhere.

8. The room looks nice. It .

9. Many accidents .by dangerous driving.


C. Rewrite the sentences without changing the meaning.

Example: They produce champagne in France

Champagne is produced in France.

1. People don't use this dictionary very often.

-> This dictionary

2. They have found oil in the Antarctic.

-> Oil ..

3. Some one gave Mary this present an hour ago.

-> Mary ...

4. They will probably translate her new book into a number of foreign languages.

-> Her new book

5. Has someone repaired this telephone? Yes, it's working again.

-> Has this telephone .? Yes, it's working again.

6. They told me that our teacher was sick.

I..

D. Finish the passive sentences with the words given.

Example:

That church looks very old. (when/ it/ build?)

-> When was it built?

1. Is it a very popular television program? Yes, (every week/ it/ watch/ by millions

of people)

.

2. What happens to the motorbikes produced in this factory? (most of them/ export?)


.

3. A: Was there any trouble at the flight?

B: Yes. (five young men/ arrest)

.

4. A: Last night someone broke into my house.

B: Oh dear. (anything/ take?)

.

5. A: There is no longer military service in Britain. B: Really? (when/ it/ abolish?)

....

6. Where is my bicycle? It's gone. (it/ steal!)

7. The next-door neighbors disappeared six months ago. (they/ not/ see/ since then)

8. The room looks different. (it/ paint?)

9. A: Did anybody call an ambulance to the scene of the accident?

B: Yes. (but nobody/ injure/ so it/ not/ need)

E. Change the sentences from active voice to passive voice.

1. They grow coffee in Kenya

2. They publish The Times newspaper in London.


3. They make shoes in Vietnam.

4. They transport oranges from Valencia to Germany in special crates.

5. They are sending the parcel by sea.

6. They are destroying forest in Indonesia.

7. The shark ate the man.

8. The witch started the fire.

9. The police took him away.

10. They have treated him very well.

11. They havent cleaned the kitchen yet.

12. They didnt punished him for what he did.


UNIT 3

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Prepositions of time at, on, in and for

1.1. At

We use at with times.

Examples: at 5 oclock, at 11.45, at midnight, at lunchtime

Tom usually gets up at 6 oclock.

- We use at in the expressions: at night, at Christmas, at the moment/ at present, at

the same time, at weekends, at the age of

1.2. On

We use on with dates and days.

Examples: on March 12th, on Friday(s), on Friday morning(s), on Christmas Day

1.3. In

We use in for longer periods of time, like months, years, decades, centuries,

morning(s), afternoon(s), evening(s)

Examples: I was born in 1985.

I was born in August.

I go to work in the afternoons.

- In + period of time = a time in the future


Examples: Ill be back in a week.

The train will leave in a few minutes.

- In + how long it takes to do something

Example: I learned to drive a motorbike in four weeks.

1.4. For

For + a period of time

Examples: for 6 years, for 2 hours, for a week

They have watched TV for 2 hours.

I have lived in this apartment for 2 months.

2. Adverb clause of result

1.1. Clause of reason, + so + clause of result.

Examples: I didnt feel very well, so I didnt go to school yesterday.

It was cold, so I wore a jacket.

1.2. S + be + so + adj + that + effect-clause

Cause-clause

Examples: The water is so cold that we cant swim in.

There were so many students that they didnt have enough rooms for them.

Tom was so weak that he couldnt run.

1.3. S + V + so + adv + that + effect-clause

Cause-clause


Examples: Tom ran so fast that no one could follow him.

She is dancing so nicely that everyone cant stop looking at her.

1.4. Such + (a/an) + noun phrase + that + effect-clause

Examples: It is such a good movie that I have watched it for 4 times.

Its such a boring lesson that I can never concentrate on it.

II. EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blank with appropriate prepositions of time.

1. His course begins .7 January and ends ..10 March.

2. I went to bed .midnight.

3. We arrived ..5 o clock ..the morning.

4. Mozart was born in Salzburg ..1756.

5. Are you doing anything special the weekend?

6. Hurry up! We have to go ..five minutes.

7. I met Ann ..Tuesday.

8. He has lived in India .two years.

9. Ill phone you ..Tuesday morning ..about 10.

10. Toms grandmother died in 1987 .the age of 81.

11. Jacks brother is out of work ..the moment.

12. The price of electricity is going up ..October.

13. I havent seen him .Christmas.

14. ..Sunday afternoons I usually get up late.

15. There are usually a lot of parties .New Years Eve.

B. Multiple choice


1. Jane is arriving January 26th.

A. on B. in C. at D. for

2. We always go outside and play in the snow .Christmas day.

A. on B. in C. at D. until

3. Michael is leaving on Friday .noon.

A. until B. at C. in D. no preposition

4. Frankie started working for her law firm ..1995.

A. on A. at C. in D. until

5. Franklin began working on the project .yesterday.

A. No preposition B. at C. in D. on

6. Normally, (6.1)..New Year's Eve, it's tradition to kiss the one you love ..midnight.

6.1. A. in B. at C. on D. for

6.2. A. in B. until C. at D. on

7. Don't be ridiculous; there were no telephones the seventeenth century!

A. on B. in C. for D. at

8. The telephone was invented ..the 1870s.

A. on B. at C. for D. in

9. The plane leaves tomorrow morning at 8:00 AM.

A. in B. on C. at D. for

10. The hills here are covered with wildflowers . early spring.

A. at B. until C. for D. in

11. We met at the restaurant at 6:30 and stayed .10:30.

A. at B. on C. until D. for

C. Finish the sentences, using adverb clause of result.

1. Hoa worked hard, ..................

2. It was hot, .

3. Nga is sick today, .


4. Na woke up late,

5. John left the party early,

6. The door was unlocked,

7. I didnt know how to answer his question,

8. They told me to keep it secret, ..

9. They all passed the exam, .

10. I didnt like what was going on there,

D. Make 10 sentences using adverb clause with so.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10

E. Multiple choice

1.There were . In the sky that I couldnt see much.

A. such many clouds B. so many clouds

C. too many clouds D. many so clouds

2. It was .. that I couldnt see much.

A. such a cloudy night B. so much cloudy night

C. so cloudy night D. such cloudy night


3. The particles are that they burn up before they reach earth.

A. so small B. such small

C. too small D. very]

4. The meteor storm is ..to satellites that they are being moved out of

the way.

A. so big threat B. such a big threat

C. so much big threat D. too much big threat

5. The meteor particles move .that they become bullets in space.

A. so fast B. such fast

C. too fast D. very fast

6. This meteor shower is .that it only comes every 33 years.

A. so rare occurrence B. such a rare occurrence

C. very rare occurrence D. too rare occurrence

7. The comet has that it passes through the earth's upper atmosphere.

A. so large wake B. such a large wake

C. very large wake D. a very large wake

8. The shooting stars appear that you can see two or three a minute.

A. so frequently B. such frequently

C. very frequently D. too frequently

9. Scientists consider this . that they are flying in aircrafts to study

it.

A. so a unique opportunity B. such a unique opportunity

C. a unique opportunity D. very a unique opportunity

10. These observations will reveal that scientists will be studying

results for years.

A. so much important information B. such much important information

C. so many important informations D. such many important informations


UNIT 4

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Direct and reported speech

1.1. Tense change

Direct speech Reported speech

Simple present

Ex: She said, Its cold.

Simple past

She said that it was cold.

Present progressive

Ex: She said, "I'm teaching English

online."

Past progressive

She said that she was teaching online.

Simple future with will

Ex: She said, Ill do it!

Future in the past with would

She said she would do it.

1.2. Modal verb forms change


Can

Ex: She said, I can teach online.

Could

She said she could teach online.

Must

Ex: She said, I must go.

Had to

She said she had to go.

Shall

Ex: She asked, What shall we learn?

Should

She asked what they should learn.

May

She said, May I borrow your pen?

Might

She asked if she might borrow my pen.

1.3. Other changes



This that

today that day

these those

now then

(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend the weekend before/ the previous weekend

here there

next (week) the following (week)

tomorrow the following day/ the next day

2. Reported questions

Form

In reporting questions, the subject comes before the verb.

Examples:

DIRECT SPEECH: "Where are you going?"

REPORTED SPEECH: He asked me where I was going.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Why is he shouting?"

REPORTED SPEECH: He asked me why he was shouting.

DIRECT SPEECH: "What do you want?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what he wanted.

2.1. Negative questions


We do not use the auxiliary verb 'do', except in negative questions.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Who doesn't like cheese?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me who didn't like cheese.

2.2. Yes/no questions

We report yes / no questions with 'if' or 'whether'.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Do you want me to come?"

REPORTED SPEECH: I asked him if he wanted me to come.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Have you fed the dog?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me whether I had fed the dog.

2.3. Who, what, which

When we report questions with 'who, what or which' + to be + complement, the

verb 'to be' can come before or after the complement.

DIRECT SPEECH: "Who is the champion?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me who the champion was OR She asked me who

was the champion.

DIRECT SPEECH: "What is your favorite color?"

REPORTED SPEECH: She asked me what my favorite color was OR She asked me

what was my favorite color.

II. EXERCISES

A. Change direct speech to reported speech.

A1.

1. I live in New York

She said ________________________________________________________


2. He works in a bank

She told me _____________________________________________________

3. Julie doesnt like going out much

She said ________________________________________________________

4. I dont have a computer

She said ________________________________________________________

5. They never arrive on time

She said ________________________________________________________

6. We often meet friends in London at the weekend

He told me _____________________________________________________

7. David doesnt have any children

She said ________________________________________________________

8. I dont go to the gym very often

She said ________________________________________________________

9. Lucy owns three flats in the city

She said ________________________________________________________

10. I never get up early on Sundays

She said ________________________________________________________

11. She meets her boyfriend at the cinema every Friday night

He said ________________________________________________________

12. We dont travel much

She said ________________________________________________________

13. John doesnt live in Japan any more

She said ________________________________________________________

14. They work in Hong Kong

She told me _____________________________________________________

15. I have to work until seven or eight pm every night


She said ________________________________________________________

16. I dont want to go to the theatre next weekend

She said ________________________________________________________

17. We like working in Paris

She said ________________________________________________________

18. She doesnt have enough time to do everything

She said ________________________________________________________

19. Tony hates mushrooms

She told me _____________________________________________________

20. They often go on holiday in July

She said ________________________________________________________

A2.

1. I'm sleeping

She told me _____________________________________________________

2. Were working

She told me _____________________________________________________

3. She's coming to the party

She told me _____________________________________________________

4. Hes talking on the telephone

She told me _____________________________________________________

5. Lucy is reading a book in front of the fire

She told me _____________________________________________________

6. I'm not going out

She said ________________________________________________________

7. We are not visiting Paris during our trip

She said ________________________________________________________

8. I'm listening to my new CD


She said ________________________________________________________

9. John is working in a bar for the summer

She told me _____________________________________________________

10. I'm not going to go on holiday

She told me _____________________________________________________

11. He isn't living in Beijing

She told me _____________________________________________________

12. Im taking the train to Berlin

She told me _____________________________________________________

13. He is never coming back

She told me _____________________________________________________

14. Jill is studying a lot

She told me _____________________________________________________

15. I'm not meeting Julie

She told me _____________________________________________________

16. We aren't renting a flat

She said ________________________________________________________

17. They are visiting the museum

She said ________________________________________________________

18. She's eating dinner

She said ________________________________________________________

19. We arent going to the library

She said ________________________________________________________

20. Im coming

She said __________________________________________________________


A3.

1. He works in a bank

She said ___________________________________________________________

2. We went out last night

She told me ________________________________________________________

3. Im coming!

She said ___________________________________________________________

4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived

She told me ________________________________________________________

5. Id never been there before

She said ___________________________________________________________

6. I didnt go to the party

She told me ________________________________________________________

7. Lucy will come later

She said ___________________________________________________________

8. He hasnt eaten breakfast

She told me ________________________________________________________

9. I can help you tomorrow

She said ___________________________________________________________

10. You should go to bed early

She told me ________________________________________________________

11. I dont like chocolate

She told me ________________________________________________________

12. I wont see you tomorrow

She said ___________________________________________________________

13. Shes living in Paris for a few months

She said ___________________________________________________________


14. I visited my parents at the weekend

She told me ________________________________________________________

15. She hasnt eaten sushi before

She said ___________________________________________________________

16. I hadnt traveled by underground before I came to London

She said ___________________________________________________________

17. They would help if they could

She said ___________________________________________________________

18. Ill do the washing-up later

She told me ________________________________________________________

19. He could read when he was three

She said ___________________________________________________________

20. I was sleeping when Julie called

She said ___________________________________________________________

B. Change these following direct questions to reported ones.

B1.

1. Is John at home?

She asked me _______________________________________________________

2. Am I late?

She asked me _______________________________________________________

3. Is it cold outside?

She asked me _______________________________________________________

4. Are they in Paris?

She asked me _______________________________________________________

5. Is the bus stop near the shopping centre?

She asked me _______________________________________________________


6. Is the milk fresh?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

7. Are you a doctor?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

8. Are James and Lucy from France?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

9. Is my brother in the garden?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

10. Is the weather good in Shanghai in the summer?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

11. Does Julie drink tea?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

12. Do you like chocolate?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

13. Do they own a flat?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

14. Does David go to the cinema often?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

15. Do the children study Chinese?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

16. Do they go on holiday every summer?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

17. Does your sister live in Stockholm?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

18. Do I talk too much?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

19. Does Jennifer want a new job?


She asked me ______________________________________________________

20. Does it rain a lot in London?

She asked me _______________________________________________________

B2.

1. Where is the post office?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

2. Why is Julie sad?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

3. What's for dinner?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

4. Who is the woman in the red dress?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

5. How is your grandmother?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

6. When is the party?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

7. How much is the rent on your flat?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

8. Where are the glasses?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

9. How is the weather in Chicago?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

10. Who is the Prime Minister of Canada?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

11. Where do you usually go swimming?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

12. What does Luke do at the weekend?


She asked me ___________________________________________________

13. Where do your parents live?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

14. Who do you go running with?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

15. When does Lucy get up?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

16. How much TV do you watch?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

17. How many books do they own?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

18. Where does John work?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

19. What do the children study on Fridays?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

20. Why do you study English?

She asked me ___________________________________________________

B3.

1. Where is he?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

2. What are you doing?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

3. Why did you go out last night?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

4. Who was that beautiful woman?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

5. How is your mother?


She asked me ______________________________________________________

6. What are you going to do at the weekend?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

7. Where will you live after graduation?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

8. What were you doing when I saw you?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

9. How was the journey?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

10. How often do you go to the cinema?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

11. Do you live in London?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

12. Did he arrive on time?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

13. Have you been to Paris?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

14. Can you help me?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

15. Are you working tonight?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

16. Will you come later?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

17. Do you like coffee?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

18. Is this the road to the station?

She asked me ______________________________________________________


19. Did you do your homework?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

20. Have you studied reported speech before?

She asked me ______________________________________________________

C. Change the direct speech into reported speech:

1. Please help me carry this

She asked me ______________________________________________________

2. Please come early

She ______________________________________________________________

3. Please buy some milk

She ______________________________________________________________

4. Could you please open the window?

She ______________________________________________________________

5. Could you bring the book tonight?

She ______________________________________________________________

6. Can you help me with my homework, please?

She ______________________________________________________________

7. Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?

She ______________________________________________________________

8. Would you mind passing the salt?

She ______________________________________________________________

9. Would you mind lending me a pencil?

She ______________________________________________________________

10. I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?

She ______________________________________________________________

11. Do your homework!


She told me ________________________________________________________

12. Go to bed!

She ______________________________________________________________

13. Dont be late!

She ______________________________________________________________

14. Dont smoke!

She ______________________________________________________________

15. Tidy your room!

She ______________________________________________________________

16. Wait here!

She ______________________________________________________________

17. Dont do that!

She ______________________________________________________________

18. Eat your dinner!

She ______________________________________________________________

19. Dont make a mess!

She ______________________________________________________________

20. Do the washing-up!

She ______________________________________________________________

UNIT 5

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Tag questions

1.1. A tag question is a short question added to the end of a positive or negative

statement.

The whole sentence is a tag question, and the mini-question at the end is called a

question tag.


Examples: You are late, arent you?

She wont come, will she?

They cant swim, can they?

1.2. How are questions tags formed?

When using tag questions, watch for 4 points:

* What tense is the verb?

* What kind of verb is it? (to be/other verbs)

* Is the sentence affirmative or negative?

* Does the pronoun need to be changed?

FORM: auxiliary verb + subject

1.2.1. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is positive, the tag is negative.

Example: You are Spanish, aren't you?

1.2.2. If the auxiliary verb in the sentence is negative, the tag is positive.

Example: You're not Spanish, are you?

1.2.3. If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use do.

Example: You live in Spain, don't you?

1.3. Functions of tag questions

1.3.1. We use tag questions to confirm information.

Examples: This meal is horrible, isn't it?

That film was fantastic, wasn't it?

1.3.2. We use tag questions when we are already sure of the answer and just want

confirmation (falling intonation with the tag question).

1.3.3. We use tag questions to check information.

Examples: You haven't got a piece of paper, have you?


You don't know where the boss is, do you?

The meeting's tomorrow at 9AM, isn't it?

1.3.4. If we do not know the answer, these are real questions, and we use a rising

intonation with the tag question.

1.4. Important points

1.4.1. In the present tense, if the subject is 'I', the auxiliary changes to 'are' or

'aren't'.

Example: I'm sitting next to you, aren't I?

1.4.2. With 'let's', the tag question is 'shall we'.

Example: Let's go to the beach, shall we?

1.4.3. With an imperative, the tag question is 'will you'.

Example: Close the window, will you?

1.4.4. We use a positive tag question after a sentence containing a negative word

such as never, hardly, nobody.

Examples: Nobody lives in this house, do they?

You've never liked me, have you?

1.4.5. When the subject is nothing, we use 'it' in the tag question.

Example: Nothing bad happened, did it?

1.4.6. When the subject is nobody, somebody, everybody, no one, someone, or

everyone, we use 'they' in the tag question.

Example: Nobody asked for me, did they?

1.4.7. If the main verb in the sentence is 'have' (not an auxiliary verb), it is more

common to use 'do' in the question tag.

Example: You have a Ferrari, don't you?

1.4.8. With used to, we use 'didn't' in the tag question.

Example: You used to work here, didn't you?

1.4.9. We can use positive question tags after positive sentences to express a reaction


such as surprise or interest.

Example: You're moving to Brazil, are you?

2. Gerund after some verbs

We use the Gerund after the following verbs:

admit He admitted having driven too fast.

avoid They avoid going on holiday on Saturdays.

consider Ralph is considering buying a new house.

delay I delayed telling Max the news.

deny She denies reading the book.

dislike We dislike reading poems.

can't help He couldn't help falling in love with her.

enjoy I enjoy playing chess.

finish They finished working in the garden.

hate Susan hates swimming.

like I like swimming.

mind I don't mind sleeping on the couch.

miss They miss playing with their friends.

practice She practiced playing hockey.

regret Do you regret having mentioned it?

risk You risk catching a cold.

suggest She suggested flying to Cairo.

II. EXERCISES

A. Multiple choice

1. Teresa is an accountant,___?

A. isnt she B. is she C. she isnt D. doesnt she


2. I am a good worker,___?

A. amnt I B. dont I C. arent I D. I am

3. Mr. Pierre is her grandfather,___?

A. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt he D. he isnt

4. Jacques and Alicia are students, ___?

A. are they B. dont they C. they arent D. arent they

5. It's windy today, ___?

A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt he D. it isnt

6. Lets go to the movie theater tonight, ____?

A. will we B. wont we C. shall we D. do we

7. He used to walk to school everyday, _______?

A. did he B. doesnt he C. he didnt D. didnt he

8. No one ever liked him, _____?

A. do they B. dont they C. did they D. didnt they

9. Get me some water, ______?

A. will you B. do you C. arent you D. wont you

10. There is hardly a lot of ice in the fridge, _____?

A. isnt there B. is there C. isnt it D. is it

B. Make 10 sentences using tag questions.

1......

2......

3......


4......

5......

6......

7......

8......

9......

10....

C. Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the to-infinitive.

Example: They go on ..reading. (read) the book.

1. He agreed _______________(buy) a new car.

2. The question is easy ________________(answer).

3. The man asked me how _________________(get) to the airport.

4. I look forward to ____________(see) you at the weekend

5. We decided _____________(run) through the forest.

6. The teacher expected Sarah ___________(study) hard.

7. She doesn't mind _____________(work) the night shift.

8. I learned ____________(ride) the bike at the age of 5.

9. They promised ______ (sell) the old comics.

10. They've got some work ____________(do).

11. Peter gave up __________(smoke)

12. He'd like ____________(fly) an airplane.


13. I enjoy ____________(write) picture postcards.

14. Do you know what __________(do) if there's a fire in the shop?

15. Avoid _____________(make) silly mistakes.

16. My parents wanted me ____________(be) home at 11 o'clock.

17. I dream about ______________(build) a big house.

18. I'm hoping _____________(see) Lisa.

19. They suggested ____________ (go) to see Mrs. Hoa last night.

20. We couldnt help _____________ (laugh) at her yesterday.

D. Make 10 sentences using Verb + Gerund

1___________________________________________________________________

2___________________________________________________________________

3___________________________________________________________________

4___________________________________________________________________

5___________________________________________________________________

6___________________________________________________________________

7___________________________________________________________________

8___________________________________________________________________

9___________________________________________________________________

10__________________________________________________________________


UNIT 6

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives are used to modify nouns.

Example: The dog is loud. What is the dog like? loud

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

Example: The dog barks loudly. How does the dog bark? loudly

1.1. Adjectives

Adjectives come before the noun. They provide information such as size (big,

small), shape (round, square), color (yellow, green), nationality (Chinese, Polish),

and opinion (good, bad).

Examples: This is a beautiful bird.

Its a red star.

Shes a Vietnamese singer.

Adjectives don't change depending on number.

Examples:

She has a cute puppy.

She has three cute puppies.

Adjectives also come after certain verbs such as be, feel, look, and taste.

Examples:

I'm really happy today.


She's got a new job so she feels great.

You look wonderful!

This chicken tastes delicious.

1.2. Adverbs

Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective.

Examples:

- quick (adjective) - He's quick at learning new things.

- quickly (adverb) - He learns quickly.

- bad (adjective) - He didn't get a bad test score.

- badly (adverb) - He didn't do badly in his test.

For adverbs made from adjectives ending in "-y" - change "-y" to "-i" and add "-

ly".

Examples:

- easy (adjective) - He thinks math is easy.

- easily (adverb) - He can do math easily.

- happy (adjective) - He's a happy man.

- happily (adverb) - He works happily every day.

For adverbs made from adjectives ending in "-le" - change "-le" to "-ly".

Examples:

- simple (adjective) - The teacher makes difficult things simple.

- simply (adverb) - He teaches simply and clearly.


Some adverbs are the same as adjectives. For example:

- He runs fast (adverb) - He's a fast runner. (adjective)

- He studies hard. (adverb) - It's a hard life. (adjective)

The adverb of "good" is "well". For example:

- She's a good pianist.

- She plays the piano well.

2. Adverb clause of reason

An Adverb Clause of Reason indicates why the particular action of the verb is

taken.

Examples:

Because he likes his master, he helped his master.

I did this work, because this work is part of my educational project.

I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.

As he is rich, he thinks he can buy all of us juices.

I am glad that you like this town.

The Adverb-Clauses of Reason begin with because, since, as, that etc

3. Adjective + THAT-clause

Examples: Im happy that you got good score.

Shes excited that her husband is getting promoted.

4. Conditional sentences: type 1

4.1. Use

It is possible to fulfill a condition which is given in the if-clause.


4.2. Form

if clause main clause

Simple Present

will-future

or

infinitive

or

Modal + infinitive

4.3. Examples

If I study, I will pass the exams.

If you see John tonight, tell him to e-mail me.

If Ben gets up early, he can catch the bus.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

If I study, I will pass the exams.

I will pass the exams if I study.

I. EXERCISES

A. Fill in the blanks with adjectives or adverbs.

1. Tom is (slow) _____________. He works _______________.

2. Sue is a (careful) _____________girl. She climbed up the ladder

______________.

3. The dog is (angry) _____________. It barks __________________.

4. He acted (excellent) ______________. He's an _________________actor.

5. They learn English (easy) ________________. They think English is an

_____________language.

6. Max is a (good) _____________singer. He sings ______________.

7. It's (awful) _______________cold today. The cold wind is ____________.

8. Dogs rely on their noses as they can smell (extreme / good)

___________________. If that is true, why does dog food smell so (terrible)

_________________?

9. He ___________reads a book. (quick)


10. Mandy is a ____________girl. (pretty)

11. The class is ____________loud today. (terrible)

12. Max is a _____________singer. (good)

13. The class is ___________loud today. (terrible)

14. You can __________open this tin. (easy)

15. It's a _____________day today. (terrible)

16. These children are _________at English. (good)

17. Your brother _________works at all. (hard)

18. Ann ____________had an accident last Sunday. (near)

19. Have you been to the cinema ___________?(late)

20. Mary always dresses ______________. (beautiful)

21. Yes, it was raining ______________for two hours. (heavy)

22. He has painted it ____________. (nice)

23. What a _________________worker he is! (quick)

24. He is always very __________. (polite)

25. He is often _______________. (nervous)

26. Arthur ___________rode back to the inn. (quick)

27. They saw a _____________butterfly on a rose. (beautiful)

28. When the teacher heard about the missing book he said ___________:"You

should be more careful." (angry)

29. When he told him the truth, he was ______________. (quiet)

30. "This wound looks ______________", the doctor said. (bad)


B. Make 10 sentences, using adverb clauses of reason.

1_________________________________________________________________

2_________________________________________________________________

3_________________________________________________________________

4_________________________________________________________________

5_________________________________________________________________

6_________________________________________________________________

7_________________________________________________________________

8_________________________________________________________________

9_________________________________________________________________

10________________________________________________________________

C. Complete the conditional sentences type I.

1. If Caroline and Sue ___________the salad, Phil _____________the house.

2. If Sue _____________the onions for the salad, Caroline ______________the

mushrooms.

3. Jane _______________the sitting room if Aaron and Tim ___________the

furniture.

4. If Bob ______________up the kitchen, Anita ____________the toilet.

5. Elaine _____________the drinks if somebody _____________her carry the

bottles.

6. If Alan and Rebecca ______________the food, Mary and Connor

___________the sandwiches.

7. If Bob _____________after the barbecue, Sue _____________the guests in.

8. Frank _____________the DJ if the others _____________along their CDs.

9. Alan ______________the drinks if Jane _____________him some of her

cocktail recipes.

10. If they all ____________their best, the party ____________great.


11. If you (send) _________this letter now, she (receive) ____________it

tomorrow.

12. If I (do) ___________this test, I (improve) ______________my English.

13. If I (find) _________your ring, I (give) _____________it back to you.

14. Peggy (go) _____________shopping if she (have) _______time in the

afternoon.

15. Simon (go) ___________to London next week if he (get) ________a cheap

flight.

16. If her boyfriend (phone / not) _____________today, she (leave)

____________him.

17. If they (study / not) ___________harder, they (pass / not) ______________the

exam.

18. If it (rain) _______________tomorrow, I (have to / not) _____________water

the plants.

19. You (be able/ not) _____________to sleep if you (watch) ____________this

scary film.

20. Susan (can / move / not) ___________into the new house if it (be / not)

_____________ready on time.

D. Multiple choice

1. If we __________ to London, we _________ the Tower.

A. go A. visit

B. goes B. visits

C. will go C. will visit

2. If the shop ___________ open, I __________ a souvenir.

A. is A. buy

B. are B. will buy

C. will be C. bought

3. If she __________ the bus, she ____________ on time.

A. misses A. wont be

B. missed B. isnt

C. will miss C. wasnt

4. He __________ me if he __________ the answer.

A. helps A. knows

B. will help B. knew


C. helped C. will know

5. Jane ____________ you in if I _______ here.

A. will let A. am

B. lets B. was

C. let C. will be

E. Make 10 sentences, using conditional sentences type II.

1_________________________________________________________________

2_________________________________________________________________

3_________________________________________________________________

4_________________________________________________________________

5_________________________________________________________________

6_________________________________________________________________

7_________________________________________________________________

8_________________________________________________________________

9_________________________________________________________________

10________________________________________________________________

UNIT 7

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Connectives: and, but, because, or, so, therefore, however

Examples: I bought a pen, a pencil and an eraser yesterday.

Hoa, Nam and I went to the movie theater last night.

I want to buy a new pair of shoes, but I dont have enough money.

Nam got wet because he forgot his umbrella.

Do you want milk or coffee?

Hoa failed her test. Therefore, she has to do it again.


Na is very tired. However, she has to finish her homework before she

goes to bed.

3. Phrasal verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning

different from the original verb.

Examples:

I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet

He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home

4. Make suggestions

Suggest + V-ing

Suggest (that) + S + should

II. EXERCISES

A. Multiple choice

1. Karen is rich; ___, her cousin Kate is poor. a. therefore

b. however

c. otherwise

2. You'd better take a taxi. ___, you'll arrive late. a. Consequently

b. Furthermore

c. Otherwise

3. I enjoy reading this new magazine. ___, it has good articles. a. Moreover

b. Nevertheless


c. However

4. Jack wasn't tired. ___, he took a nap. a. Otherwise

b. Hence

c. Nevertheless

5. Phil was not thirsty; ___, he drank five glasses of water. a. however

b. moreover

c. furthermore

6. The kids didn't study. ___, they failed the course. a. Therefore

b. Nonetheless

c. Otherwise

7. The weather was terrible. ___, we decided to delay our trip. a. Furthermore

b. Besides

c. Therefore

8. You must buy the tickets; ___, we won't be able to see that play. a. otherwise

b. although

c. besides

9. The neighborhood isn't very interesting. I like the house, ___. a. moreover

b. thus

c. though

10. We live in the same building; ___, we hardly see each other. a. however

b. therefore

c. furthermore

11. He didn't earn enough money. ___, his wife decided to get a job. a. Moreover

b. Therefore


c. Although

12. That house isn't big enough for us, and ___, it's too expensive. a. furthermore

b. hence

c. although

13. We have plenty of money and workers; ___, we hope to finish the house remodeling soon.

a. nevertheless

b. unless

c. thus

14. She's extremely rich; ___, she's not snobbish. a. hence

b. however

c. otherwise

15. It was a windy and rainy night. ___, I decided to go out. a. nevertheless

b. otherwise

c. hence

B. Use the correct phrasal verb to complete the phrase.

find out, get on with, hold on, get away, take after, cut down, look after,

come up with, add up, put through, look for, get over, turn up, put off

1. Have you __________if you won the competition yet?

2. I need to _______from work and take a holiday.

3. She still hasn't __________the death of her cat.

4. My daughter is a great cook, she really _______her mother.

5. Could you _______a moment while I see if Mark is in his office?

6. Extension 28? I'll ____________.


7. She promised to ________her cigarette smoking to six a day.

8. He spent the entire night thinking and in the end _______a brilliant idea.

9. I'm afraid your story is not believable. It just doesn't _____.

10. Diana ______my cats while I was away on holiday.

11. We're not ready yet, we are going to have to _____the meeting until next

week.

12. I'm _________Simon's address. Do you know it?

13. Mary ______twenty minutes late for the party.

14. Im tired of waiting for Jack. Can we ________our work?

C. Multiple choice

1. I'm sorry, James isn't ......... at the moment. Can I take a message?

A. in B. away C. up D. off

2. We've run ......... sugar. Could you please buy some more?

A. down on B. out of C. away with D. on with

3. I don't know how you ......... with such noisy brothers. It would drive me crazy.

A. put up B. put away C. bring up D. clear up

4. You've borrowed such a great deal of money from me lately. I need to .........

exactly how much you owe me.

A. make up B. work out C. put out D. clear up

5. Can you ......... the time of the next train to Munich?

A. find out B. sort out C. put out D. try out

D. Rewrite the following sentences.

1. I suggest that we should be there.


I suggest _________________________________________________________

2. The teacher suggested speaking English in class.

The teacher _______________________________________________________

4. He suggests that I should go to that store for good food.

He ______________________________________________________________

5. My friend suggested taking a Spanish class.

My friend _________________________________________________________

6. Nam suggests giving lessons to poor kids.

Nam _____________________________________________________________

7. I suggested that we should go to the beach this weekend.

I ________________________________________________________________

8. She suggested using that book as the textbook.

She ______________________________________________________________

9. The monitor suggested that they should go to their teachers house.

The monitor _______________________________________________________

10. My English teacher suggested that I should buy an Oxford dictionary.

My ______________________________________________________________

E. Make 10 sentences, using suggest + V-ing or suggest that

1________________________________________________________________

2________________________________________________________________

3________________________________________________________________

4________________________________________________________________

5________________________________________________________________


6________________________________________________________________

7________________________________________________________________

8________________________________________________________________

9________________________________________________________________

10_______________________________________________________________

UNIT 8-9

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Relative clauses

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a question word (e.g.

who, which, where) or the word that. You can use it to modify a noun or

pronoun (i.e. to identify or give more information about it).

Examples:

Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good

academic results.

There is a new book that investigates the controversy over political

reforms in Hong Kong.

A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in

specific academic disciplines.

The lecture theatre in which the inauguration ceremony will be held is now

being cleaned.

Relative pronouns

Words like who, that and when are often referred to as relative pronouns when

they are used to introduce relative clauses. You use:


who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things.

whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is

increasingly common to replace it with who.

whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns.

Examples:

Whats the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?

This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year.

All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately

go to the library for a tour.

Two types of relative clauses

a) Defining Relative Clauses

- Defining relative clauses give detailed information defining a general term or

expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Example:

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

- Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

Example: A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

- Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped.

Example: The boy (whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

b) Non-Defining Relative Clauses

- Non-defining relative clauses give additional information on something, but do

not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Example: Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to

each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative

clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?


- Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with

that.

- Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Example: Jim, whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

2. Adverb clauses of concession

Adverb clauses of concession are introduced by conjunctions like though,

although, even though, even if, while and whereas.

Examples:

Though he is poor he is honest.

The men managed to survive even though they were three days without

water. Although the elephant was strong it was no match for the agile tiger.

II. EXERCISES

A. Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).

1. This is the bank _________was robbed yesterday.

2. A boy _________sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.

3. The man _________robbed the bank had two pistols.

4. He wore a mask _________made him look like Mickey Mouse.

5. He came with a friend ________waited outside in the car.

6. The woman ________gave him the money was young.

7. The bag ___________contained the money was yellow.

8. The people ___________were in the bank were very frightened.

9. A man _________mobile was ringing did not know what to do.

10. A woman _________daughter was crying tried to calm her.

11. The car _________the bank robbers escaped in was orange.

12. The robber __________mask was obviously too big didn't drive.

13. The man ___________drove the car was nervous.

14. He didn't wait at the traffic lights __________were red.


15. A police officer ________car was parked at the next corner stopped and arrested them.

B. Change 2 sentences into one.

1. This is the man. He works at the gas station.

_______________________________________________________________

2. Its an apple tree. It grows in the garden.

_______________________________________________________________

3. The man goes jogging everyday. Hes my neighborhood.

_______________________________________________________________

4. Those elephants live in Africa. They have big ears.

_______________________________________________________________

5. Turn left at the yellow house. It is opposite the gas station.

_______________________________________________________________

6. An alarm clock is a clock. It wakes you up every morning.

_______________________________________________________________

7. A lady bug is a red beetle. It has black spots on its back.

_______________________________________________________________

8. We bought the car last week. The car is red.

The car_________________________________________________________

9. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party last night.

_______________________________________________________________

10. We watched a movie last night. It was really scary.

The movie ______________________________________________________


11. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult.

The new ________________________________________________________

12. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.

_______________________________________________________________

13. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in Australia.

_______________________________________________________________

14. They are singing a song. I dont know the song.

_______________________________________________________________

15. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.

_______________________________________________________________

C. Make 10 sentences, using adverb clauses of concession.

1______________________________________________________________

2______________________________________________________________

3______________________________________________________________

4______________________________________________________________

5______________________________________________________________

6______________________________________________________________

7______________________________________________________________

8______________________________________________________________

9______________________________________________________________

10_____________________________________________________________


UNIT 10

I. GRAMMAR NOTES

1. Modals: may and might

1.1. may

We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used

very often in modern spoken English.

Examples:

May I borrow your pen?

May we think about it?

May I go now?

We use 'may' to suggest something is possible

Examples:

It may rain later today.

I may not have time to do it today.

Pete may come with us

1.2. might

We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that

'might' suggests a smaller possibility that '

basic grammar grade 9

Documents

past facts

simple past form

past basic grammar grade

s bare inf o

d d r e s s page

grammar notes

didnt travel

specific time